2. Nāmakappa (Noun chapter)

Warning

This chapter is still under development and has only been partially translated.

Note

nāma means “name” and in this text it is used to refer to “nouns”. This chapter talks about the different types of nouns and how they are inflected to form words that are used in sentences.

The shape of inflection of nouns depend on their intrinsic characteristic (gender) and extrinsic characteristics (multiplicity, and inflection form).

The gender of a noun is represented by the following symbols:

symbol	gender	meaning
🚹	pulliṅga	masculine
🚺	itthiliṅga	feminine
🚻	napuṁsakaliṅga	neuter
⚧️	sabbaliṅga	genderless or all genders

Nouns, when used in words, can denote multiplicity (singular or plural), through these symbols:

symbol	multiplicity	meaning
⨀	ekavacana	singular
⨂	bahuvacana	plural

Nouns, when used in words, can be in one of 7 inflection forms (see §55 Si yo, aṃ yo, nā hi, sa naṃ, smā hi, sa naṃ, smiṃ su):

symbol	inflection form
①	`paṭhamā` (“first”)
②	`dutiyā` (“second”)
③	`tatiyā` (“third”)
④	`catutthī` (“fourth”)
⑤	`pañcamī` (“fifth”)
⑥	`chaṭṭhī` (“sixth”)
⑦	`sattamī` (“seventh”)

For the remainder of this text, the inflection of a noun is symbolised using a pseudo-function notation. If x represents the lemma of a noun (it’s base form), and x is masculine (🚹), singular (⨀), and in the first form (①), then the inflection of x will be denoted by:

🚹①⨀(x)

Paṭhamakaṇḍa (First Section - Definitions, Internal morphology, Default inflections)

§52 (60): Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi (Suitable for the teachings of the Conqueror) sīhagatika

‘‘Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi’’ iccetaṃ adhikāratthaṃ veditabbaṃ.

Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi should be understood as a governing rule.

Note

This text is focused on describing the grammar and usage based on what is found in the Buddha’s teachings.

§53 (61): Liṅgañca nippajjate (And lemmas are derived) sīhagatika

Definition

liṅgaṃ (lemma) literally means “‘a sign, an attribute, a mark”. In this text, it is the “plain” or “base” form of a word (noun) that appears as an entry in a dictionary and is used to represent all the other possible forms. Each lemma in Pāḷi is also associated with a grammatical gender (also liṅgaṃ - hence liṅgaṃ refers to the lemma and it’s gender together).

Yathā yathā jinavacanayuttaṃ hi liṅgaṃ, tathā tathā idha liṅgañca nippajjate.

Taṃ yathā? Eso no satthā, brahmā attā, sakhā, rājā.

For whatever liṅgaṃ (lemmas and genders) that are Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi “suitable for the teachings of the Conqueror”, then those liṅgaṃ are derived.

Example

satthā (teacher)
brahmā (the Creator)
attā (self)
sakhā (friend)
rājā (king)

§54 (62): Tato ca vibhattiyo (And their inflections) sīhagatika

Definition

A vibhatti is an inflection (or “word ending”) that is applied as a suffix to the lemma, to form an inflected word that is used in a sentence.

Tato jinavacanayuttehi liṅgehi vibhattiyo parā honti.

There are vibhattiyo (inflections) following the lemmas that are Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi “suitable for the teachings of the Conqueror.”

§55 (63): Si yo, aṃ yo, nā hi, sa naṃ, smā hi, sa naṃ, smiṃ su (inflection forms) rūḷhī

Kā ca pana tāyo vibhattiyo?

Si, yo iti paṭhamā,

aṃ, yoiti dutiyā,

nā hi iti tatiyā,

sa, naṃiti catutthī,

smā, hi iti pañcamī,

sa, naṃ iti chaṭṭhī,

smiṃ, su iti sattamī.

Vibhattiiccanena kvattho?

Amhassa mamaṃ savibhattissa se.

And what are those inflections? There are 14 terms representing the 7 inflection forms (with separate terms representing singular (⨀) or plural (⨂))

symbol	⨀	⨂	inflection form
①	`si`	`yo`	`paṭhamā` (“first”)
②	`aṁ`	`yo`	`dutiyā` (“second”)
③	`nā`	`hi`	`tatiyā` (“third”)
④	`sa`	`naṁ`	`catutthī` (“fourth”)
⑤	`smā`	`hi`	`pañcamī` (“fifth”)
⑥	`sa`	`naṁ`	`chaṭṭhī` (“sixth”)
⑦	`smiṁ`	`su`	`sattamī` (“seventh”)

Those inflections are attached to, and belong with, the words.

Note

These are just the terms for the inflected forms, they may or may not actually represent the shape of the inflections, which can vary depending on usage and context. Some terms are shared and may not be distinguishable across inflection forms, for example yo is used as the plural inflected form for ① and ②, and similarly hi for the plural of ③ and ⑤, and sa for singular ④ and naṁ for plural ⑥.

§56 (64): Tadanuparodhena (those word endings) sīhagatika

Yathā yathā tesaṃ jinavacanānaṃ anuparodho, tathā tathā idha liṅgañca nippajjate.

Whatever word endings are Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi “suitable for the teachings of the Conqueror”, those word endings are derived with the lemmas.

Note

A variety of word endings are encountered in the text of the Buddha’s teachings, and therefore this grammar will define all the different variations and classify them accordingly.

§57 (71): Ālapane si ga sañño (for vocatives `si` is called `ga`) rūḷhī

Definition

For addressing someone (ālapane) by their proper name, honorific, title, or relationship, the lemmas are used with minimal inflection (although there may still be singular or plural forms).

Ālapanatthe si gasañño hoti.

Bhoti ayye,
bhoti kaññe,
bhoti kharādiye.

Ālapaneti kimatthaṃ?

Sā ayyā.

Sīti kimatthaṃ?

Bhotiyo ayyāyo.

Gaiccanena kvattho?

Ghate ca.

The forms used for addressing are:

symbol	⨀	⨂	inflection form
⓪	`si`	`ga`	`ālapane` (“vocative”)

Example

bhoti is a polite or honorific way of addressing someone:

bhoti ayye (“dear lady”)
bhoti kaññe (“dear girl”)
bhoti kharādiye (“dear Kharādiye”)

Counter-example

When referring to someone rather than addressing them, we use a different inflected form, for example:

Sā ayyā (that lady)

Counter-example

Why do we use the term si? To distinguish a word from the plural form, which is inflected. For example:

Bhotiyo ayyāyo (“dear ladies”)

Purpose

Why do we use the term ga? ga is used in the following rule:

§114 `Ghate ca` TBD

§58 (29): Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā jhalā (`jha`: `i`-words, `la`: `u`-words) rūḷhī

Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇāiccete jhalasaññā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Isino, aggino, gahapatino, daṇḍino.

Setuno, ketuno, bhikkhuno.

Sayambhuno, abhibhuno.

Jhalaiccanena kvattho?

Jhalato sassa no vā.

jha: refers to masculine (🚹) i-words (lemmas ending with i and ī)
la: refers to 🚹 u-words (lemmas ending with u and ū)

Examples

gender	term	lemma	meaning
🚹	jha	isi	sage
🚹	jha	aggī	fire
🚹	jha	gahapati	householder
🚹	jha	daṇḍī	staff
🚹	la	setu	sleep
🚹	la	ketu	flag
🚹	la	bhikkhu	beggar (monk)
🚹	la	sayambhū	creator
🚹	la	abbibhū	overlord

Purpose

Refer to §117 `Jhalato sassa no vā` TBD

§59 (182): Te itthikhyā po (Those [sounds] are called `pa` for feminine words) rūḷhī

Te ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā yadā itthikhyā, tadā pasaññā honti.

Rattiyā, itthiyā,

dhenuyā, vadhuyā.

Itthikhyāti kimatthaṃ?

Isinā,

bhikkhunā.

Saiccanena kvattho?

Pato yā.

pa: refers to feminine (🚺) i-words and u-words (lemmas ending with i and ī)

Examples

gender	term	lemma	meaning
🚺	pa	ratti	night
🚺	pa	itthi	female
🚺	pa	dhenu	cow
🚺	pa	vadhū	daughter in law

Counter-example

pa differentiates these words from masculine words such as isi or bhikkhu.

Purpose

pa is used in the following rule:

§112 `Pato yā` TBD

§60 (177): Ā gho (`gha`: `a`-words) rūḷhī

Ākāro yadā itthikhyo, tadā ghasañño hoti.

Saddhāya, kaññāya, vīṇāya, gaṅgāya, disāya sālāya, mālāya, tulāya, dolāya, pabhāya, sobhāya, paññāya, karuṇāya nāvāya, kapālikāya.

Āti kimatthaṃ?

Rattiyā, itthiyā.

Itthikhyoti kimatthaṃ?

Satthārā desito ayaṃ dhammo.

Ghaiccanena kvattho?

Ghato nādīnaṃ.

gha: feminine a-words (lemmas ending with a or ā)

Examples

gender	term	lemma	meaning
🚺	gha	saddhā	faithful
🚺	gha	kaññā	young girl
🚺	gha	vīṇā	lute
🚺	gha	gaṅgā	Ganges (river)
🚺	gha	disā	direction
🚺	gha	sālā	hall
🚺	gha	mālā	garland
🚺	gha	tulā	weight (measure)
🚺	gha	dolā	swing (palanquin)
🚺	gha	pabhā	radiance
🚺	gha	sobhā	splendour, beauty
🚺	gha	paññā	wisdom
🚺	gha	karuṇā	compassion
🚺	gha	nāvā	ship
🚺	gha	kapālikā	potsherd (small bowl)

Counter-examples

ga distinguishes ā-words from pa (i-words and u-words) eg. ratti and itthi.

ga also distinguishes feminine ā-words from masculine ā-words eg.

Satthārā desito ayaṃ dhammo.
🚹⑤⨀(satthar) 🚻⑤⨀(desī) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(dhamma)
from the master | from teaching | this | dhamma
This dhamma is from the master’s teaching.

Purpose

gha is used in the following rule:

§111 `Ghato nādīnaṃ` TBD

§61 (86): Sāgamo se (Before `sa` inflections: insert `s`) utsarga

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
			āgamo	se	sa
			insert	`s`	`sa` inflections

Sakārāgamo hoti se vibhattimhi.

Purisassa, aggissa, isissa, daṇḍissa, bhikkhussa, sayambhussa, abhibhussa.

Seti kimattaṃ?

Purisasmiṃ.

sa inflection form (④ and ⑥): insert s before sa

🚹④⨀(x) = x + s + sa (where x is the lemma)
🚹⑥⨀(x) = x + s + sa

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨀(purisa)	purisassa	(for) man
🚹⑥⨀(aggi)	aggissa	(of) fire
🚹⑥⨀(daṇḍī)	daṇḍissa	(of) staff
🚹④⨀(bhikkhu)	bhikkhussa	(for) bhikkhu
🚹⑥⨀(sayambhū)	sayambhussa	(of) creator
🚹④⨀(abhibhū)	abhibhussa	(for) overlord

Counter-example

sa inflection form is different from other inflection forms

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑦⨀(purisa)	purisasmiṃ	(on) man

§62 (206): Saṃsāsvekavacanesu ca (And in `saṃ`, `sā` singular inflections) utsarga

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca			(āgamo)	(se)	saṃsāsvekavacanesu
and			(insert)	(`s`)	`saṃ`	`sā` inflections

Saṃsāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu sakārāgamo hoti.

Etissaṃ, etissā

imissaṃ, imissā,

tissaṃ, tissā,

Tassaṃ tassā,

yassaṃ, yassā,

amussaṃ, amussā.

Saṃsāsvīti kimatthaṃ?

Agginā, pāṇinā.

Ekavacanesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Tāsaṃ, sabbāsaṃ.

Vibhattādesesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Manasā,

vacasā,

thāmasā.

In saṃ (⑦) and sā (⑥) singular inflections, there is insertion of s.

🚺⑦①(x∈pa∪ga) = x + smiṁ (§55) = x + smiṁ→saṃ (§179) = x + s + saṃ (§62) (x∈pa∪ga means x is in the set of pa or gha words)
🚺⑥①(x∈pa∪ga) = x + sa (§55) = x + sa→sā (§179) = x + s + sā (§62)

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑦⨀(etā)	etissaṃ	(in) this
🚺⑥⨀(etā)	etissā	(of) this
🚺⑦⨀(imā)	imissaṃ	(in) this
🚺⑥⨀(imā)	imissā	(of) this
🚺⑦⨀(tā)	tissaṃ	(in) that
🚺⑥⨀(tā)	tissā	(of) that
🚺⑦⨀(tā)	tassaṃ	(in) that
🚺⑥⨀(tā)	tassā	(of) that
🚺⑦⨀(yā)	yassaṃ	(in) what
🚺⑥⨀(yā)	yassā	(of) what
🚺⑦⨀(amu)	amussaṃ	(in) such
🚺⑥⨀(amu)	amussā	(of) such

An example of a full derivation:

	🚺⑦⨀(amu)	rule
→	amu + (smiṁ)	§55
→	amu + (smiṁ→saṃ)	§179
→	amu + (s) + saṃ	§62
→	amussaṃ*

Counter-examples

saṃ and sā are distinguished from other inflections, eg.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹③⨀(aggī)	agginā	(with) fire
🚹⑤⨀(pāṇi)	pāṇinā	(from) palm

By saying ekavacanesu we exclude plural saṃ and sā inflections, eg.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑥⨂(tā)	tāsaṃ	(of) those
🚺④⨂(sabba)	sabbāsaṃ	(for) all

By saying vibhattādesesu we exclude lemmas ending with sa

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(manasa)	manasā	mind
🚺①⨀(vacasa)	vacasā	saying
🚺①⨀(thāmasa)	thāmasā	stamina

§63 (217): Etimāsami (`etī`, `imā` endings become `i`) utsarga

Analysis

option	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	etā	(pappoti)	eti	(saṃsāsvekavacanesu)
ca	imā	(pappoti)	imi	(saṃsāsvekavacanesu)
and	`etā`	(become)	`eti`	(`saṃ`	`sā` inflections)
and	`imā`	(become)	`imi`	(`saṃ`	`sā` inflections)

Etāimāiccetesamanto saro ikāro hoti saṃsāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu.

Etissaṃ, etissā, imissaṃ, imissā.

Saṃsāsvīti kimatthaṃ?

Etāya, imāya.

Ekavacanesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Etāsaṃ, imāsaṃ.

The vowel endings of etā and imā become i in saṃ (⑦) and sā (⑥) singular inflections.

🚺⑦⨀(etā``) = etā→eti(§63) = eti +smiṁ(§55) = eti +smiṁ→saṃ(§179) = eti +s+saṃ` (§62) = etissaṃ
🚺⑥⨀(etā``) = etā→eti(§63) = eti +sa(§55) = eti +sa→sā(§179) = eti +s+sā` (§62) = etissā
🚺⑦⨀(imā``) = imā→imi(§63) = imi +smiṁ(§55) = imi +smiṁ→saṃ(§179) = imi +s+saṃ` (§62) = imissaṃ
🚺⑥⨀(imā``) = imā→imi(§63) = imi +sa(§55) = imi +sa→sā(§179) = imi +s+sā` (§62) = imissā

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑦⨀(etā)	etissaṃ	(in) this
🚺⑥⨀(etā)	etissā	(of) this
🚺⑦⨀(imā)	imissaṃ	(in) this
🚺⑥⨀(imā)	imissā	(of) this

An example of a full derivation:

	🚺⑦⨀(etā)	rule
→	et + (ā→i)	§63
→	et + i + (smiṁ)	§55
→	et + i + (smiṁ→saṃ)	§179
→	et + i + (s) + saṃ	§62
→	etissaṃ

Counter-examples

saṃ and sā are distinguished from other inflections, eg.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺③⨀(etā)	etāya	(with) this
🚺③⨀(imā)	imāya	(with) this

By saying ekavacanesu we exclude plural saṃ and sā inflections, eg.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺④⨂(etā)	etāsaṃ	(for) these
🚺④⨂(imā)	imāsaṃ	(for) these

§64 (216): Tassā vā (Optionally, for `tā`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vā		tā	(pappoti)	(ti)	(saṃsāsvekavacanesu)
optionally		`tā`	(become)	(`ti`)	(`saṃ`	`sā` inflections)

Tassā itthiyaṃ vattamānassa antassa ākārassa ikāro hoti vā saṃsāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu.

Tissaṃ, tissā, tassaṃ, tassā.

Optionally, for tā the ending ā become i in saṃ (⑦) and sā (⑥) singular inflections.

🚺⑦⨀(tā) = tā→ti (§63) = ti + smiṁ (§55) = ti + smiṁ→saṃ (§179) = ei + s + saṃ (§62) = tissaṃ
🚺⑥⨀(tā) = tā→ti (§63) = ti + sa (§55) = ti + sa→sā (§179) = ei + s + sā (§62) = tissā

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑦⨀(tā)	tissaṃ	(in) that
🚺⑥⨀(tā)	tissā	(of) that
🚺⑦⨀(tā)	tassaṃ	(in) that
🚺⑥⨀(tā)	tassā	(of) that

§65 (215): Tato sassa ssāya (From those, of `sa` inflections there is `ssāya`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)	tato	sassa	(pappoti)	ssāya
(optionally)	(`etā`\|`imā`\|`tā`)	`sa` inflections	(change)	`ssāya`

Tato tā etā imāto sassa vibhattissa ssāyādeso hoti vā.

Tissāya, etissāya, imissāya.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Tissā, etissā, imissā.

Optionally, for ta, etā, imī of sa (⑥) inflections, sa is changed to ssāya.

🚺⑥⨀(tā) = tā→ti (§63) = ti + sa (§55) = ti + sa→ssāya (§65) = tissāya
🚺⑥⨀(etā) = etā→ti (§63) = eti + sa (§55) = eti + sa→ssāya (§65) = etissāya
🚺⑥⨀(imā) = imā→imi (§63) = imi + sa (§55) = imi + sa→ssāya (§65) = imissāya

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑥⨀(tā)	tissāya	(of) that
🚺⑥⨀(etī)	etissāya	(of) this
🚺⑥⨀(imī)	imissā	(of) this

Counter-examples

This rule is optional, so rule §62 Saṃsāsvekavacanesu ca can also be applied, eg.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑥⨀(tā)	tissā	(of) that
🚺⑥⨀(etī)	etissā	(of) this
🚺⑥⨀(imī)	imissā	(of) this

§66 (205): Gho rassaṃ (`gha` becomes short) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)	gho	(`ā`)	rassaṃ	(`a`)	(saṃsāsvekavacanesu)
(optionally)	`gha` words	(`ā`)	shorten	(`a`)	(`saṃ`	`sā` inflections)

Gho rassamāpajjate saṃsāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu.

Tassaṃ, tassā, yassaṃ, yassā, sabbassaṃ, sabbassā.

Saṃsāsvīti kimatthaṃ?

Tāya, sabbāya.

Ekavacanesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Tāsaṃ, sabbāsaṃ.

The vowel endings of gha (ā-words) are shortened (ie. become a) in saṃ (⑦) and sā (⑥) singular inflections.

🚺⑦⨀(x∈gha) = x(ā→a) (§66) = x(ā→a) + smiṁ (§55) = x(ā→a) + smiṁ→saṃ (§179) = x(ā→a) + s + saṃ (§62) = x(ā→a) + ssaṃ
🚺⑥⨀(x∈gha) = x(ā→a) (§66) = x(ā→a) + sa (§55) = x(ā→a) + sa→sā (§179) = x(ā→a) + s + sā (§62) = x(ā→a) + sā

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑦⨀(tā)	tassaṃ	(in) that
🚺⑥⨀(tā)	tassā	(of) that
🚺⑦⨀(yā)	yassaṃ	(in) what
🚺⑥⨀(yā)	yassā	(of) what
🚺⑦⨀(sabbā)	sabbassaṃ	(in) all
🚺⑥⨀(sabbā)	sabbassā	(of) all

An example of a full derivation:

	🚺⑦⨀(tā)	rule
→	t + (ā→a)	§66
→	ta + (smiṁ)	§55
→	ta + (smiṁ→saṃ)	§179
→	ta + (s) + saṃ	§62
→	tassaṃ

Counter-examples

By saying ekavacanesu we exclude plural saṃ (⑦) and sā (⑥) inflections, eg.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑥⨂(tā)	tāsaṃ	(of) those
🚺④⨂(sabba)	sabbāsaṃ	(for) all

§67 (229): No ca dvādito naṃmhi (And for [numbers] such as `dvi` (2) etc. there can be `n` before `naṃ` inflections) apavada

Analysis

option	before	operation	to	after
(vā)	dvādito	(āgamo)	`n`	naṃmhi
(vā)	dvādito	(āgamo)	`ssa`	naṃmhi
(optional)	`dvi` etc.	(insert)	`n`	`naṃ` inflections
(optional)	`dvi` etc.	(insert)	`ssa`	`naṃ` inflections

Dviiccevamādito saṅkhyāto nakārāgamo hoti naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Dvinnaṃ, tinnaṃ, catunnaṃ, pañcannaṃ, channaṃ, sattannaṃ, aṭṭhannaṃ, navannaṃ, dasannaṃ.

Dvāditoti kimatthaṃ?

Sahassānaṃ.

Naṃmhīti kimatthaṃ?

Dvīsu, tīsu.

Caggahaṇenassañcāgamo hoti.

Catassannaṃ itthīnaṃ tissannaṃ vedanānaṃ.

For numbers such as dvi (2) etc. n is inserted before naṃ (④ and ⑥ plural inflections). Note numbers are always plural and can assume any gender in Pāḷi grammar.

⚧️④⨂(x>1) = x + naṃ (§55) = x + n + naṃ (§67) = x + nnaṃ

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
⚧️⑥⨂(dvi)	dvinnaṃ	(of) 2
⚧️⑥⨂(ti)	tinnaṃ	(of) 3
⚧️⑥⨂(catu)	catunnaṃ	(of) 4
⚧️⑥⨂(pañca)	pañcannaṃ	(of) 5
⚧️⑥⨂(cha)	channaṃ	(of) 6
⚧️⑥⨂(satta)	sattannaṃ	(of) 7
⚧️⑥⨂(aṭṭha)	aṭṭhannaṃ	(of) 8
⚧️⑥⨂(nava)	navannaṃ	(of) 9
⚧️⑥⨂(dasa)	dasannaṃ	(of) 10

Counter-examples

There are exceptions to this rule.

lemma	inflected	meaning
⚧️⑥⨂(sahassa)	sahassānaṃ	(of) 1000

This rule also does not apply to other inflection forms.

lemma	inflected	meaning
⚧️⑦⨂(dvi)	dvīsu	(in) 2
⚧️⑦⨂(ti)	tīsu	(in) 2

Additional

Sometimes, ssa is inserted instead of n

⚧️④⨂(x>2) = x + naṃ (§55) = x + ssa + naṃ (§67) = x + ssanaṃ

lemma	inflected	meaning
⚧️⑥⨂(catu)	catassannaṃ itthīnaṃ	(of) the four women
⚧️⑦⨂(ti)	tissannaṃ vedanānaṃ	(of) the three feelings

§68 (184): Amā pato smiṃsmānaṃ vā (`aṃ`, `ā` from `smiṃ`, `smā` [inflections] of `pa` [words]) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to
(vā)	pato	`smiṃ`	ādeso	`aṃ`
(vā)	pato	`smā`	ādeso	`ā`
(optionally)	`pa` words	`smiṃ`	replace	`aṃ`
(optionally)	`pa` words	`smā`	replace	`ā`

Paiccetasmā smiṃsmāiccetesaṃ aṃāādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Matyaṃ, matiyaṃ, matyā, matiyā,

nikatyaṃ, nikatiyaṃ, nikatyā, nikatiyā,

vikatyaṃ, vikatiyaṃ, vikatyā, vikatiyā,

viratyaṃ, viratiyaṃ, viratyā, viratiyā,

ratyaṃ, ratiyaṃ, ratyā, ratiyā,

puthabyaṃ, puthaviyaṃ, puthabyā, puthaviyā,

pavatyaṃ, pavatyā, pavattiyaṃ, pavattiyā.

Optionally, there is replacement of aṃ, ā from pa word smiṃ (⑦) and smā (⑤) inflection forms in that order.

🚺⑦⨀(x∈pa) = x + smiṃ (§55) = x + smiṃ→aṃ (§68) = x + aṃ
🚺⑤⨀(x∈pa) = x + smā (§55) = x + smā→ā (§68) = x + ā

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑦⨀(mati)	matyaṃ	(in) wisdom
🚺⑦⨀(mati)	matiyaṃ	(in) wisdom
🚺⑤⨀(mati)	matyā	(from) wisdom
🚺⑤⨀(mati)	matiyā	(from) wisdom
🚺⑦⨀(nikati)	nikatyaṃ	(in) fraud
🚺⑦⨀(nikati)	nikatiyaṃ	(in) fraud
🚺⑤⨀(nikati)	nikatyā	(from) fraud
🚺⑤⨀(nikati)	nikatiyā	(from) fraud
🚺⑦⨀(vikati)	vikatyaṃ	(in) change
🚺⑦⨀(vikati)	vikatiyaṃ	(in) change
🚺⑤⨀(vikati)	vikatyā	(from) change
🚺⑤⨀(vikati)	vikatiyā	(from) change
🚺⑦⨀(virati)	viratyaṃ	(in) abstinence
🚺⑦⨀(virati)	viratiyaṃ	(in) abstinence
🚺⑤⨀(virati)	viratyā	(from) abstinence
🚺⑤⨀(virati)	viratiyā	(from) abstinence
🚺⑦⨀(rati)	ratyaṃ	(in) enjoyment
🚺⑦⨀(rati)	ratiyaṃ	(in) enjoyment
🚺⑤⨀(rati)	ratyā	(from) enjoyment
🚺⑤⨀(rati)	ratiyā	(from) enjoyment
🚺⑦⨀(puthavī)	puthabyaṃ	(in) earth
🚺⑦⨀(puthavī)	puthaviyaṃ	(in) earth
🚺⑤⨀(puthavī)	puthabyā	(from) earth
🚺⑤⨀(puthavī)	puthaviyā	(from) earth
🚺⑦⨀(pavatti)	pavatyaṃ	(in) happening
🚺⑦⨀(pavatti)	pavattiyaṃ	(in) happening
🚺⑤⨀(pavatti)	pavatyā	(from) happening
🚺⑤⨀(pavatti)	pavattiyā	(from) happening

§69 (186): Ādito o ca (And `o` from `ādi`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to
ca	Ādito	(smiṃ)	(ādeso)	(aṃ)
ca	Ādito	(smiṃ)	(ādeso)	o
ca	aññasmāpi	(smā)	(ādeso)	(ā)
ca	aññasmāpi	(smiṃ)	(ādeso)	(o)
ca	aññasmāpi	(smiṃ)	(ādeso)	(aṃ)
and	`ādi`	(`smiṃ`)	(change)	(`aṃ`)
and	`ādi`	(`smiṃ`)	(change)	`o`
and	others	(`smā`)	(change)	(`ā`)
and	others	(`smiṃ`)	(change)	(`o`)
and	others	(`smiṃ`)	(change)	(`aṃ`)

Ādiiccetasmā smiṃvacanassa aṃoādesā honti vā.

Ādīṃ, ādo.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Ādismiṃ, ādimhi nāthaṃ namassitvāna,

Caggahaṇena aññasmāpi smiṃ vacanassa ā o aṃādesā honti.

Divā ca ratto ca haranti ye bali.

Bārāṇasiṃ ahu rājā.

Optionally, there is replacement of aṃ, o from ādi for smiṃ (⑦) inflection forms.

🚺⑦⨀(ādi) = ādi + smiṃ (§55) = ādi + smiṃ→aṃ (§69) = ād + (i + ~~a~~) + ṃ (§13) = ādīṃ
🚺⑦⨀(ādi) = ādi + smiṃ (§55) = ādi + smiṃ→o (§69) = ād + (~~i~~ + o) (§12) = ādo

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑦⨀(ādi)	ādīṃ	(at) first
🚺⑦⨀(ādi)	ādo	(at) first

Counter-examples

By saying vā we exclude other transformations, eg.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑦⨀(ādi)	ādismiṃ	(at) first
🚺⑦⨀(ādi)	ādimhi nāthaṃ namassitvāna	not having venerated the protector at first

Additional

By saying ca (and) there is replacement of ā for smā (⑤), o and aṃ for smiṃ (⑦) inflection forms for other words.

🚺⑤⨀(x) = x + smā (§55) = x + smā→ā (§69) = x + ā
🚺⑦⨀(x) = x + smiṃ (§55) = x + smiṃ→o (§69) = x + o
🚺⑦⨀(x) = x + smiṃ (§55) = x + smiṃ→aṃ (§69) = x + aṃ

Divā ca ratto ca haranti ye bali.
(18Kh 6: Ratanasutta)
🚹⑤⨀(diva) 🔼(ca) 🚺⑦⨀(ratti) ▶️🤟⨂(harati) 🚹②⨂(ya) 🚹②⨂(bali)
from day | and | into night | and | they carry | whatever | religious offering

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(diva)	divā	(from) day
🚺⑦⨀(ratti)	ratto	(into) night

🚺⑦⨀(bārāṇasī) ⏮🤟⨀(ahosi) 🚹①⨀(rāja)
at Bārāṇasī | was | king

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑦⨀(bārāṇasī)	bārāṇasiṃ	(at) Bārāṇasī

§70 (30): Jhalānamiyuvā sare vā (Optionally, `iya`, `uva` for `jha`, `la` before vowel) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after
vā	jhanaṃ	(`i`\|`ī`)	(ādeso)	`iy`	sare
vā	lānaṃ	(`u`\|`ū`)	(ādeso)	`uv`	sare
vā	(jhanaṃ)	(`i`\|`ī`)	(ādeso)	(`ay`)	(sare)
optionally	`jha` words	(`i`\|`ī`)	(replace)	`iy`	vowel
optionally	`lā` words	(`u`\|`ū`)	(replace)	`uv`	vowel
optionally	(`jha` words)	(`i`\|`ī`)	(replace)	(`ay`)	(vowel)

Jhalaiccetesaṃ iya uvaiccete ādesā honti vā sare pare yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Tiyantaṃ pacchiyāgāre,

aggiyāgāre,

bhikkhuvāsane nisīdati,

puthuvāsane¹ nisīdati.

Sareti kimatthaṃ?

Timalaṃ, tiphalaṃ, ticatukkaṃ, tidaṇḍaṃ, tilokaṃ, tinayanaṃ, tipāsaṃ, tihaṃsaṃ, tibhavaṃ, tikhandhaṃ, tipiṭakaṃ, tivedanaṃ, catuddisaṃ, puthubhūtaṃ.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Pañcahaṅgehi, tīhākārehi, cakkhāyatanaṃ.

Vāti vikappanatthaṃ, ikārassa ayādeso hoti,

vatthuttayaṃ.

Optionally, for jha and la words, iy and uv can replace [the vowel endings] before a vowel, in that sequence.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(ti + anta)	tiyantaṃ	three ends
🚻①⨀(pacchi + agāre)	pacchiyāgāre	(at) woven basket house
🚻①⨀(aggi + agāre)	aggiyāgāre	(at) sacrificial room
🚻①⨀(bhikkhu + āsane)	bhikkhuvāsane nisīdati	he sits on bhikkhu’s seat
🚻①⨀( puthu + āsane)	puthuvāsane nisīdati	he sits on wide seat

Counter-examples

By saying sare the rule does not apply when followed by a consonant, eg.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(ti + mala)	timalaṃ	three impurities
🚻①⨀(ti + phala)	tiphalaṃ	three fruits
🚻①⨀(ti + catukka)	ticatukkaṃ	three four-fold
🚻①⨀(ti + daṇḍa)	tidaṇḍaṃ	tripod
🚻①⨀(ti + loka)	tilokaṃ	three worlds
🚻①⨀(ti + nayana)	tinayanaṃ	three eyes
🚹②⨀(ti + pāsa)	tipāsaṃ	three loops
🚹②⨀(ti + haṃsa)	tihaṃsaṃ	three swans
🚹②⨀(ti + bhava)	tibhavaṃ	three existences
🚹②⨀(ti + khandha)	tikhandhaṃ	three bundles
🚻①⨀(ti + piṭaka)	tipiṭakaṃ	three baskets
🚺②⨀(ti + vedanā)	tivedanaṃ	three feelings
🚻①⨀(catu + disa)	catuddisaṃ	four directions
🚻①⨀(puthu + bhūta)	puthubhūtaṃ	widely spread

As the rule is optional, there are exceptions:

	pañcahi + aṅgehi (with 5 limbs)	rule
→	pañca + (h + i) + (a + ṅ) + gehi	§10
→	pañca + h + (i + a) + ṅ + gehi	§12
→	pañca + (h + a + ṅ) + gehi	§11
→	pañcahaṅgehi

	tīhi + ākārehi (in three ways)	rule
→	tī + (h + i) + (ā) + kārehi	§10
→	tī + h + (i + ā) + kārehi	§12
→	tī + (h + ā) + kārehi	§11
→	tīhākārehi

	cakkhu + āyatanaṃ (sight)	rule
→	cak + (kh + u) + (ā) + yatanaṃ	§10
→	cak + kh + (u + ā) + yatanaṃ	§12
→	cak + (kh + ā) + yatanaṃ	§11
→	cakkhāyatanaṃ

Additional

As an alternative, the i ending is replaced with aya.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(vatthu + ti)	vatthuttayaṃ	three bases

§71 (505): Yavakārā ca (And `y` to `v`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after
ca	(`jha`)	(`i`\|`ī`)	(ādeso)	`y`	(sare)
ca	(`la`)	(`u`\|`ū`)	(ādeso)	`v`	(sare)
and	(`jha` words)	(`i`\|`ī`)	(replace)	`y`	(vowel)
and	(`la` words)	(`u`\|`ū`)	(replace)	`v`	(vowel)

Jhalānaṃ yakāra vakārādesā honti sare pare yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Agyāgāraṃ, pakkhāyatanaṃ, svāgataṃ, te mahāvīra.

Caggahaṇaṃ sampiṇḍanatthaṃ.

Optionally, for jha and la words, y and v can replace [the vowel endings] before a vowel, in that sequence. This rule is grouped with the previous rule.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(aggi + āgāra)	agyāgāraṃ	sacrifical room
🚻①⨀(pakkhī + āyatana)	pakkhāyatanaṃ	wings stretched out
🚻①⨀(su + āgataṃ)	svāgataṃ, te mahāvīra	Welcome to you, Great Hero

—

§72 (185): Pasaññassa ca (And for `pa`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	pasaññassa	(`i`\|`ī`)	(ādeso)	(`y`)	(sare)
and	`pa` words	(`i`\|`ī`)	(ādeso)	(`y`)	(vowel)

Pasaññassa ca ivaṇṇassa vibhattādese sare pare yakārādeso hoti.

Puthabyā, ratyā, matyā.

Sareti kimatthaṃ? Puthaviyaṃ.

And for inflections of pa words ending in i, y can replace [i] before a vowel.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑤⨀(puthavī)	puthabyā	(from) earth
🚺⑤⨀(ratti)	ratyā	(from) night
🚺⑤⨀(matu)	matyā	(from) mother

Counter-example

By saying sare we exclude pa words before non-vowels, eg.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑦⨀(puthavī)	puthaviyaṃ	(in) earth

§73 (174): Gāva se (`go` to `gāva` before `s`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(ca)	`g`	`o`	(ādeso)	`āva`	se
(and)	`g`	`o`	(change)	`āva`	`sa` inflections

Goiccetassa okārassa āvādeso hoti se vibhattimhi.

Gāvassa.

From [lemmas ending with] go the o is replaced with āva before sa inflections.

🚹⑥⨀(go) = go + sa (§55) = g + o→āva + sa (§74) = g + āva + s + sa (§61) = gāvassa

Example

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑥⨀(go)	gāvassa	(from) earth

§74 (169): Yosu ca (And in `yo` inflections) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(ca)	(`g`)	(`o`)	(ādeso)	(`āva`)	yosu
(and)	(`g`)	(`o`)	(change)	(`āva`)	`yo` inflections

Goiccetassa okārassa āvādeso hoti yoiccetesu paresu.

Gāvo gacchanti, gāvo passanti,

gāvī gacchanti,gāvī passanti.

Caggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ?

Nāsmāsmiṃsu vacanesu āvā deso hoti.

Gāvena, gāvā, gāve, gāvesu.

For [lemmas ending with]go the o is replaced with āva when followed by a yo (plural ① and ②) inflection forms.

🚹①⨂(go) = go + yo (§55) = g + o→āva + yo (§74) = gāvo
🚹②⨂(go) = go + yo (§55) = g + o→āva + yo (§74) = gāvī

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(go)	gāvo gacchanti	cows wander
🚹②⨂(go)	gāvo passanti	they see cows
🚹②⨂(go)	gāvī passanti	they see cows
🚹②⨂(go)	gāvī passanti	they see cows

Counter-examples

By saying ca the replacements can happen in other inflection forms such as nā, smā, smiṃ, eg.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹③⨀(gava)	gāvena	(with) cow
🚹⑤⨀(gava)	gāvā	(from) cow
🚹①⨀(gava)	gāve	(to) cow
🚹⑦⨂(gava)	gāvesu	(in) cows

§75 (170): Avamhi ca (And for `aṃ` inflections) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after
(ca)	(`g`)	(`o`)	(ādeso)	(`āva`)\|`ava`	aṃmhi
(ca)	(`g`)	(`o`)	(ādeso)	(`ava`)	sādisesesu pubbuttavacanesu
(and)	(`g`)	(`o`)	(change)	(`āva`)\|`ava`	`aṃ` inflections
(and)	(`g`)	(`o`)	(change)	`ava`	other inflections such as `si`

Goiccetassa okārassa āvaavaiccete ādesā honti aṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Gāvaṃ, gavaṃ.

Caggahaṇena sādisesesu pubbuttavacanesu goiccetassa okārassa avādeso hoti.

Gavassa, gavo, gavena, gavā, gave, gavesu.

For [lemmas ending with]go the o is replaced with āva, ava when followed by a aṃ (singular ②) inflection form.

🚹②⨀(go) = go + aṃ (§55) = g + o→āva + aṃ (§75) = g + āv + (~~a~~ + a) + ṃ (§12) = gāvaṃ
🚹②⨀(go) = go + aṃ (§55) = g + o→ava + aṃ (§75) = g + av + (~~a~~ + a) + ṃ (§12) = gavaṃ

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹②⨀(go)	gāvaṃ	[object] cow
🚹②⨀(go)	gavaṃ	[object] cow

Additional

By saying ca, the replacements are applicable for previously mentioned inflection forms such as si etc. (eg. sā, smā, smiṃ etc.)

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑥⨀(go)	gavassa	[of] cow
🚹①⨂(go)	gavo	cows
🚹③⨀(go)	gavena	(with) cow
🚹⑤⨀(go)	gavā	(from) cow
🚹⑦⨀(go)	gave	(on) cow
🚹⑦⨂(go)	gavesu	(on) cows

§76 (171): Āvassu vā (Optionally, from `āva` to `u`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vā	(`g`)	`āva`	(ādeso)	(`āvu`)	(aṃmhi)
optionally	(`g`)	`āva`	(change)	(`āvu`)	(`aṃ` inflections)

Āvaiccetassa gāvādesassa anta sarassa ukārādeso hoti vā aṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Gāvuṃ, gāvaṃ.

Āvasseti kimatthaṃ?

Gāvo tiṭṭhanti.

Optionally, for āva replacement in go the end vowel may be changed to u when followed by a aṃ (singular ②) inflection form.

🚹②⨀(go) = go + aṃ (§55) = g + o→āva + aṃ (§75) = g + āv + a→u + aṃ (§76) = g + āv + (u + ~~a~~) + ṃ (§13) = gāvuṃ

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹②⨀(go)	gāvuṃ	[object] cow
🚹②⨀(go)	gāvaṃ	[object] cow

Counter-example

The additional replacement is optional and also does not apply with other inflection forms.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(go)	gāvo	cows

§77 (175): Tato namaṃ patimhā lutte ca samāse (From that, `naṃ` becomes `aṃ` before `pati` when inflections are not elided in a compound) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	(`g`)	(`o`) + `naṃ`	(ādeso)	(`ava`) + `aṃ`	patimhā	lutte ca samāse
ca	(`g`)	(`o`) + `naṃ`	(ādeso)	(`ava`) + `aṃ`		asamāse
and	(`g`)	`o` + `naṃ` inflection	(replace)	(`ava`) + `aṃ` inflection	`pati`	in compound with non-elided inflection
and	(`g`)	(`o`) + `naṃ` inflection	(replace)	(`ava`) + `aṃ` inflection		non-compound

Tato gosaddato naṃvacanassa aṃādeso hoti, goiccetassa okārassa avādeso hoti patimhi pare alutte ca samāse.

Gavapati.

Alutteti kimatthaṃ?

Gopati.

Caggahaṇena asamāsepi naṃvacanassa aṃādeso hoti, goiccetassa okārassa avādeso hoti.

Gavaṃ.

From that go sound the naṃ inflection form (plural ④ and ⑥) can change to aṃ, and for go the letter o changes into ava before pati if the inflection form is not elided from the compound.

🚹④⨂(go + pati) = go + naṃ (§55) + pati = g + o→ava + naṃ→aṃ (§77) + pati = g + av + (~~a~~ + a) + ṃ (§12) + pati = g + āv + a + (~~ṃ~~ + p) + ati (§38) = gavapati

Example

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨂(go) + `pati`	gavapati	dropped from cows

Counter-examples

The additional replacement is optional and also does not apply with other inflection forms.

By saying alutte (without elision) we exclude compounds where the inflection is elided.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨂(go) + `pati`	gopati	dropped from cows

And by saying ca (and) the naṃ to aṃ can occur for non-compound words as well as from go the o becomes ava.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨂(go)	gavaṃ	[from] cows

§78 (31): O sare ca (And `o` before vowel) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	(`g`)	o	(ādeso)	(`ava`)	sare	samāse
ca	(uvaṇṇaiccevamantānaṃ)	(`u`\|`ū`)	(ādeso)	(`uva`\|`ava`\|`ura`)	(smiṃyoiccetesu)	(samāse)
and	(`g`)	o	(replace)	(`ava`)	vowel	in compound
and	(`u`-words)	(`u`\|`ū`)	(replace)	(`uva`	`ava`	`ura`)

Goiccetassa okārassa avādeso hoti samāse ca sare pare.

Gavassakaṃ, gaveḷakaṃ, gavājinaṃ.

Caggahaṇena uvaṇṇaiccevamantānaṃ liṅgānaṃ uvaavaurādesā honti smiṃyoiccetesu kvaci.

Bhuvi, pasavo, guravo, caturo.

Sareti kimatthaṃ?

Godhano, govindo.

For [lemmas ending with]go the o is replaced with av when followed by a vowel within a compound [vs inflection affix].

🚹②⨀(go) = go + o→av (§78) + ... (within compound word)

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹②⨀(go + saka)	gavassakaṃ	one’s own cow
🚹②⨀(go + eḷaka)	gaveḷakaṃ	cow and wild goat
🚹②⨀(go + ajina)	gavājinaṃ	cow and cheetah

Counter-examples

By saying ca (and) for u-words (lemmas ending with u or ū) there are optionally uva, ava, ura replacements of the ending before smiṃ and yo inflection forms.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(bhū)	bhuvi	earth
🚹①⨂(pasu)	pasavo	productions
🚹①⨂(guru)	guravo	teachers
🚹①⨂(catu)	caturo	fours

And by saying sare the rule excludes u words followed by non-vowels.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(go + dhana)	godhano	weath from cow
🚹①⨀(go + vinda)	govindo	cow finder, or Lord of the cows

§79 (46): Tabbiparītūpapade byañjane ca (And inverse of that in `upapada` [auxilliary word] before consonant) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca		(`ava`)	viparīto	(`o`→`u`)	byañjane	upapade
and		(`ava`)	reversal	(`o`→`u`)	consonant	upapada

Tassa avasaddassa yadā upapade tiṭṭhamānassa tassa okārassa viparīto hoti byañjane pare.

Uggate sūriye, uggacchati, uggahetvā.

Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.

Avasāne, avakiraṇe, avakirati.

Of ava sound in whatever remains of the upapada (auxilliary word, component of a compound), there is an reversal back to o [followed by a change to u] before a consonant.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑦⨀(ava + gata)	uggate sūriye	sun gone down
▶️🤟⨀(gava + acchati)	uggacchati	[sun] gone up
(gava + gahetvā)	uggahetvā	having gone down

Counter-examples

By saying ca (and) there are exclusions where the rule does not apply.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻⑦⨀(avasāna)	avasāne	conclusion
🚹⑦⨀(ava + kiraṇa)	avasāne	scattered [noun]
▶️🤟⨀(ava + kirati)	avakirati	scatter [verb]

§80 (173): Goṇa naṃmhi vā (Optionally, `goṇa` before `naṃ` inflections) apavada

Analysis

option	from	operation	to	after	context
vā	(`go`)	(ādeso)	goṇa	naṃmhi
(vā)	(`go`)	(ādeso)	(goṇa)		aññatrāpi
optionally	(`go`)	(replace)	`goṇa`	`naṃ` inflections
(optionally)	(`go`)	(replace)	(`goṇa`)		other places

Sabbasseva gosaddassa goṇādeso hoti vā naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Goṇānaṃ sattannaṃ.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Gonañce taramānānaṃ, |
ujuṃ gacchati puṅgavo. |
Sabbā gāvī ujuṃ yanti, |
nette ujuṃ gate sati. ||

Yogavibhāgena aññatrāpi goṇādeso hoti.

Goṇabhūtānaṃ.

For all go sounds, optionally there is a replacement to goṇa before naṃ inflections.

Example

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨂(go)	goṇānaṃ sattannaṃ	(from) seven oxen

Counter-examples

By saying vā (optionally) this rule sometimes does not apply.

🚺⑥⨂(gava) ⏏️(ce) 🚺⑥⨂(taramāna)
for cows | if | for crossing
if cows crossing

🚹②⨀(uju) ▶️🤟⨀(gacchati) 🚹①⨀(puṅgava)
straight | goes | bull
bull goes straight

🚺①⨂(sabba) 🚺①⨂(gāvī) 🚹②⨀(uju) ▶️🤟⨂(yāti)
all | cows | straight | proceed
All cows proceed straight

🚹②⨂(netta) 🚹②⨀(uju) 🚹②⨂(gata) 🚻①⨀(satī)
leader | straight | gone | keeping in mind
Keeping in mind the leader went straight

Taking the flip side of the rule, there is goṇa replacement in other places.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑥⨂(go + bhūta)	goṇabhūtānaṃ	(of) cattle beings

§81 (172): Suhināsu ca (And in `su`, `hi`, `nā` [inflections]) apavada

Analysis

option	from	operation	to	after
ca	(`go`)	(ādeso)	(goṇa)	suhināsu
(ca)	(`go`)	(ādeso)	(goṇagu gavayā)	syādisesesu pubbuttaravacanesupi
ca	(`go`)	(ādeso)	(goṇa)	`su`\|`hi`\|`nā` inflections
(ca)	(`go`)	(ādeso)	(`goṇa`\|`gu`\|`nā`)	other inflections such as `si`

Suhināiccetesu sabbassa gosaddassa goṇādeso hoti vā.

Goṇesu, goṇehi, goṇebhi, goṇena.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Gosu, gohi, gobhi, gavena.

Caggahaṇena syādisesesu pubbuttaravacanesupi goṇa gu gavayādesā honti.

Goṇo, goṇā, goṇaṃ, goṇe, goṇassa, goṇamhā. Goṇamhi, gunnaṃ, gavayehi, gavayebhi.

In su, hi, nā inflections, for all go soundsthere is replacement withgoṇa`.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑦⨂(go)	goṇesu	(on) cows
🚹③⨂(go)	goṇehi	(with) cows
🚹⑤⨂(go)	goṇebhi	(from) cows
🚹③⨀(go)	goṇena	(with) cow

Counter-examples

By saying vā (optionally) sometimes the rule does not apply.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑦⨂(go)	gosu	(on) cows
🚹③⨂(go)	gohi	(with) cows
🚹⑤⨂(go)	gobhi	(from) cows
🚹③⨀(go)	gavena	(with) cow

By saying ca (and) in previous inflections such as si etc. there are replacements with goṇa, gu, gavaya.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(go)	goṇo	cow
🚹①⨂(go)	goṇā	cows
🚹②⨀(go)	goṇā	cow
🚹②⨂(go)	goṇe	cows
🚹②⨂(go)	goṇe	cows
🚹④⨀(go)	goṇassa	(for) cow
🚹⑤⨀(go)	goṇamhā	(from) cow
🚹⑦⨀(go)	goṇamhi	(on) cow
🚹④⨂(go)	gunnaṃ	(on) cows
🚹③⨂(go)	gavayehi	(with) cows
🚹③⨂(go)	gavayehi	(with) cows
🚹⑤⨂(go)	gavayebhi	(from) cows

§82 (149): Aṃmo niggahitaṃ jhalapehi (`aṃ`, `ma` become `ṃ` for `jha`, `la`, `pa`) utsarga

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	jhalapehi	aṃmo	(ādeso)	niggahitaṃ
	`jha`\|`la`\|`pa`-words	`aṃ`\|`ma`	(replace)	`ṃ`

Aṃvacanassa makārassa ca jhalapaiccetehi niggahitaṃ hoti.

Aggiṃ, isiṃ, gahapatiṃ, daṇḍiṃ, mahesiṃ, bhikkhuṃ, paṭuṃ, sayambhuṃ, abhibhuṃ, rattiṃ, itthiṃ, vadhuṃ, pulliṅgaṃ, pumbhāvo, puṅkokilo.

Aṃmoti kimatthaṃ?

Agginā, pāṇinā, bhikkhunā, rattiyā, itthiyā, vadhuyā.

Jhalapehīti kimatthaṃ?

Sukhaṃ, dukkhaṃ.

Punārambhaggahaṇaṃ² vibhāsānivattanatthaṃ.

Aggiṃ, paṭuṃ, buddhiṃ, vadhuṃ.

aṃ inflections, ma unit with jha, la, and pa-words becomes ṃ.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹②⨀(aggi)	aggiṃ	fire
🚹②⨀(isi)	isiṃ	sage
🚹②⨀(gahapati)	gahapatiṃ	householder
🚹②⨀(daṇḍi)	daṇḍiṃ	stick
🚹②⨀(mahesi)	mahesiṃ	great sage
🚹②⨀(bhikkhu)	bhikkhuṃ	bhikkhu
🚹②⨀(paṭu)	paṭuṃ	clever
🚹②⨀(sayambhū)	sayambhuṃ	creator
🚹②⨀(abhibhū)	abhibhuṃ	overlord
🚺②⨀(ratti)	rattiṃ	night
🚺②⨀(itthi)	itthiṃ	female
🚺②⨀(vadhū)	vadhuṃ	daughter in law
🚹②⨀(puma + liṅga)	pulliṅgaṃ	masculine
🚹①⨀(puma + bhāva)	pumbhāvo	masculinity
🚹①⨀(puma + kokila)	puṅkokilo	male cuckoo

Counter-examples

By saying aṃmo (aṃ, `m) the rule does not apply for other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹③⨀(aggi)	agginā	(with) fire
🚹③⨀(pāṇi)	pāṇinā	(with) hand
🚹③⨀(bhikkhu)	bhikkhunā	(with) bhikkhu
🚺③⨀(ratti)	rattiyā	(with) night
🚺③⨀(itthi)	itthiyā	(with) woman
🚺③⨀(vadhū)	vadhuyā	(with) daughter in law

By saying jhalapehi we exclude other lemmas

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹②⨀(su + kha)	sukhaṃ	good
🚹②⨀(du + kha)	dukkhaṃ	bad

The examples below are provided once again for the purpose of cancelling optionality (ie. this is a general rule).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹②⨀(aggi)	aggiṃ	fire
🚹②⨀(paṭu)	paṭuṃ	clever
🚺②⨀(buddhi)	buddhiṃ	wisdom
🚺②⨀(vadhū)	vadhuṃ	daughter in law

§83 (67): Saralopo’ mādesa paccayādimhi saralope tu pakati (in vowel elision in `aṃ` [inflections], replacements, suffixes etc., that elided vowel can be restored) utsarga

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
tu	saralope	amādesapaccayādimhi	pakati
however	vowel elision	`aṃ` [inflections], replacements, suffixes etc.	original form

Saralopo hoti amādesapaccayādimhi sara lope tu pakati hoti.

Purisaṃ, purise, pāpaṃ, pāpe, pāpiyo, pāpiṭṭho.

Amādesapaccayādimhīti ki tthaṃ?

Appamādo amataṃ padaṃ.

Saralopeti kimatthaṃ?

Purisassa, daṇḍinaṃ.

Tuggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.

Bhikkhunī, gahapatānī.

Pakatiggahaṇasāmatthena puna sandhibhāvo ca hoti.

Seyyo, seṭṭho, jeyyo, jeṭṭho.

When there is vowel elision in aṃ inflections, replacements, suffixes, etc. that vowel elision can revert to original form.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹②⨀(purisa)	purisaṃ	person
🚹②⨂(purisa)	purise	people
🚹②⨀(pāpa)	pāpaṃ	criminal
🚹②⨂(pāpa)	pāpe	criminal
🚺①⨂(pāpa)	pāpiyo	criminal
🚺①⨂(pāpa + iṭṭha)	pāpiṭṭho	worst criminal

Counter-examples

By saying amādesapaccayādimhīti (aṃ inflections, replacements, suffixes, etc.) the rule does not apply for other inflections.

Appamādo amataṃ padaṃ. \

(22J 16.1.10: Gandhatindukajātaka)
🚹①⨀(appamāda) 🚻①⨀(amata) 🚻①⨀(pada)
not heedless | deathless | state

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(amata)	amataṃ	deathless

By saying saralopeti (vowel elision) the rule does not apply where there is no vowel elision.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨀(purisa)	purisassa	for person
🚹④⨂(daṇḍi)	daṇḍinaṃ	for sticks

By saying tu the applicability of the rule is limited (ie. this is not a general rule).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(bhikkhu + inī)	bhikkhunī	bhikkhunī
🚺①⨀(gaha + pati + inī)	gahapatānī	lady of the house

With the meaning of grasping of pakati (natural form of self) once again sandhi also exists.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(seyya)	seyyo	better
🚹①⨀(seṭṭha)	seṭṭho	best
🚹①⨀(jeyya)	jeyyo	older
🚹①⨀(jeṭṭha)	jeṭṭho	eldest

§84 (144): Agho rassamekavacanayosvapi ca (And not `gha` [vowels become] short in singular `yo` [inflections] also) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
api ca	agho	(saro)	rassaṃ		ekavacanayosvi
and also	non `gha`-words	(ending vowel)	shorten		singular and `yo` inflections

Agho saro rassamāpajjate ekavacanayoiccetesu.

Itthiṃ, itthiyo, itthiyā.

Vadhuṃ, vadhuyo, vadhuyā.

Daṇḍiṃ, daṇḍino, daṇḍinā.

Sayambhuṃ, sayambhuvo, sayambhunā.

Aghoti kimatthaṃ?

Kaññaṃ, kaññāyo, kaññāya.

Ekavacanayosvīti kimatthaṃ?

Itthīhi, sayambhūhi.

Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.

Nadiṃ, nadiyo, nadiyā.

Apiggahaṇena na rassamāpajjate.

Itthī, bhikkhunī.

The vowel ending in gha-words become short before singular and yo inflections.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺②⨀(itthī)	itthiṃ	female
🚺②⨂(itthī)	itthiyo	females
🚺③⨀(itthī)	itthiyā	(with) woman
🚺②⨀(vadhū)	vadhuṃ	daughter in law
🚺②⨂(vadhū)	vadhuyo	daughters in law
🚺③⨀(vadhū)	vadhuyā	(with) daughter in law
🚹②⨀(daṇḍī)	daṇḍiṃ	staff
🚹②⨂(daṇḍī)	daṇḍino	staffs
🚹③⨀(daṇḍ)ī	daṇḍinā	(with) staff
🚹②⨀(sayambhū)	sayambhuṃ	creator
🚹②⨂(sayambhū)	sayambhuvo	creators
🚹③⨀(sayambhū)	sayambhunā	(with) creator

Counter-examples

By saying agho (not gha) the rule does not apply to gha-words.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺②⨀(kaññā)	kaññaṃ	young girl
🚺②⨂(kaññā)	kaññāyo	young girls
🚺③⨀(kaññā)	kaññāya	(with) young girl

By saying Ekavacanayosvi (singular yo) the rule does not apply to other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺③⨂(itthi)	itthīhi	(with) women
🚹③⨂(sayambhū)	sayambhūhi	(with) creator

By saying ca the applicability of the rule is limited (ie. this is not a general rule).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺②⨀(nadī)	nadiṃ	river
🚺②⨂(nadī)	nadiyo	rivers
🚺③⨀(nadī)	nadiyā	(with) river

By saying api sometimes there is no shortening.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺②⨀(itthī)	itthī	female
🚺①⨀(bhikkhu + inī)	bhikkhunī	bhikkhunī

§85 (150): Na sismimanapuṃsakāni (No [shortening] for non-neuter words in `si`, `smiṃ` [inflections]) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(api ca)	anapuṃsakāni	(saro)	~~rassaṃ~~		sismiṃ
(and also)	non neuter words	(ending vowel)	~~shorten~~		`si` and `smiṃ` inflections

Sismiṃ anapuṃsakāni liṅgāni na rassamāpajjante.

Itthī, bhikkhunī, vadhū, daṇḍī, sayambhū.

Sismiṃnti kimatthaṃ?

Bhoti itthi,

bhoti vadhu,

bho daṇḍi,

bho sayambhu.

Anapuṃsakānīti kimatthaṃ?

Sukhakāri dānaṃ,

sukhakāri sīlaṃ,

sīghayāyi cittaṃ.

[The ending vowel of] non-neuter words before si and smiṃ inflections are not shortened.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(itthī)	itthī	female
🚺①⨀(bhikkhu + inī)	bhikkhunī	bhikkhunī
🚺①⨀(vadhū)	vadhū	daughter in law
🚹①⨀(daṇḍī)	daṇḍī	staff
🚹①⨀(sayambhū)	sayambhū	creator

Counter-examples

By saying sismiṃ (si and smiṃ) the rule does not apply to other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(itthī)	bhoti itthi	dear lady
🚺①⨀(vadhū)	bhoti vadhu	dear daughter in law
🚹①⨀(daṇḍī)	bho daṇḍi	dear staff carrier
🚹①⨀(sayambhū)	bho sayambhu	dear Creator

By saying anapuṃsakāni (not neuter gender) the rule does not apply to neuter words.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(dāna)	sukhakāri dānaṃ	giving is a good deed
🚻①⨀(sīla)	sukhakāri sīlaṃ	ethical conduct is a good deed
🚻①⨀(citta)	sīghayāyi cittaṃ	the mind moves quickly

§86 (227): Ubhādito naminnaṃ (`ubha` etc.: `naṃ` become `innaṃ`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(api ca)	ubhādito	`naṃ`	(ādeso)	`innaṃ`
(and also)	`ubha` etc.	`naṃ` inflections	(change)	`innaṃ`

Ubhaiccevamādito saṅkhyāto naṃvacanassa innaṃ hoti.

Ubhinnaṃ, duvinnaṃ.

Ubhāditoti kimatthaṃ?

Ubhayesaṃ.

From numbers such as ubha (both) etc., naṃ inflections become innaṃ.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
⚧️④⨀(ubha)	ubhinnaṃ	(for) both
⚧️④⨀(dvi)	duvinnaṃ	(for) two

Counter-example

By saying ubhādito (ubha etc.) non-numbers are excluded.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨂(ubhaya)	ubhayesaṃ	for both kinds

§87 (231): Iṇṇamiṇṇannaṃ tīhi saṅkhyāhi (From the number `ti` (3) there are `innaṃ` and `innannaṃ` [replacements]) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(api ca)	tīhi	(`naṃ`)	(ādeso)	`innaṃ`\|`innannaṃ`
(and also)	`ti`	(`naṃ` inflections)	(change)	`innaṃ`\|`innannaṃ`

Naṃvacanassa iṇṇaṃ iṇṇannaṃ iccete ādesā honti tīhi saṅkhyāhi.

Tiṇṇaṃ, tiṇṇannaṃ.

Tīhīti kimatthaṃ?

Dvinnaṃ.

From the number ti (3), naṃ inflections become innaṃ and innannaṃ.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
⚧️④⨂(ti)	tiṇṇaṃ	(for) 3
⚧️④⨂(ti)	tiṇṇannaṃ	(for) 3

Counter-example

By saying tīhi (3) other numbers are excluded.

lemma	inflected	meaning
⚧️④⨂(dvi)	dvinnaṃ	(for) 2

§88 (147): Yosu katanikāralopesu dīghaṃ (In `yo` [inflections] replaced with `ni` or elided, [end vowel] is lengthened) utsarga

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		(sabbe sarā)	dīghaṃ		Yosu katanikāralopesu
		(all vowels)	long		`yo` becomes `ni` or is elided

Sabbe sarā yosu katanikāralopesu dīghamāpajjante.

Aggī, bhikkhū, rattī, yāgū, aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni, āyū, āyūni,

sabbāni, yāni, tāni, kāni, katamāni, etāni, amūni³, imāni.

Yosvīti kimatthaṃ?

Aggi, bhikkhu, ratti, yāgu, sabbo, yo, so, ko, amuko.

Katanikāralopesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Itthiyo, vadhuyo, sayambhuvo.

Punārambhaggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ?

Niccadīpanatthaṃ.

Aggī, bhikkhū, rattī, yāni, tāni, katamāni.

With all end-vowels followed by yo inflection, if the yo becomes ni or is elided, the [end vowel] becomes lengthened.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(aggi)	aggī	fire
🚹①⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhū	bhikkhus
🚺①⨂(ratti)	rattī	nights
🚺①⨂(yāgu)	yāgū	congee
🚻①⨂(aṭṭhi)	aṭṭhī	bone
🚻①⨂(aṭṭhi)	aṭṭhīni	bone
🚻①⨂(āyu)	āyū	life
🚻①⨂(āyu)	āyūni	life
🚻①⨂(sabba)	sabbāni	all
🚻①⨂(ya)	yāni	whatever
🚻①⨂(ta)	tāni	those
🚻①⨂(ka)	kāni	what?
🚻①⨂(ka + tama)	katamāni	which (of many)
🚻①⨂(eta)	etāni	these
🚻①⨂(amu)	amūni	such and such
🚻①⨂(ima)	imāni	these

Counter-examples

By saying yosu (yo inflections) other inflections are excluded.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(aggi)	aggi	fire
🚹①⨀(bhikkhu)	bhikkhu	bhikkhu
🚺①⨀(ratti)	ratti	night
🚺①⨀(yāgu)	yāgu	congee
🚻①⨂(aṭṭhi)	aṭṭhī	bone
🚹①⨀(sabba)	sabbo	all
🚹①⨀(ya)	yo	whatever
🚹①⨀(ta)	so	those
🚹①⨀(ka)	ko	what?
🚹①⨀(amu)	amuko	such and such

By saying katanikāralopesu (rassamekavacanayosvapieplaced with ni or elided) the rule is not applicable without these transformations.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨂(itthī)	itthiyo	females
🚺①⨂(vadhū)	vadhuyo	daughters in law
🚹①⨂(sayambhū)	sayambhuvo	creators

The examples below are provided once again for the purpose of cancelling optionality (ie. for the purpose of explaining that this is a non-optional or general rule).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(aggi)	aggī	fire
🚹①⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhū	bhikkhus
🚺①⨂(ratti)	rattī	nights
🚻①⨂(ya)	yāni	whatever
🚻①⨂(ta)	tāni	those
🚻①⨂(katama)	katamāni	which (of the many)

§89 (87): Sunaṃhisu ca (And in `su`, `naṃ`, `hi`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca		(sabbe sarā)	(dīghaṃ)		sunaṃhisu
and		(all vowels)	(long)		`su`, `naṃ`, `hi` inflections

Sunaṃhiiccetesu sabbe sarā dīghamāpajjante.

Aggīsu, aggīnaṃ, aggīhi, rattīsu, rattīnaṃ, rattīhi.

Bhikkhūsu, bhikkhūnaṃ, bhikkhūhi.

Purisānaṃ.

Etesvītī kimatthaṃ?

Agginā, pāṇinā, daṇḍinā.

Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.

Sukhettesu brahmacārisu,

dhammamakkhāsi bhagavā bhikkhunaṃ datvā sakehi pāṇibhi.

All end-vowels are lengthened before su, naṃ, hi inflections.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑦⨂(aggi)	aggīsu	(in) fires
🚹⑥⨂(aggi)	aggīnaṃ	(of) fires
🚹③⨂(aggi)	aggīhi	(with) fires
🚺⑦⨂(ratti)	rattīsu	(in) nights
🚺⑥⨂(ratti)	rattīnaṃ	(of) nights
🚺③⨂(ratti)	rattīhi	(with) nights
🚹⑦⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhūsu	(in) bhikkhus
🚹⑥⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhūnaṃ	(of) bhikkhus
🚹③⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhūhi	(with) bhikkhus
🚻⑥⨂(purisa)	purisānaṃ	(of) people

Counter-examples

By saying sunaṃhisu (su, naṃ, hi inflections) other inflections are excluded.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹③⨀(aggi)	agginā	(with) fire
🚹③⨀(pāṇi)	pāṇinā	(with) hand
🚹③⨀(daṇḍi)	daṇḍinā	(with) staff

By saying ca the applicability of the rule is limited (ie. this is not a general rule).

Sukhettesu brahmacārisu
🚻⑦⨂(sukhetta) 🚹⑦⨂(brahmacāri)
in fertile field | in spiritual practitioner

dhammamakkhāsi bhagavā bhikkhunaṃ datvā sakehi pāṇibhi.
⏮🤟⨀(dhammamakkhāsi) 🚹①⨀(bhagavant) 🚹②⨀(bhikkhu) 🔽(datvā) 🚹③⨂(saka) 🚹③⨂(pāṇi)
explained the teaching | Bhagavā | to bhikkhu | having given | by one’s own | by palms

§90 (252): Pañcādīnamattaṃ (5 etc. becomes `a`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(ca)	pañcādīnamattaṃ	(anto)	attaṃ	`a`	sunaṃhisu
(and)	`pañca` etc.	(ending)	become	`a`	`su`, `naṃ`, `hi` inflections

Pañcādīnaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ anto attamāpajjate sunaṃhiiccetesu.

Pañcasu, pañcannaṃ, pañcahi,

chasu, channaṃ, chahi,

sattasu, sattannaṃ, sattahi,

aṭṭhasu, aṭṭhannaṃ, aṭṭhahi,

navasu, navannaṃ, navahi,

dasasu, dasannaṃ, dasahi.

Pañcādīnamīti kimatthaṃ?

Dvīsu, dvinnaṃ, dvīhi.

Attamitibhāvaniddeso ubhayassāgamanatthaṃ, anto ukāro attamāpajjate.

Catassannaṃ itthīnaṃ.

Tissannaṃ vedanānaṃ.

Numbers such as pañca (5) etc. (ending in a) represent themselves (ie. they are “cardinal” numbers signifying “quantity”) before su, naṃ, hi inflections.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
⚧️⑦⨂(pañca)	pañcasu	(in) fives
⚧️⑥⨂(pañca)	pañcannaṃ	(of) fives
⚧️③⨂(pañca)	pañcahi	(with) fives
⚧️⑦⨂(cha)	chasu	(in) sixes
⚧️⑥⨂(cha)	channaṃ	(of) sixes
⚧️③⨂(cha)	chahi	(with) sixes
⚧️⑦⨂(satta)	sattasu	(in) sevens
⚧️⑥⨂(satta)	sattannaṃ	(of) sevens
⚧️③⨂(satta)	sattahi	(with) sevens
⚧️⑦⨂(aṭṭha)	aṭṭhasu	(in) eights
⚧️⑥⨂(aṭṭha)	aṭṭhannaṃ	(of) eights
⚧️③⨂(aṭṭha)	aṭṭhahi	(with) eights
⚧️⑦⨂(nava)	navasu	(in) nines
⚧️⑥⨂(nava)	navannaṃ	(of) nines
⚧️③⨂(nava)	navahi	(with) nines
⚧️⑦⨂(dasa)	dasasu	(in) tens
⚧️⑥⨂(dasa)	dasannaṃ	(of) tens
⚧️③⨂(dasa)	dasahi	(with) tens

Counter-examples

By saying pañcādīnami (starting from 5) there are exclusions (numbers not ending in a).

lemma	inflected	meaning
⚧️⑦⨂(dvi)	dvīsu	(in) twos
⚧️⑥⨂(dvi)	dvinnaṃ	(of) twos
⚧️③⨂(dvi)	dvīhi	(with) twos

These cardinal numbers are state attributes (ie. taddhita noun derivatives using -tta or -tā suffix). Both ssa insertion and ending u to a replacement can occur.

catassannaṃ itthīnaṃ
🚺⑥⨂(catu) 🚺⑥⨂(itthi)
of four | of women

tissannaṃ vedanānaṃ
🚺⑥⨂(ti) 🚺⑥⨂(vedanā)
of three | of feelings

§91 (194): Patissinīmhi (For `pati` with `inī`) utsarga

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		`pati`	(pajjate)	`a`	inīmhi
		`pati`	(becomes)	`a`	inī

Patissanto attamāpajjate inīmhi paccaye pare.

Gahapatānī.

Inīmhīti kimatthaṃ?

Gahapati.

The ending of pati becomes a before inī suffix.

Example

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(gahapati + inī)	gahapatānī	lady of the house

Counter-example

By saying inīmhi the rule does not apply without the required suffix.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(gahapati)	gahapati	householder

§92 (100): Ntussanto yosuca (And `ntu` ending in `yo`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca		ntussanto	(pajjate)	(`a`)	yosu
and		ending of `ntu`	(becomes)	(`a`)	(`su`, `naṃ`, `hi`,) `yo` inflections

Ntupaccayassa anto attamāpajjate sunaṃhiyoiccetesu paresu.

Guṇavantesu, guṇavantānaṃ, guṇavantehi, guṇavantā, guṇavante.

Ntusseti kimatthaṃ?

Isīnaṃ.

Etesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Guṇavā.

Caggahaṇena aññesu vacanesu attañca hoti.

Guṇavantasmiṃ, guṇavantena.

Antaggahaṇena ntupaccayassa anto attamāpajjate, yonañca ikāro hoti.

Guṇavanti.

ntu suffix ending becomes a before su, naṃ, hi, yo inflections.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑦⨂(guṇavant)	guṇavantesu	(in) virtues
🚹⑥⨂(guṇavant)	guṇavantānaṃ	(for) virtues
🚹③⨂(guṇavant)	guṇavantehi	(with) virtues
🚹①⨂(guṇavant)	guṇavantā	virtues
🚹②⨂(guṇavant)	guṇavante	virtues

Counter-examples

By saying ntu the rule does not apply without the required suffix.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨂(isi)	isīnaṃ	(for) sages

By saying etesu (in these) the rule does not apply for some inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(guṇavant)	guṇavā	virtue

By saying ca the rule can apply to other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑦⨀(guṇavant)	guṇavantasmiṃ	(in) virtue
🚹③⨀(guṇavant)	guṇavantena	(with) virtue

By saying anto (ending) the ending of ntu becomes a, also yo becomes i

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨂(guṇavant)	guṇavanti	virtues

§93 (106): Sabbassa vā aṃsesu (Optionally for all in `aṃ`, `sa`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vā		sabbassa	(pajjate)	(`a`)	aṃsesu
optionally		entire (`ntu`)	(becomes)	(`a`)	`aṃ`, `sa` inflections

Sabbasseva ntupaccayassa attaṃ hoti vā aṃsaiccetesu.

Satimaṃ bhikkhu, satimantaṃ bhikkhuṃ vā,

bandhumaṃ rājānaṃ, bandhumantaṃ rājānaṃ vā,

satimassa bhikkhuno, satimato bhikkhuno vā,

bandhumassa rañño suṅkaṃ, bandhumato rañño vā suṅkaṃ deti.

Etesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Satimā bhikkhu,

bandhumā rājā.

Optionally the entire ntu suffix becomes a before aṃ, sa inflections.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹②⨀(satimant)	satimaṃ bhikkhu	attentive bhikkhu
🚹②⨀(satimant)	satimantaṃ bhikkhu	attentive bhikkhu
🚹②⨀(bandhumant)	bandhumaṃ rājānaṃ	king’s kinsmen
🚹②⨀(bandhumant)	bandhumantaṃ rājānaṃ	king’s kinsmen
🚹④⨀(satimant)	satimassa bhikkhuno suṅkaṃ deti	he donates fee for attentive bhikkhu
🚹④⨀(satimant)	satimato bhikkhuno suṅkaṃ deti	he donates fee for attentive bhikkhu

Counter-examples

By saying etesu (in these) the rule does not apply for some inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(satimant)	satimā bhikkhu	attentive bhikkhu
🚹①⨀(bandhumant)	bandhumā rājā	king’s kinsmen

§94 (105): Simhi vā (Optinally in `si`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vā		(sabbassa)	(pajjate)	(`a`)	simhi
optionally		(`ntu`)	(becomes)	(`a`)	`si` inflections

Ntupaccayassa antassa attaṃ hoti vā simhi vibhattimhi.

Himavanto pabbato.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Himavā pabbato.

Optionally, ntu suffix becomes a before si inflections.

Example

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(himavant)	himavanto pabbato	Himalaya mountain

Counter-example

By saying vā (optionally) the rule is optional.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(himavant)	himavā pabbato	Himalaya mountain

§95 (145): Aggissini (`aggi` to `ini`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)		`aggi`	(pajjate)	`ini`	(simhi)
(optionally)		`aggi`	(becomes)	`ini`	(`si` inflections)

Aggissantassa ini hoti vā simhi vibhattimhi.

Purato aggini,

pacchato aggini,

dakkhiṇato aggini,

vāmato aggini.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Aggi.

Optionally, aggi ending becomes ini in si inflections.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(aggini)	purato aggini	in front of fire
🚹①⨀(aggini)	pacchato aggini	behind fire
🚹①⨀(aggini)	dakkhiṇato aggini	to the right of fire
🚹①⨀(aggini)	vāmato aggini	to the left of fire

Counter-examples

By saying vā (optionally) the rule is optional.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(aggi)	aggi	fire

§96 (148): Yosvakatarasso jho (For `yo`, `jha` non-short becomes `a`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)	jho	akatarasso	(pajjate)	`a`	yosu
(optionally)	`jha`-words	non-shortened	(change)	`a`	`yo` inflections

Yosu akatarasso jho attamāpajjate.

Aggayo munayo, isayo, gahapatayo.

Yosvīti kimatthaṃ?

Aggīsu.

Akatarassoti kimatthaṃ?

Daṇḍino.

Jhoti kimatthaṃ?

Rattiyo.

For yo inflections, jha-word non-shortened endings become a.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(aggi) 🚹①⨂(muni)	aggayo munayo	fire sages
🚹①⨂(isi)	isayo	sages
🚹①⨂(gahapati)	gahapatayo	householders

Counter-examples

By saying akatarasso (non shortened) the rule does not apply when the ending has already been shortened in conjunction with the yo inflection.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑦⨂(aggi)	aggīsu	(in) fires

By saying yosu (yo inflections) the rule does not apply for other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑥⨀(daṇḍī)	daṇḍino	(of) staff

By saying jho (jha words) the rule does not apply for other types of words.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨂(ratti)	rattiyo	nights

§97 (156): Vevosu lo ca (In `ve`, `vo`, `la`-words too) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)	lo	akatarasso	(pajjate)	`a`	vevosu
(optionally)	`la`-words	non-shortened	(change)	`a`	`ve`, `vo` inflections

Vevoiccetesu akatarasso lo attamāpajjate.

Bhikkhave, bhikkhavo,

hetave, hetavo.

Akatarassoti kimatthaṃ?

Sayambhuvo, vessabhuvo, parābhibhuvo.

Vevosvīti kimatthaṃ?

Hetunā, ketunā, setunā.

Caggahaṇamanukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

In ve, vo inflections, la-word endings that have not been shortened becomes a.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhave	bhikkhus
🚹①⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhavo	bhikkhus
🚹⓪⨂(hetu)	hetave	reasons
🚹①⨂(hetu)	hetavo	reasons

Counter-examples

By saying akatarasso (non shortened) the rule does not apply when the ending has already been shortened in conjunction with the yo inflection.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(sayambhū)	sayambhuvo	creators
🚹①⨂(vessabhū)	vessabhuvo	one of the previous Buddhas
🚹①⨂(parābhibhū)	parābhibhuvo	conquerors

By saying vevosu (ve, vo inflections) the rule does not apply with other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹③⨀(hetu)	hetunā	(with) cause
🚹③⨀(ketu)	ketunā	(with) flag
🚹③⨀(setu)	setunā	(with) bridge

By saying ca this rule is an extension of previous rules.

§98 (186): Mātulādīnamānattamīkāre (`mātula` etc. endings become `āna` before `ī`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)	mātulādīnaṃ	(anto)	(pajjate)	ānattaṃ	īkāre
(optionally)	`mātula` etc.	(ending)	(becomes)	āna	`ī` (suffix)

Mātulaiccevamādīnaṃ anto ānattamāpajjate īkāre paccaye pare.

Mātulānī, ayyakānī, varuṇānī.

Īkāreti kimatthaṃ?

Bhikkhunī, rājinī, jālinī, gahapatānī.

Ānattaggahaṇena nadīiccetassa dīsaddassa jjojjā ādesā honti saha vibhattiyā yonāsaiccetesu.

Najjo sandanti,

najjā kataṃ taraṅgaṃ,

najjā nerañjarāya tīre.

mātula etc. endings become āna before ī suffix.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(mātula)	mātulānī	mother’s brother’s wife (aunt)
🚺①⨀(ayyaka)	ayyakānī	grandfather’s wife (grandmother)
🚺①⨀(varuṇa)	ayyakānī	Varuṇa’s wife

Counter-examples

By saying īkāre (ī sound) the rule does not apply for other suffixes.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(bhikkhunī)	bhikkhunī	bhikkhunī
🚺①⨀(rājinī)	rājinī	queen
🚺①⨀(jālī)	jālinī	entangled net
🚺①⨀(gahapatānī)	gahapatānī	lady of the house

By saying ānatta for nadī the dī sound is replaced with jjo, jjā with yo, nā, sa inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨂(nadī)	najjo sandanti	rivers flow
🚺⑥⨀(nadī)	najjā kataṃ taraṅgaṃ	river-made wave
🚺③⨀(nadī)	najjā nerañjarāya tīre	by the shore of the Nerañjarā river

§99 (81): Smāhismiṃnaṃ mhābhimhi vā (Optionally, `smā`, `hi`, `smiṃ` become `mhā`, `bhi`, `mhi`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vā		smāhismiṃnaṃ	(pajjate)	mhābhimhi
optionally		`smā`, `hi`, `smiṃ` inflections	(change)	`mhā`, `bhi`, `mhi`

Sabbato liṅgato smāhismiṃ iccetesaṃ mhābhimhiiccete ādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Purisamhā, purisasmā, purisebhi, purisehi, purisamhi, purisasmiṃ.

Smāhismiṃnamiti kimatthaṃ?

Vaṇṇavantaṃ agandhakaṃ viruḷhapupphaṃ,

mahantaṃ chattaṃ mahāchattaṃ,

mahantaṃ dhajaṃ mahādhajaṃ.

Optionally, from lemmas of all genders smā, hi, smiṃ inflections are replaced with mhā, bhi, mhi in that order.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(purisa)	purisamhā	(from) person
🚹⑤⨀(purisa)	purisasmā	(from) person
🚹③⨂(purisa)	purisebhi	(with) people
🚹③⨂(purisa)	purisehi	(with) people
🚹⑦⨀(purisa)	purisamhi	(on) person
🚹⑦⨀(purisa)	purisasmiṃ	(on) person

Counter-examples

By saying smāhismiṃnaṃ the rule does not apply for other inflections.

vaṇṇavantaṃ agandhakaṃ viruḷhapupphaṃ
🚻①⨀(vaṇṇavant) 🚻①⨀(agandhaka) 🚻①⨀(viruḷhapuppha)
beautiful | scentless | blossomed flower

mahantaṃ chattaṃ mahāchattaṃ
🚻①⨀(mahanta) 🚻①⨀(chatta) 🚻①⨀(mahāchatta)
grand | covered | canopy

mahantaṃ dhajaṃ mahāchattaṃ
🚻①⨀(mahanta) 🚻①⨀(dhaja) 🚻①⨀(mahādhaja)
large | flapping | banner

§100 (214): Na timehi katākārehi (Not for `ta`, `ima` that have become `a`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)	timehi katākārehi	(smāhismiṃnaṃ)	na (ādesa)
(optionally)	`ta`, `ima` that have changed into `a`	(`smā`, `hi`, `smiṃ` inflections)	(no change)

Ta imaiccetehi katākārehi smāsmiṃ naṃmhāmhiiccete ādesā neva honti.

Asmā ṭhānā bhayaṃ uppajjati,

asmiṃ ṭhāne bhayaṃ tiṭṭhati,

asmā, asmiṃ.

Katākārehīti kimatthaṃ?

Tamhā, tamhi,

imamhā, imamhi.

With ta, ima that have changed into a before smā, smiṃ inflections, there are no replacements to mhā, mhi.

Examples

asmā ṭhānā bhayaṃ uppajjati
🚹⑤⨀(ta) 🚻⑤⨀(ṭhāna) 🚻①⨀(bhaya) ▶️🤟⨀(uppajjati)
from this | from place | danger | arises

asmiṃ ṭhāne bhayaṃ tiṭṭhati
🚹⑦⨀(ima) 🚻⑦⨀(ṭhāna) 🚻①⨀(bhaya) ▶️🤟⨀(tiṭṭhati)
in this | in place | danger | remains

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(ta)	asmā	(from) this
🚹⑦⨀(ima)	asmiṃ	(in) this

Counter-examples

By saying aktākārehi (replaced with a) the rule does not apply is there is no replacement.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(ta)	tamhā	(from) this
🚹⑦⨀(ta)	tamhi	(in) this
🚹⑤⨀(ima)	imamhā	(from) this
🚹⑦⨀(ima)	imamhi	(in) this

§101 (80): Suhisvakāro e (In `su`, `hi`, `a` becomes `e`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)	suhisu	akāro	(attamāpajjate)	e
(optionally)	`su`, `hi` inflections	`a`	(becomes)	`e`

Suhiiccetesu akāro ettamāpajjate.

Sabbesu, yesu, tesu, kesu, purisesu, imesu, kusalesu, tumhesu, amhesu,

sabbehi, yehi, tehi, kehi, purisehi, imehi, kusalehi, tumhehi, amhehi.

For su, hi inflections, a becomes e.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑦⨂(sabba)	sabbehi	(in) all
🚹⑦⨂(ya)	yesu	(in) whatever
🚹⑦⨂(ta)	tesu	(in) those
🚹⑦⨂(ka)	kesu	(in) which
🚹⑦⨂(purisa)	purisesu	(in) people
🚹⑦⨂(ima)	imesu	(in) these
🚹⑦⨂(kusala)	kusalesu	(in) useful
🚹⑦⨂(tumha)	tumhesu	(in) you all
🚹⑦⨂(amha)	amhesu	(in) us
🚹③⨂(sabba)	sabbehi	(with) all
🚹③⨂(ya)	yehi	(with) whatever
🚹③⨂(ta)	tehi	(with) those
🚹③⨂(ka)	kehi	(with) which
🚹③⨂(purisa)	purisehi	(with) people
🚹③⨂(ima)	imehi	(with) these
🚹③⨂(kusala)	kusalehi	(with) useful
🚹③⨂(tumha)	tumhehi	(with) you all
🚹③⨂(amha)	amhehi	(with) us

§102 (202): Sabbanāmānaṃ naṃmhi ca (And all nouns in `naṃ`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)	sabbanāmānaṃ	(akāro)	(attamāpajjate)	(e)	naṃmhi
(optionally)	all nouns (ending in `a`)	`a`	(becomes)	`e`	`naṃ` inflections

Sabbesaṃ sabbanāmānaṃ anto akāro ettamāpajjate naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Sabbesaṃ, sabbesānaṃ,

yesaṃ, yesānaṃ,

tesaṃ, tesānaṃ,

imesaṃ, imesānaṃ,

kesaṃ, kesānaṃ,

itaresaṃ, itaresānaṃ,

katamesaṃ, katamesānaṃ.

Sabbanāmānamiti kimatthaṃ?

Buddhānaṃ bhagavantānaṃ āciṇṇasamāciṇṇo.

Akāroti kimatthaṃ?

Amūsaṃ, amūsānaṃ.

Naṃmhīti kimatthaṃ?

Sabbe, ime.

Caggahaṇa manukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

For every noun ending with a can be replaced with e in naṃ inflections.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨂(sabba)	sabbesaṃ	(for) all
🚹④⨂(sabba)	sabbesānaṃ	(for) all
🚹④⨂(ya)	yesaṃ	(for) whatever
🚹④⨂(ya)	yesāsaṃ	(for) whatever
🚹④⨂(ta)	tesaṃ	(for) those
🚹④⨂(ta)	tesāsaṃ	(for) those
🚹④⨂(ima)	imesaṃ	(for) these
🚹④⨂(ima)	imesāsaṃ	(for) these
🚹④⨂(ka)	kesaṃ	(for) which
🚹④⨂(ka)	kesāsaṃ	(for) which
🚹④⨂(itara)	itaresaṃ	(for) other
🚹④⨂(itara)	itaresāsaṃ	(for) other
🚹④⨂(katama)	katamesaṃ	(for) which (of many)
🚹④⨂(katama)	katamesāsaṃ	(for) which (of many)

Counter-examples

By saying Sabbanāmānaṃ (all nouns) the rule does not apply is there is no replacement.

buddhānaṃ bhagavantānaṃ āciṇṇasamāciṇṇo
🚹④⨂(buddha) 🚹④⨂(bhagavant) 🚹①⨀(samāciṇṇa)
For Buddhas | for Bhagavās | practice and observance

By saying akāro the rule does not apply to nouns not ending in a.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨂(amu)	amūsaṃ	(for) such and such
🚹④⨂(amu)	amūsānaṃ	(for) such and such

By saying naṃmhi (naṃ inflections) the rule does not apply to other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(sabba)	sabbe	all
🚹①⨂(ima)	ime	these

By saying ca this rule is an extension of previous rules.

§103 (79): Ato nena (From `a`, `nā` becomes `ena`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)	ato	nā	(ādeso)	ena
(optionally)	end with `a`	`nā` inflections	(change)	`ena`

Tasmā akārato nāvacanassa enādeso hoti.

Sabbena, yena, tena, kena, anena, purisena, rūpena.

Atoti kimatthaṃ?

Muninā, amunā, bhikkhunā.

Nāti kimatthaṃ?

Tasmā.

From a, nā inflections are replaced with ena.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹③⨀(sabba)	sabbena	(with) all
🚹③⨀(ya)	yena	(with) whatever
🚹③⨀(ta)	tena	(with) those
🚹③⨀(ka)	kena	(with) which
🚹③⨀(ima)	anena	(with) this
🚹③⨀(purisa)	purisena	(with) people
🚹③⨀(ima)	imena	(with) these
🚹③⨀(tumha)	tumhena	(with) you all
🚹③⨀(rūpa)	rūpena	(with) form

Counter-examples

By saying ato (from a) the rule does not apply if the lemma does not end with a.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹③⨀(muni)	muninā	(with) sage
🚹③⨀(amu)	amunā	(with) such and such
🚹③⨀(bhikkhu)	bhikkhunā	(with) bhikkhu

By saying nā the rule does not apply for other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(ta)	tasmā	(from) that

§104 (66): So (`si` to `o`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)		(ato)	(ādeso)	o	si
(optionally)		ends with `a`	(change)	`o`	`si` inflections

Tasmā akārato sivacanassa okārādeso hoti.

Sabbo, yo, so, ko, amuko, puriso.

Sīti kimatthaṃ?

Purisānaṃ.

Atoti kimatthaṃ?

Sayambhū.

From a, si inflections are replaced with o.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(sabba)	sabbo	all
🚹①⨀(ya)	yo	whatever
🚹①⨀(ta)	so	that
🚹①⨀(ka)	ko	which
🚹①⨀(amuka)	amuko	such and such
🚹①⨀(purisa)	puriso	people

Counter-examples

By saying si the rule does not apply for other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨂(purisa)	purisānaṃ	(for) people

By saying ato (from a) the rule does not apply if the lemma does not end with a.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(sayambhū)	sayambhū	creator

§105 (0): So vā (Optionally, `so`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vā	(ato)	(nā)	(ādeso)	so
optionally	(`a`)	(`nā` inflections)	(change)	`so`

Tasmā akārato nāvacanassa soādeso hoti vā.

Atthaso dhammaṃ jānāti,

byañjanaso atthaṃ jānāti,

akkharaso, suttaso, padaso, yasaso.

Upāyaso, sabbaso, thāmaso, ṭhānaso.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Pādena vā pādārahena vā atirekapādena vā yo bhikkhu theyyacittena parassa bhaṇḍaṃ gaṇhāti, so bhikkhu pārājiko hoti asaṃvāso.

Optionally, from a, nā inflections are replaced with so.

Examples

atthaso dhammaṃ jānāti 🚹③⨀(attha) 🚹②⨀(dhamma) ▶️🤟⨀(jānāti) with meaning | dhamma | understands

byañjanaso atthaṃ jānāti 🚹③⨀(byañjana) 🚹②⨀(attha) ▶️🤟⨀(jānāti) with letter by letter | meaning | understands

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(akkhara)	akkharaso	sound
🚹①⨀(sutta)	suttaso	text
🚹①⨀(pada)	padaso	line/sentence
🚹①⨀(yasa)	yasaso	glory
🚹①⨀(upāya)	upāyaso	method
🚹①⨀(sabba)	sabbaso	all
🚹①⨀(thāmas)	thāmaso	strength
🚹①⨀(ṭhāna)	ṭhānaso	place

Counter-examples

By saying vā the rule is optional.

pādena vā pādārahena vā atirekapādena vā yo bhikkhu theyyacittena parassa bhaṇḍaṃ gaṇhāti, so bhikkhu pārājiko hoti asaṃvāso.
🚹③⨀(pāda) ⏏️(vā) 🚹③⨀(pādāraha) ⏏️(vā) 🚹③⨀(atirekapāda) ⏏️(vā) 🚹①⨀(ya) 🚹①⨀(bhikkhu) 🚹③⨀(theyyacitta) 🚹④⨀(para) 🚹②⨀(bhaṇḍa) ▶️🤟⨀(gaṇhāti) 🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(pārājika) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚹①⨀(asaṃvāsa)
with coin | or | with one coin’s worth | or | with more than one coin’s worth | or | whoever | bhikkhu | with intention to steal | for another | goods | grasps , that | bhikkhu | has been defeated | is | expelled

§106 (313): Dīghorehi (With `dīgha`, `ora`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)	dīghorehi	(smāvacanassa)	(ādeso)	(so)
(optionally)	`dīgha`\|`ora`	(`smā` inflections)	(change)	(`so`)

Dīghaoraiccetehi smāvacanassa soādeso hoti vā.

Dīghaso, oraso, dīghamhā, oramhā.

Dīghorehiti kimatthaṃ?

Saramhā, vacanamhā.

Optionally, with dīgha, ora: smā inflections are replaced with so.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(dīgha)	dīghaso	(from) above
🚹⑤⨀(ora)	oraso	(from) below
🚹⑤⨀(dīgha)	dīghamhā	(from) above
🚹⑤⨀(ora)	oramhā	(from) below

Counter-examples

By saying dīghorehi the rule does not apply for other words.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(sara)	saramhā	(from) tone
🚹⑤⨀(vacana)	vacanamhā	(from) speech

§107 (69): Sabbayonīnamāe (For all `yo`, `nī`: `ā`, `e`) utsarga

Analysis

before	from	operation	to
(akārato)	sabbayonīnamāe	(ādeso)	āe
(ending in `a`)	all `yo` inflections	(change)	`ā`
(ending in `a`)	all `nī` inflections	(change)	`e`

Tasmā akārato sabbesaṃ yonīnaṃāe ādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Purisā, purise, rūpā, rūpe.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Aggayo, munayo, isayo.

Yonīnanti kimatthaṃ?

Purisassa, rūpassa.

Akāratoti kimatthaṃ?

Daṇḍino,

aṭṭhīni,

aggī pajjalanti,

munī caranti.

From those ending in a, all yo, nī become ā, e in that order.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(purisa)	purisā	people
🚹②⨂(purisa)	purise	people
🚹①⨂(rūpa)	rūpā	forms
🚹②⨂(rūpa)	rūpe	forms

Counter-examples

By saying vā the rule is optional.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(aggi)	aggayo	fires
🚹①⨂(muni)	munayo	sages
🚹①⨂(isi)	isayo	sages

By saying yonīnaṃ the rule excludes other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨀(purisa)	purisassa	(for) person
🚻⑥⨀(rūpa)	rūpassa	(of) form

By saying akārato the rule excludes lemmas that do not end with a.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑥⨀(daṇḍi)	daṇḍino	(of) staff
🚻①⨂(aṭṭhi)	aṭṭhīni	bones
🚹①⨂(aggi)	aggī pajjalanti	fires burn
🚹①⨂(muni)	munī caranti	sages wander

§108 (90): Smāsmiṃnaṃ vā (Optionally, for `smā`, `smiṃ`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to
vā	(akārato)	smāsmiṃnaṃ	(ādeso)	(āe )
optionally	(ending in `a`)	`smā` inflections	(change)	`ā`
optionally	(ending in `a`)	`smiṃ` inflections	(change)	`e`

Tasmā akārato sabbesaṃ smāsmiṃiccetesaṃ ā e ādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Purisā, purisasmā,

purise, purisasmiṃ.

Akāratoti kimatthaṃ?

Daṇḍinā, daṇḍismiṃ,

bhikkhunā, bhikkhusmiṃ.

From those ending with a smā, smiṃ inflections become ā, e in that order.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(purisa)	purisā	(from) person
🚹⑤⨀(purisa)	purisasmā	(from) person
🚹⑦⨀(purisa)	purise	(on) person
🚹⑦⨀(purisa)	purisasmiṃ	(on) person

Counter-examples

By saying akārato the rule excludes lemmas that do not end with a.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(daṇḍi)	daṇḍinā	(from) staff
🚹⑦⨀(daṇḍi)	daṇḍismiṃ	(on) staff
🚹⑤⨀(bhikkhu)	bhikkhunā	(from) bhikkhu
🚹⑦⨀(bhikkhu)	bhikkhusmiṃ	(on) bhikkhu

§109 (304): Āya catutthekavacanassatu (`āya` for ④⨀ inflections) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to
(vā)	(akārato)	catutthekavacanassatu	(ādeso)	āya
(vā)	(akārato)	catutthekavacanassatu	(ādeso)	attha
(optionally)	(ending in `a`)	④⨀ inflections	(change)	`āya`
(optionally)	(ending in `a`)	④⨀ inflections	(change)	`attha`

Tasmā akārato catutthekavacanassa āyādeso hoti vā.

Atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ buddho loke uppajjati.

Atoti kimatthaṃ?

Isissa.

Catutthīti kimatthaṃ?

Purisassa mukhaṃ.

Ekavacanasseti kimatthaṃ?

Purisānaṃ dadāti.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Dātā hoti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā.

Tuggahaṇenatthañca hoti.

Atthatthaṃ, hitatthaṃ, sukhatthaṃ.

Optionally, from those ending with a, ④⨀ inflections are replaced with āya.

Example

atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ buddho loke uppajjati
🚹④⨀(attha) 🚹④⨀(hita) 🚹④⨀(sukha) 🚹④⨂(devamanussā) 🚹①⨀(buddha) 🚹⑦⨀(loka) ▶️🤟⨀(uppajjati)
for welfare | for benefit | for good | for gods and human beings | the Buddha | world | arises

Counter-examples

By saying ato the rule excludes lemmas that do not end with a.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨀(isi)	isissa	(for) sage

By saying catutthi the rule excludes other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑥⨀(purisa)	purisassa mukhaṃ	foremost of man

By saying ekavacanassa the rule excludes non-singular inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨂(purisa)	purisānaṃ dadāti	[he] gives for people

By saying vā the rule is optional.

dātā hoti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā.
🚹①⨀(dātar) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚹④⨀(samaṇa) ⏏️(vā) 🚹④⨀(brāhmaṇa) ⏏️(vā)
giver | is | for ascetic | or | for brahman | or

By saying tu there is also replacement with attha.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨀(attha)	atthatthaṃ	for the benefit of meaning
🚹④⨀(hita)	hitatthaṃ	for the benefit of useful
🚹④⨀(sukha)	sukhatthaṃ	for the benefit of good

§110 (201): Tayo neva ca sabbanāmehi (And not the 3 [replacements] with all nouns ending in `a`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	sabbanāmehi	(akārantehi)	neva (~~ādeso~~)	~~`ā`\|`e`\|`āya`~~
and	all nouns	(ending in `a`)	no (~~change~~)	~~`ā`\|`e`\|`āya`~~

Tehi sabbanāmehi akārantehi smāsmiṃ saiccetesaṃ tayo ā e āyādesā neva honti.

Sabbasmā, sabbasmiṃ, sabbassa.

Yasmā, yasmiṃ, yassa.

Tasmā, tasmiṃ, tassa.

Kasmā, kasmiṃ, kassa.

Imasmā, imasmiṃ, imassa.

Sabbanāmehīti kimatthaṃ?

Pāpā, pāpe, pāpāya.

Caggahaṇamanukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

With those nouns ending in a in smā, smiṃ, sa inflections the 3 replacements ā, e, āya do not occur.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(sabba)	sabbasmā	(from) all
🚹⑦⨀(sabba)	sabbasmiṃ	(in) all
🚹④⨀(sabba)	sabbassa	(for) all
🚹⑤⨀(ya)	yasmā	(from) whatever
🚹⑦⨀(ya)	yasmiṃ	(in) whatever
🚹④⨀(ya)	yassa	(for) whatever
🚹⑤⨀(ta)	tasmā	(from) that
🚹⑦⨀(ta)	tasmiṃ	(in) that
🚹④⨀(ta)	tassa	(for) that
🚹⑤⨀(ka)	kasmā	(from) what
🚹⑦⨀(ka)	kasmiṃ	(in) what
🚹④⨀(ka)	kassa	(for) what
🚹⑤⨀(ima)	imasmā	(from) this
🚹⑦⨀(ima)	imasmiṃ	(in) this
🚹④⨀(ima)	imassa	(for) this

Counter-examples

By saying sabbanāmehi the rule excludes nouns ending in other sounds.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑤⨀(pāpa)	pāpā	(from) evil
🚹⑦⨀(pāpa)	pāpe	(in) evil
🚹④⨀(pāpa)	pāpāya	(for) evil

By saying ca this rule is an extension of previous rules.

§111 (179): Ghato nādīnaṃ (From `gha` in `nā` etc.) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(ca)	ghato	nādīnaṃ	(ādeso)	`āya`
(and)	`gha`-words	`nā` etc. inflections	(change)	`āya`

Tasmā ghato nādīnamekavacanānaṃ vibhattigaṇānaṃ āyādeso hoti.

Kaññāya kataṃ kammaṃ,

kaññāya dīyate,

kaññāya nissaṭaṃ vatthaṃ.

Kaññāya pariggaho,

kaññāya patiṭṭhitaṃ sīlaṃ.

Ghatoti kimatthaṃ?

Rattiyā, itthiyā, dhenuyā, vadhuyā.

Nādīnamiti kimatthaṃ?

Kaññaṃ passati,

vijjaṃ, vīṇaṃ, gaṅgaṃ.

Ekavacanānamiti kimatthaṃ?

Sabbāsu, yāsu, tāsu, kāsu, imāsu, pabhāsu.

From gha-words in nā etc. inflections there is replacement to āya (“in”).

Examples

kaññāya kataṃ kammaṃ
🚺③⨀(kaññā) 🚻①⨀(kata) 🚻①⨀(kamma)
by maiden | completed | action

kaññāya dīyate
🚺④⨀(kaññā) 🔵▶️🤟⨀(dīyati)
for maiden | is offered

kaññāya nissaṭaṃ vatthaṃ
🚺⑤⨀(kaññā) 🚻①⨀(nissaṭa) 🚻①⨀(vattha)
from maiden | released | cloth

kaññāya pariggaho
🚺⑥⨀(kaññā) 🚹①⨀(pariggaha)
of maiden | personal possession

kaññāya patiṭṭhitaṃ sīlaṃ
🚺⑦⨀(kaññā) 🚻①⨀(patiṭṭhita) 🚻①⨀(sīla)
in maiden | established | virtue

Counter-examples

By saying ghatoti the rule excludes non gha-words.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺③⨀(ratti)	rattiyā	(with) night
🚺③⨀(itthi)	itthiyā	(with) woman
🚺③⨀(dhenu)	dhenuyā	(with) cow
🚺③⨀(vadhu)	vadhuyā	(with) daughter in law

By saying nādīnami the rule excludes other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺②⨀(kaññā)	kaññaṃ passati	(he) sees maiden
🚹①⨀(vijjanta)	vijjaṃ	existing
🚺②⨀(vīṇā)	vīṇaṃ	lute
🚺②⨀(gaṅgā)	gaṅgaṃ	Ganges (river)

By saying ekavacanānami the rule excludes non-singular inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑦⨂(sabba)	sabbāsu	(in) all
🚺⑦⨂(ya)	yāsu	(in) whatever
🚺⑦⨂(ta)	tāsu	(in) that
🚺⑦⨂(ka)	kāsu	(in) what
🚺⑦⨂(ima)	imāsu	(in) this
🚺⑦⨂(pabha)	pabhāsu	(in) radiance

§112 (183): Pato yā (From `pa` to `yā`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	pato	(nādīnaṃ)	(ādeso)	`yā`
	`pa` inflections	(`nā` etc. inflections)	(change)	`yā`

Tasmā pato nādīnamekavacanānaṃ vibhattigaṇānaṃ yāādeso hoti.

Rattiyā, itthiyā, deviyā,

dhenuyā, yāguyā, vadhuyā.

Nādīnamiti kimatthaṃ?

Rattī, rattiṃ, itthī, itthiṃ.

Patoti kimatthaṃ?

Kaññāya, vīṇāya, gaṅgāya, pabhāya, sobhāya.

Ekavacanānamiti kimatthaṃ?

Rattīnaṃ, itthīnaṃ.

From pa-words in nā etc. inflections there is replacement to yā.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺③⨀(ratti)	rattiyā	(with) night
🚺③⨀(itthi)	itthiyā	(with) woman
🚺③⨀(devi)	deviyā	(with) goddess
🚺③⨀(dhenu)	dhenuyā	(with) cow
🚺③⨀(yāgu)	yāguyā	(with) congee
🚺③⨀(vadhu)	vadhuyā	(with) daughter in law

Counter-examples

By saying nādīnami the rule excludes other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨂(ratti)	rattī	nights
🚺②⨀(ratti)	rattiṃ	night
🚺①⨂(itthi)	itthī	women
🚺②⨀(itthi)	itthiṃ	woman

By saying patoti the rule excludes non-pa-words.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺③⨀(kaññā)	kaññāya	(with) maiden
🚺③⨀(vīṇā)	vīṇāya	(with) lute
🚺③⨀(gaṅgā)	gaṅgāya	(with) Ganges
🚺③⨀(pabhā)	pabhāya	(with) radiance
🚺③⨀(sobhā)	sobhāya	(with) shine

By saying ekavacanānami the rule excludes non-singular inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⑥⨂(ratti)	rattīnaṃ	(of) nights
🚺⑥⨂(itthi)	itthīnaṃ	(of) women

§113 (132): Sakhato gasse vā (Optionally, from `sakha` in `ga`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vā	sakhato	gasse	(ādeso)	(`a`\|`ā`\|`i`\|`ī`\|`e`)
optionally	`sakha`	`ga` inflections	(change)	(`a`\|`ā`\|`i`\|`ī`\|`e`)

Tasmā sakhato gassa akāra ākāra ikāra īkāra ekārādesā honti vā.

Bho sakha,

bho sakhā,

bho sakhi,

bho sakhī,

bho sakhe.

Optionally, from sakha in ga inflections there are replacements to a, ā, i, ī, e.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⓪⨀(sakha)	bho sakha	dear friend
🚹⓪⨀(sakha)	bho sakhā	dear friend
🚹⓪⨀(sakha)	bho sakhi	dear friend
🚹⓪⨀(sakha)	bho sakhī	dear friend
🚹⓪⨀(sakha)	bho sakhe	dear friend

§114 (178): Ghate ca (And from `gha`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	ghate	(gasse)	(ādeso)	(`e`)
and	`gha`-words	(`ga` inflections)	(change)	(`e`)

Tasmā ghato gassa ekārādeso hoti.

Bhoti ayye,

bhoti kaññe,

bhoti kharādiye.

Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ, sanniṭṭhānaṃ.

From gha-words in ga inflections there is replacement to e.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⓪⨀(ayya)	bhoti ayye	dear lady
🚺⓪⨀(kaññā)	bhoti kaññe	dear maidens
🚺⓪⨀(kharādiyā)	bhoti kharādiye	dear Kharādiyā

§115 (181): Na ammādito (Not for `amma` etc.) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(ca)	ammādito	(gasse)	na (~~ādeso~~)	(~~`e`~~)
(and)	`amma` etc.	(`ga` inflections)	no (~~change~~)	(~~`e`~~)

Tato ammādito gassa ekārattaṃ na hoti.

Bhoti ammā,

bhoti annā,

bhoti ambā,

bhoti tātā.

Ammāditoti kimatthaṃ?

Bhoti kaññe.

From amma etc. in ga singular inflections there is no replacement (to e).

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⓪⨀(ammā)	bhoti ammā	dear mother
🚺⓪⨀(annā)	bhoti annā	dear mother
🚺⓪⨀(ambā)	bhoti ambā	dear mother
🚹⓪⨀(tāta)	bhoti tātā	dear father

Counter-example

By saying ammādito the rule excludes other words.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺⓪⨀(kaññā)	bhoti kaññe	dear maidens

§116 (157): Akatarassā lato yvālapanassa vevo (From `la`-words not made short `yo` vocative inflections become `ve`, `vo`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(ca)	akatarassā lato	yvālapanassa	(ādeso)	vevo
(and)	`la`-words not made short	`yo` vocative inflections	(change)	`ve`\|`vo`

Tasmā akatarassā lato yvālapanassa vevoādesā honti.

Bhikkhave, bhikkhavo,

hetave, hetavo.

Akatarassāti kimatthaṃ?

Sayambhuvo.

Latoti kimatthaṃ?

Nāgiyo, dhenuyo, yāguyo.

Ālapanasseti kimatthaṃ?

Te hetavo, te bhikkhavo.

From la-words not made short yo vocative inflections are replaced with ve, vo.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhave	o bhikkhus
🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhavo	o bhikkhus
🚹⓪⨂(hetu)	hetave	o causes
🚹⓪⨂(hetu)	hetavo	o causes

Counter-examples

By saying akatarassa (not made short) the rule excludes la-words where the ending has been shortened.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⓪⨂(sayambhū)	sayambhuvo	o creators

By saying latoti (from la) the rule excludes non la-words.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨂(nāgī)	nāgiyo	o nāgī
🚺⓪⨂(dhenu)	dhenuyo	o cows
🚺⓪⨂(yāgu)	yāguyo	o congees

By saying ālapanasse (in vocative) the rule excludes non vocative inflections of yo.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(hetu)	te hetavo	those causes
🚹①⨂(bhikkhu)	te bhikkhavo	those bhikkhus

§117 (124): Jhalato sassano vā (`jha`, `la`: `sa` to `no`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(ca)	jhalato	sassa	(ādeso)	no
(and)	`jha`, `la` words	`sa` inflections	(change)	`no`

Tasmā jhalato sassa vibhattissa no ādeso hoti vā.

Aggino, aggissa,

sakhino, sakhissa,

daṇḍino, daṇḍissa,

bhikkhuno, bhikkhussa,

sayambhuno, sayambhussa.

Sasseti kimatthaṃ?

Isinā, bhikkhunā.

Jhalatoti kimatthaṃ?

Purisassa.

From jha, la words in sa inflections there is replacement to no.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹⑥⨀(aggī)	aggino	(of) fire
🚹⑥⨀(aggī)	aggissa	(of) fire
🚹④⨀(sakhi)	sakhino	(for) friend
🚹④⨀(sakhi)	sakhissa	(for) fire
🚹④⨀(daṇḍī)	daṇḍino	(for) staff carrier
🚹④⨀(daṇḍī)	daṇḍissa	(for) staff carier
🚹④⨀(bhikkhu)	bhikkhuno	(for) bhikkhu
🚹④⨀(bhikkhu)	bhikkhuno	(for) bhikkhu
🚹④⨀(sayambhū)	sayambhuno	(for) creator
🚹④⨀(sayambhū)	sayambhussa	(for) creator

Counter-examples

By saying sasse (sa) the rule excludes other inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹③⨀(isi)	isinā	(with) sage
🚹③⨀(bhikkhu)	bhikkhunā	(with) bhikkhu

By saying jhalatoti (jha, la words) the rule excludes other words.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨀(purisa)	purisassa	(for) person

§118 (146): Ghapato ca yonaṃ lopo (And `gha`, `pa`: elision of `yo`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	ghapato	yonaṃ	lopo	(~~`yo`~~)
and	`gha`, `pa`, `jha`, `la` words	`yo` inflections	(elision)	(~~`yo`~~)

Tehi ghapajhalaiccetehi yonaṃ lopo hoti vā.

Kaññā, kaññāyo.

Rattī, rattiyo,

itthī, itthiyo,

yāgū, yāguyo,

vadhū, vadhuyo.

Aggī, aggayo.

Bhikkhū, bhikkhavo.

Sayambhū, sayambhuvo.

Aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni,

āyū, āyūni.

Caggahaṇamanukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

Optionally, from gha, pa, jha, la words in yo inflections there is elision of yo.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨂(kaññā)	kaññā	maidens
🚺①⨂(kaññā)	kaññāyo	maidens
🚺①⨂(rattī)	rattī	nights
🚺①⨂(rattī)	rattiyo	nights
🚺①⨂(itthī)	itthī	women
🚺①⨂(itthī)	itthiyo	women
🚺①⨂(yāgū)	yāgū	congee
🚺①⨂(yāgū)	yāguyo	congee
🚺①⨂(vadhū)	vadhū	daughter in law
🚺①⨂(vadhū)	vadhuyo	daughter in law
🚺①⨂(aggī)	aggī	fires
🚺①⨂(aggī)	aggayo	fires
🚺①⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhū	bhikkhus
🚺①⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhavo	bhikkhus
🚹①⨂(sayambhū)	sayambhū	creators
🚹①⨂(sayambhū)	sayambhuvo	creators
🚻①⨂(aṭṭhi)	aṭṭhī	bones
🚻①⨂(aṭṭhi)	aṭṭhīni	bones
🚻①⨂(āyū)	āyū	lives
🚻①⨂(āyū)	āyūni	lives

By saying ca this rule is an extension of previous rules.

§119 (155): Lato vokāro ca (And from `la`: becomes `vo`) apavada

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	lato	(yonaṃ)	kāro	vo
and	`la`	(`yo` inflections)	act	`vo`

Tasmā lato yonaṃ vokāro hoti vā.

Bhikkhavo, bhikkhū,

sayambhuvo, sayambhū.

Kāraggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ?

Yonaṃ no ca hoti.

Jantuno.

Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ,

amū purisā tiṭṭhanti,

amū purise passatha.

From la-words in yo inflections there is replacement to vo.

Examples

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhavo	bhikkhus
🚺①⨂(bhikkhu)	bhikkhū	bhikkhus
🚹①⨂(sayambhū)	sayambhuvo	creators
🚹①⨂(sayambhū)	sayambhū	creators

Counter-example

By saying kāro (act) there is also replacement to no in yo inflections.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(jantu)	jantuno	those who are born

By saying ca this rule is an extension of previous rules.

amū purisā tiṭṭhanti
🚹①⨂(amu) 🚹①⨂(purisa) ▶️🤟⨂(tiṭṭhati)
such and such | people | stand

amū purise passatha
🚹②⨂(amu) 🚹②⨂(purisa) ▶️🤘⨂(passati)
such and such | people | (you) see

Iti nāmakappe paṭhamo kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the first section of the nāma chapter.

Dutiyakaṇḍa (Second Section)

§120 (243): Amhassa mamaṃ savibhattissa se (For `amha` to `mamaṃ` in `sa` inflections) utsarga

Analysis

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(ca)	amhassa	savibhattissa	(ādeso)	mamaṃ	se
(and)	`amha`	`sa` inflections	(ādeso)	`mamaṃ`	`sa`

Sabbasseva amhasaddassa savibhattissa mamaṃ ādeso hoti se vibhattimhi.

Mamaṃ dīyate purisena, mamaṃ pariggaho.

For entire amha sound in sa inflections there is replacement to mamaṃ in the sa suffix.

Example

mamaṃ dīyate purisena, mamaṃ pariggaho
🚹④⨀(amha) 🔵▶️🤟⨀(dīyati) 🚹③⨀(purisa) 🚹④⨀(amha) 🚹①⨀(pariggaha)
for me | is given | with person , for me | personal possession

CST4 misspells this as vuthuvāsane. ↩
CST4 misspells this as Punārambha haṇaṃ. ↩
CST4 misspells this as apūni. ↩

2. Nāmakappa (Noun chapter)

Paṭhamakaṇḍa (First Section - Definitions, Internal morphology, Default inflections)

§52 (60): Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi (Suitable for the teachings of the Conqueror) sīhagatika

§53 (61): Liṅgañca nippajjate (And lemmas are derived) sīhagatika

§54 (62): Tato ca vibhattiyo (And their inflections) sīhagatika

§55 (63): Si yo, aṃ yo, nā hi, sa naṃ, smā hi, sa naṃ, smiṃ su (inflection forms) rūḷhī

§56 (64): Tadanuparodhena (those word endings) sīhagatika

§57 (71): Ālapane si ga sañño (for vocatives si is called ga) rūḷhī

§58 (29): Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā jhalā (jha: i-words, la: u-words) rūḷhī

§59 (182): Te itthikhyā po (Those [sounds] are called pa for feminine words) rūḷhī

§60 (177): Ā gho (gha: a-words) rūḷhī

§61 (86): Sāgamo se (Before sa inflections: insert s) utsarga

§62 (206): Saṃsāsvekavacanesu ca (And in saṃ, sā singular inflections) utsarga

§63 (217): Etimāsami (etī, imā endings become i) utsarga

§64 (216): Tassā vā (Optionally, for tā) apavada

§65 (215): Tato sassa ssāya (From those, of sa inflections there is ssāya) apavada

§66 (205): Gho rassaṃ (gha becomes short) apavada

§67 (229): No ca dvādito naṃmhi (And for [numbers] such as dvi (2) etc. there can be n before naṃ inflections) apavada

§68 (184): Amā pato smiṃsmānaṃ vā (aṃ, ā from smiṃ, smā [inflections] of pa [words]) apavada

§69 (186): Ādito o ca (And o from ādi) apavada

§70 (30): Jhalānamiyuvā sare vā (Optionally, iya, uva for jha, la before vowel) apavada

§71 (505): Yavakārā ca (And y to v) apavada

§72 (185): Pasaññassa ca (And for pa) apavada

§73 (174): Gāva se (go to gāva before s) apavada

§74 (169): Yosu ca (And in yo inflections) apavada

§75 (170): Avamhi ca (And for aṃ inflections) apavada

§76 (171): Āvassu vā (Optionally, from āva to u) apavada

§77 (175): Tato namaṃ patimhā lutte ca samāse (From that, naṃ becomes aṃ before pati when inflections are not elided in a compound) apavada

§78 (31): O sare ca (And o before vowel) apavada

§79 (46): Tabbiparītūpapade byañjane ca (And inverse of that in upapada [auxilliary word] before consonant) apavada

§80 (173): Goṇa naṃmhi vā (Optionally, goṇa before naṃ inflections) apavada

§81 (172): Suhināsu ca (And in su, hi, nā [inflections]) apavada

§82 (149): Aṃmo niggahitaṃ jhalapehi (aṃ, ma become ṃ for jha, la, pa) utsarga

§83 (67): Saralopo’ mādesa paccayādimhi saralope tu pakati (in vowel elision in aṃ [inflections], replacements, suffixes etc., that elided vowel can be restored) utsarga

§84 (144): Agho rassamekavacanayosvapi ca (And not gha [vowels become] short in singular yo [inflections] also) apavada

§85 (150): Na sismimanapuṃsakāni (No [shortening] for non-neuter words in si, smiṃ [inflections]) apavada

§86 (227): Ubhādito naminnaṃ (ubha etc.: naṃ become innaṃ) apavada

§87 (231): Iṇṇamiṇṇannaṃ tīhi saṅkhyāhi (From the number ti (3) there are innaṃ and innannaṃ [replacements]) apavada

§88 (147): Yosu katanikāralopesu dīghaṃ (In yo [inflections] replaced with ni or elided, [end vowel] is lengthened) utsarga

§89 (87): Sunaṃhisu ca (And in su, naṃ, hi) apavada

§90 (252): Pañcādīnamattaṃ (5 etc. becomes a) apavada

§91 (194): Patissinīmhi (For pati with inī) utsarga

§92 (100): Ntussanto yosuca (And ntu ending in yo) apavada

§93 (106): Sabbassa vā aṃsesu (Optionally for all in aṃ, sa) apavada

§94 (105): Simhi vā (Optinally in si) apavada

§95 (145): Aggissini (aggi to ini) apavada

§96 (148): Yosvakatarasso jho (For yo, jha non-short becomes a) apavada

§97 (156): Vevosu lo ca (In ve, vo, la-words too) apavada

§98 (186): Mātulādīnamānattamīkāre (mātula etc. endings become āna before ī) apavada

§99 (81): Smāhismiṃnaṃ mhābhimhi vā (Optionally, smā, hi, smiṃ become mhā, bhi, mhi) apavada

§100 (214): Na timehi katākārehi (Not for ta, ima that have become a) apavada

§101 (80): Suhisvakāro e (In su, hi, a becomes e) apavada

§102 (202): Sabbanāmānaṃ naṃmhi ca (And all nouns in naṃ) apavada

§103 (79): Ato nena (From a, nā becomes ena) apavada

§104 (66): So (si to o) apavada

§105 (0): So vā (Optionally, so) apavada

§106 (313): Dīghorehi (With dīgha, ora) apavada

§107 (69): Sabbayonīnamāe (For all yo, nī: ā, e) utsarga

§108 (90): Smāsmiṃnaṃ vā (Optionally, for smā, smiṃ) apavada

§109 (304): Āya catutthekavacanassatu (āya for ④⨀ inflections) apavada

§110 (201): Tayo neva ca sabbanāmehi (And not the 3 [replacements] with all nouns ending in a) apavada

§111 (179): Ghato nādīnaṃ (From gha in nā etc.) apavada

§112 (183): Pato yā (From pa to yā) apavada

§113 (132): Sakhato gasse vā (Optionally, from sakha in ga) apavada

§114 (178): Ghate ca (And from gha) apavada

§115 (181): Na ammādito (Not for amma etc.) apavada

§116 (157): Akatarassā lato yvālapanassa vevo (From la-words not made short yo vocative inflections become ve, vo) apavada

§117 (124): Jhalato sassano vā (jha, la: sa to no) apavada

§118 (146): Ghapato ca yonaṃ lopo (And gha, pa: elision of yo) apavada

§119 (155): Lato vokāro ca (And from la: becomes vo) apavada

Dutiyakaṇḍa (Second Section)

§120 (243): Amhassa mamaṃ savibhattissa se (For amha to mamaṃ in sa inflections) utsarga

Footnotes

§57 (71): Ālapane si ga sañño (for vocatives `si` is called `ga`) rūḷhī

§58 (29): Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā jhalā (`jha`: `i`-words, `la`: `u`-words) rūḷhī

§59 (182): Te itthikhyā po (Those [sounds] are called `pa` for feminine words) rūḷhī

§60 (177): Ā gho (`gha`: `a`-words) rūḷhī

§61 (86): Sāgamo se (Before `sa` inflections: insert `s`) utsarga

§62 (206): Saṃsāsvekavacanesu ca (And in `saṃ`, `sā` singular inflections) utsarga

§63 (217): Etimāsami (`etī`, `imā` endings become `i`) utsarga

§64 (216): Tassā vā (Optionally, for `tā`) apavada

§65 (215): Tato sassa ssāya (From those, of `sa` inflections there is `ssāya`) apavada

§66 (205): Gho rassaṃ (`gha` becomes short) apavada

§67 (229): No ca dvādito naṃmhi (And for [numbers] such as `dvi` (2) etc. there can be `n` before `naṃ` inflections) apavada

§68 (184): Amā pato smiṃsmānaṃ vā (`aṃ`, `ā` from `smiṃ`, `smā` [inflections] of `pa` [words]) apavada

§69 (186): Ādito o ca (And `o` from `ādi`) apavada

§70 (30): Jhalānamiyuvā sare vā (Optionally, `iya`, `uva` for `jha`, `la` before vowel) apavada

§71 (505): Yavakārā ca (And `y` to `v`) apavada

§72 (185): Pasaññassa ca (And for `pa`) apavada

§73 (174): Gāva se (`go` to `gāva` before `s`) apavada

§74 (169): Yosu ca (And in `yo` inflections) apavada

§75 (170): Avamhi ca (And for `aṃ` inflections) apavada

§76 (171): Āvassu vā (Optionally, from `āva` to `u`) apavada

§77 (175): Tato namaṃ patimhā lutte ca samāse (From that, `naṃ` becomes `aṃ` before `pati` when inflections are not elided in a compound) apavada

§78 (31): O sare ca (And `o` before vowel) apavada

§79 (46): Tabbiparītūpapade byañjane ca (And inverse of that in `upapada` [auxilliary word] before consonant) apavada

§80 (173): Goṇa naṃmhi vā (Optionally, `goṇa` before `naṃ` inflections) apavada

§81 (172): Suhināsu ca (And in `su`, `hi`, `nā` [inflections]) apavada

§82 (149): Aṃmo niggahitaṃ jhalapehi (`aṃ`, `ma` become `ṃ` for `jha`, `la`, `pa`) utsarga

§83 (67): Saralopo’ mādesa paccayādimhi saralope tu pakati (in vowel elision in `aṃ` [inflections], replacements, suffixes etc., that elided vowel can be restored) utsarga

§84 (144): Agho rassamekavacanayosvapi ca (And not `gha` [vowels become] short in singular `yo` [inflections] also) apavada

§85 (150): Na sismimanapuṃsakāni (No [shortening] for non-neuter words in `si`, `smiṃ` [inflections]) apavada

§86 (227): Ubhādito naminnaṃ (`ubha` etc.: `naṃ` become `innaṃ`) apavada

§87 (231): Iṇṇamiṇṇannaṃ tīhi saṅkhyāhi (From the number `ti` (3) there are `innaṃ` and `innannaṃ` [replacements]) apavada

§88 (147): Yosu katanikāralopesu dīghaṃ (In `yo` [inflections] replaced with `ni` or elided, [end vowel] is lengthened) utsarga

§89 (87): Sunaṃhisu ca (And in `su`, `naṃ`, `hi`) apavada

§90 (252): Pañcādīnamattaṃ (5 etc. becomes `a`) apavada

§91 (194): Patissinīmhi (For `pati` with `inī`) utsarga

§92 (100): Ntussanto yosuca (And `ntu` ending in `yo`) apavada

§93 (106): Sabbassa vā aṃsesu (Optionally for all in `aṃ`, `sa`) apavada

§94 (105): Simhi vā (Optinally in `si`) apavada

§95 (145): Aggissini (`aggi` to `ini`) apavada

§96 (148): Yosvakatarasso jho (For `yo`, `jha` non-short becomes `a`) apavada

§97 (156): Vevosu lo ca (In `ve`, `vo`, `la`-words too) apavada

§98 (186): Mātulādīnamānattamīkāre (`mātula` etc. endings become `āna` before `ī`) apavada

§99 (81): Smāhismiṃnaṃ mhābhimhi vā (Optionally, `smā`, `hi`, `smiṃ` become `mhā`, `bhi`, `mhi`) apavada

§100 (214): Na timehi katākārehi (Not for `ta`, `ima` that have become `a`) apavada

§101 (80): Suhisvakāro e (In `su`, `hi`, `a` becomes `e`) apavada

§102 (202): Sabbanāmānaṃ naṃmhi ca (And all nouns in `naṃ`) apavada

§103 (79): Ato nena (From `a`, `nā` becomes `ena`) apavada

§104 (66): So (`si` to `o`) apavada

§105 (0): So vā (Optionally, `so`) apavada

§106 (313): Dīghorehi (With `dīgha`, `ora`) apavada

§107 (69): Sabbayonīnamāe (For all `yo`, `nī`: `ā`, `e`) utsarga

§108 (90): Smāsmiṃnaṃ vā (Optionally, for `smā`, `smiṃ`) apavada

§109 (304): Āya catutthekavacanassatu (`āya` for ④⨀ inflections) apavada

§110 (201): Tayo neva ca sabbanāmehi (And not the 3 [replacements] with all nouns ending in `a`) apavada

§111 (179): Ghato nādīnaṃ (From `gha` in `nā` etc.) apavada

§112 (183): Pato yā (From `pa` to `yā`) apavada

§113 (132): Sakhato gasse vā (Optionally, from `sakha` in `ga`) apavada

§114 (178): Ghate ca (And from `gha`) apavada

§115 (181): Na ammādito (Not for `amma` etc.) apavada

§116 (157): Akatarassā lato yvālapanassa vevo (From `la`-words not made short `yo` vocative inflections become `ve`, `vo`) apavada

§117 (124): Jhalato sassano vā (`jha`, `la`: `sa` to `no`) apavada

§118 (146): Ghapato ca yonaṃ lopo (And `gha`, `pa`: elision of `yo`) apavada

§119 (155): Lato vokāro ca (And from `la`: becomes `vo`) apavada

§120 (243): Amhassa mamaṃ savibhattissa se (For `amha` to `mamaṃ` in `sa` inflections) utsarga