1. Sandhikappa (`sandhi` chapter)

02 Nov 2026 · 137 min read

sandhi is derived from saṃ + dhā meaning “putting together” and is used to refer to the transformation that result from the joining together of two words (or two parts of a word) for the sake of euphony.

Paṭhamakaṇḍa (First Section - Definitions)

(Ka)

Seṭṭhaṃ tilokamahitaṃ abhivandiyaggaṃ,
Buddhañca dhammamamalaṃ gaṇamuttamañca;
Satthussa tassa vacanatthavaraṃ subuddhuṃ,
Vakkhāmi suttahitamettha susandhikappaṃ.

To the Supreme, honoured in the three worlds, worthy of the ultimate salute,
To the Buddha and the pure Dhamma and the highest collection (the Tipiṭaka);
To fully understand the meaning of the excellent words of that Teacher,
I will articulate thoroughly here the sutta (rules) in the sandhikappa (Sandhi Chapter)

(Kha)

Seyyaṃ jineritanayena budhā labhanti,
Tañcāpi tassa vacanatthasubodhanena;
Atthañca akkharapadesu amohabhāvā,
Seyyatthiko padamato vividhaṃ suṇeyyaṃ.

The wise obtain using the excellent method proclaimed by the Conqueror,
As well as fully understanding the meaning of his words;
And the clear knowledge of the meaning in the words and letters,
Excellent benefit for those who will listen to the words here in many ways.

§1 (1): Attho akkharasaññāto (Meaning is represented by `akkhara`) sīhagatika

Sabbavacanānamattho akkhareheva saññāyate.

Akkharavipattiyaṃ hi atthassa dunnayathā hoti, tasmā akkharakosallaṃ bahūpakāraṃ suttantesu.

All meanings of words are based on the recognition of akkhara. A mistaken akkhara result in difficulty in interpreting meaning, therefore proficiency in akkhara is extremely helpful in (deciphering) the rules (or understanding the suttas in the Tipiṭaka).

§2 (2): Akkharāpādayo ekacattālīsaṃ (41 akkhara starting with `a`) anvattha

Te ca kho akkharā api akārādayo ekacattā līsaṃ¹ suttantesu sopakārā.

Taṃ yathā?

A ā i ī u ū e o,

ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma,
ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ,

iti akkharā nāma.

Tena kvattho?

Attho akkharasaññāto.

And those akkhara too, the forty-one beginning with a, are of service in the suttantas.²

𑀅

/ə/

𑀆

/aː/

𑀇

/i/

𑀈

/iː/

𑀉

/u/

𑀊

/uː/

𑀏

/eː/

𑀑

/oː/

𑀓

/k/

𑀔

kha

/kʰ/

𑀕

/ɡ/

𑀖

gha

/ɡʱ/

𑀗

ṅa

/ŋ/

𑀘

/c/

𑀙

cha

/cʰ/

𑀚

/ɟ/

𑀛

jha

/ɟʱ/

𑀜

ña

/ɲ/

𑀝

ṭa

/ʈ/

𑀞

ṭha

/ʈʰ/

𑀟

ḍa

/ɖ/

𑀠

ḍha

/ɖʱ/

𑀡

ṇa

/ɳ/

𑀢

/t̪/

𑀣

tha

/t̪ʰ/

𑀤

/d̪/

𑀥

dha

/d̪ʱ/

𑀦

/n/

𑀧

/p/

𑀨

pha

/pʰ/

/b/

𑀪

bha

/bʱ/

𑀫

/m/

𑀬

/j/

𑀭

/r/

𑀮

/l/

𑀯

/w, ʋ/

𑀲

/s/

𑀳

/ɦ/

𑀴

ḷa

/l/

𑀁

aṃ

/ɲ/

§3 (3): Tatthodantā sarā aṭṭha ([From `akkhara`] eight ending with `o`: `sara`) anvattha

Tattha akkharesu akārādīsu odantā aṭṭha akkharā sarā nāma honti.

Taṃ yathā?

A ā i ī u ū e o, iti sarā nāma.

Tena kvattho?

Sarā sare lopaṃ.

Regarding the akkhara, the eight akkhara starting with a and ending with o are called sarā (vowels).

𑀅

/ə/

𑀆

/aː/

𑀇

/i/

𑀈

/iː/

𑀉

/u/

𑀊

/uː/

𑀏

/eː/

𑀑

/oː/

◌

(a)

/ə/

◌𑀸

(ā)

/aː/

◌𑀺

(i)

/i/

◌𑀻

(ī)

/iː/

◌𑀼

(u)

/u/

◌𑀽

(ū)

/uː/

◌𑁂

(e)

/eː/

◌𑁄

(o)

/oː/

§4 (4): Lahumattā tayo rassā (3 short vowels: `rassa`) anvattha

Tattha aṭṭhasu saresu lahumattā tayo sarā rassā nāma honti.

Taṃ yathā?

A i u, iti rassā nāma.

Tena kvattho?

Rassaṃ.

Regarding the eight vowels, the three short vowels are called rassa.

The rassa vowels are:

𑀅

/ə/

𑀇

/i/

𑀉

/u/

§5 (5): Aññe dīghā (Other [`sarā`] are `dīgha`) anvattha

Tattha aṭṭhasu saresu rassehi aññe pañca sarā dīghā nāma honti.

Taṃ yathā?

Ā ī ū e o, iti dīghā nāma.

Tena kvattho?

Dīghaṃ.

Regarding the eight vowels, the five vowels other than the short vowels are called “digha.”

The digha vowels are:

𑀆

/aː/

𑀈

/iː/

𑀊

/uː/

𑀏

/eː/

𑀑

/oː/

§6 (8): Sesā byañjanā (Remaining are `byañjanā`) anvattha

Ṭhapetvā aṭṭha sare sesā akkharā kakārādayo niggahitantā byañjanā nāma honti.

Taṃ yathā?

Ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma,
ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ,

iti byañjanā nāma.

Tena kvattho?

Sarā pakati byañjane.

Having set aside the eight vowels, the (remaining) letters starting with ka and ending with the niggahita (aṃ) are named byañjana (consonants).

The byañjanā are:

𑀓

/k/

𑀔

kha

/kʰ/

𑀕

/ɡ/

𑀖

gha

/ɡʱ/

𑀗

ṅa

/ŋ/

𑀘

/c/

𑀙

cha

/cʰ/

𑀚

/ɟ/

𑀛

jha

/ɟʱ/

𑀜

ña

/ɲ/

𑀝

ṭa

/ʈ/

𑀞

ṭha

/ʈʰ/

𑀟

ḍa

/ɖ/

𑀠

ḍha

/ɖʱ/

𑀡

ṇa

/ɳ/

𑀢

/t̪/

𑀣

tha

/t̪ʰ/

𑀤

/d̪/

𑀥

dha

/d̪ʱ/

𑀦

/n/

𑀧

/p/

𑀨

pha

/pʰ/

/b/

𑀪

bha

/bʱ/

𑀫

/m/

𑀬

/j/

𑀭

/r/

𑀮

/l/

𑀯

/w, ʋ/

𑀲

/s/

𑀳

/ɦ/

𑀴

ḷa

/l/

𑀁

aṃ

/ɲ/

◌

(a)

/ə/

◌𑀸

(ā)

/aː/

◌𑀺

(i)

/i/

◌𑀻

(ī)

/iː/

◌𑀼

(u)

/u/

◌𑀽

(ū)

/uː/

◌𑁂

(e)

/eː/

◌𑁄

(o)

/oː/

𑀓

/k/

𑀓𑁆

kā

/kaː/

𑀓𑀺

/ki/

𑀓𑀻

kī

/kiː/

𑀓𑀼

/ku/

𑀓𑀽

kū

/kuː/

𑀓𑁂

/keː/

𑀓𑁄

/koː/

§7 (9): Vaggā pañcapañcaso mantā (`vagga`: 5 by 5 [byañjane] ending with `ma`) anvattha

Tesaṃ kho byañjanānaṃ kakārādayo makārantā pañcapañcaso akkharavanto vaggā nāma honti.

Taṃ yathā?

Ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma,

iti vaggā nāma.

Tena kvattho?

Vaggantaṃ vā vagge.

The consonants starting with ka and ending with ma arranged in five groups of five, are named vagga (grouped).

𑀓

/k/

𑀔

kha

/kʰ/

𑀕

/ɡ/

𑀖

gha

/ɡʱ/

𑀗

ṅa

/ŋ/

𑀘

/c/

𑀙

cha

/cʰ/

𑀚

/ɟ/

𑀛

jha

/ɟʱ/

𑀜

ña

/ɲ/

𑀝

ṭa

/ʈ/

𑀞

ṭha

/ʈʰ/

𑀟

ḍa

/ɖ/

𑀠

ḍha

/ɖʱ/

𑀡

ṇa

/ɳ/

𑀢

/t̪/

𑀣

tha

/t̪ʰ/

𑀤

/d̪/

𑀥

dha

/d̪ʱ/

𑀦

/n/

𑀧

/p/

𑀨

pha

/pʰ/

/b/

𑀪

bha

/bʱ/

𑀫

/m/

§8 (10): Aṃ iti niggahitaṃ (`aṃ` represents `niggahita`) anvattha

Aṃ iti niggahitaṃ nāma hoti.

Tena kvattho?

Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ.

The aṃ letter is named niggahita (nasal consonant).

𑀁

aṃ

/ɲ/

§9 (11): Parasamaññā payoge (Other grammatical terms when applicable) saññaṅga

Yā ca pana paresu sakkataganthesu samaññā ghosāti vā aghosāti vā, tā payoge sati etthāpi yujjante.

Tattha ghosā nāma-

ga gha ṅa,
ja jha ña,
ḍa ḍha ṇa,
da dha na,
ba bha ma,
ya ra la va ha ḷa,

iti ghosā nāma.

Aghosā nāma-

ka kha,
ca cha,
ṭa ṭha,
ta tha,
pa pha,
sa,

iti aghosā nāma.

Tena kvattho?

Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā.

Terms such as ghosa (voiced) and aghosa (unvoiced) used in other texts (ie. Sanskrit grammar) are applicable here when there is occasion for their use.

ghosā letters:

𑀕

/ɡ/

𑀖

gha

/ɡʱ/

𑀗

ṅa

/ŋ/

𑀚

/ɟ/

𑀛

jha

/ɟʱ/

𑀜

ña

/ɲ/

𑀟

ḍa

/ɖ/

𑀠

ḍha

/ɖʱ/

𑀡

ṇa

/ɳ/

𑀤

/d̪/

𑀥

dha

/d̪ʱ/

𑀦

/n/

/b/

𑀪

bha

/bʱ/

𑀫

/m/

𑀬

/j/

𑀭

/r/

𑀮

/l/

𑀯

/w, ʋ/

𑀳

/ɦ/

𑀴

ḷa

/l/

aghosā letters:

𑀓

/k/

𑀔

kha

/kʰ/

𑀘

/c/

𑀙

cha

/cʰ/

𑀝

ṭa

/ʈ/

𑀞

ṭha

/ʈʰ/

𑀢

/t̪/

𑀣

tha

/t̪ʰ/

𑀧

/p/

𑀨

pha

/pʰ/

𑀲

/s/

§10 (12): Pubbamadhoṭhita massaraṃ sarena viyojaye (In preceeding [word], detach vowel from vowelless [consonant]) vidhyaṅga

Tattha sandhiṃ kattukāmo pubbabyañjanaṃ adhoṭhitaṃ assaraṃ katvā sarañca upari katvā sarena viyojaye.

Tatrāyamādi.

In that regard, those wishing to make sandhi should set the preceding consonant (the final consonant of the preceding word) below without its vowel, set the vowel above it, and so separate the consonant from the vowel.³

tatrāyamādi
(18Dh 25.7 Sambahulabhikkhuvatthu)

	𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭 + 𑀅𑀬𑀁 + 𑀆𑀤𑀺	tatra + ayaṃ + ādi	rule
→	𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀅) + (𑀅) + (𑀬 + 𑀅𑀁) + (𑀆) + 𑀤𑀺	ta + (tr + a) + (a) + (ya + ṃ) + (ā) + di	§10
→	𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + (𑀅 + 𑀅) + 𑀬 + 𑀅𑀁 + 𑀆 + 𑀤𑀺	ta + tr + (a + a) + ya + ṃ + ā + di	§12
→	𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + (𑀅→𑀆) + 𑀬 + 𑀅𑀁 + 𑀆 + 𑀤𑀺	ta + tr + (a→ā) + ya + ṃ + ā + di	§15
→	𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆 + 𑀬 + (𑀅𑀁→𑀫𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀤𑀺	ta + tr + ā + ya + (ṃ→m + ā) + di	§34
→	𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀬 + (𑀫𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀤𑀺	ta + (tr + ā) + ya + (m + ā) + di	§11
→	𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀬𑀫𑀸𑀤𑀺	tatrāyamādi

§11 (14): Naye paraṃ yutte (To conclude, attach next) vidhyaṅga

Assaraṃ kho byañjanaṃ adhoṭhitaṃ⁴ parakkharaṃ naye yutte.

Tatrābhiratimiccheyya.

Yuttetikasmā?

Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me.

Ettha pana yuttaṃ na hoti.

The final vowelless consonant (in the preceeding word) must be connected to the next phoneme (first phoneme of the succeeding word).⁵

tatrābhiratimiccheyya
(17A10 4.2.3 Saṅgāravasutta)

	𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭 + 𑀅𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺𑀁 + 𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬	tatra + abhiratiṃ + iccheyya	rule
→	𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀅) + (𑀅) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭 + (𑀢𑀺 + 𑀅𑀁) + (𑀇 + 𑀘𑁆) + 𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬	ta + (tr + a) + (a) + bhira + (ti + ṃ) + (i + c) + cheyya	§10
→	𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + (𑀅 + 𑀅) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭 + 𑀢𑀺 + 𑀅𑀁 + 𑀇 + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬	tatr + (a + a) + bhira + ti + ṃ + i + ccheyya	§12
→	𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + (𑀅→𑀆) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + 𑀅𑀁 + 𑀇 + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬	tatr + (a→ā) + bhirati + ṃ + i + ccheyya	§15
→	𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆 + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + (𑀅𑀁→𑀫𑁆 + 𑀇) + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬	tatr + ā + bhirati + (ṃ→m + i) + ccheyya	§34
→	𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + (𑀫𑁆 + 𑀇) + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬	ta + (tr + ā) + bhirati + (m + i) + ccheyya	§11
→	𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸 + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + 𑀫𑀺 + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬	ta + trā + bhirati + mi + ccheyya
→	𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺𑀫𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬	tatrābhiratimiccheyya

Iti sandhikappe paṭhamo kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the first section of the sandhi chapter.

Dutiyakaṇḍa (Second Section - Vowel Sandhi)

When a final vowel meets an initial vowel the section offers three routes: elide one of the two vowels, change the first into a consonant, or put a consonant between them. Each branch names the rule.

flowchart LR
  A(["a vowel meets a vowel"]) --> B{"is a vowel elided?"}
  B -- "the first, as a rule §12" --> C["the second vowel stands<br/>sometimes changed to another vaṇṇa §14<br/>sometimes lengthened §15"]
  B -- "optionally the second, when unlike §13" --> D["the first vowel stands<br/>and may be lengthened §16"]
  B -- "neither" --> E["the first vowel becomes a consonant<br/>e → y §17 · o, u → v §18<br/>an i-vowel → y, in a few words §21<br/>eva → riva, with the vowel before it short §22"]
  B -- "neither" --> F["a consonant is put between them §35<br/>y v m d n t r l"]
  C --> G["and a following ti may become cc §19<br/>dha → d §20"]

§12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ (Vowel, before vowel, is elided) utsarga

Sarā kho sare pare lopaṃ papponti.

Yassindriyāni samathaṅgatāni.

No hetaṃ bhante

sametāyasmā saṅghena.

Vowel, before another vowel, experience elision.
(When there are two vowels, the first vowel is elided)

yassindriyāni samathaṅgatāni
(18Dh 7.5: Mahākaccāyanattheravatthu)
🚹⑥⨀(ya) 🚻①⨂(indriya) 🚻①⨂(samathaṅgata)
of whatever | faculties | calmed

	yassa + indriyāni	rule
→	yas + (s + a) + (i + n) + driyāni	§10
→	yas + s + (a + i) + n + driyāni	§12
→	yas + (s + i + n) + driyāni	§11
→	yassindriyāni

no hetaṃ bhante
(6D 1.1: Paribbājakakathā)
🔼(no) 🔼(hetaṃ) 🚹⓪⨀(bhavant)
not | certainly | Bhante

	hi + etaṃ	rule
→	(h + i) + (e) + taṃ	§10
→	h + (i + e) + taṃ	§12
→	(h + e) + taṃ	§11
→	hetaṃ

sametāyasmā saṅghena
(1V 1.2.10: Saṃghabhedasikkhāpada)
⏯🤟⨀(sameti) 🚹①⨀(āyasmant) 🚹③⨀(saṅgha)
may he agree | the venerable one | with the monastic community

	sameta + āyasmā	rule
→	same (t + a) + (ā) + yasmā	§10
→	same t + (a + ā) + yasmā	§12
→	same (t + ā) + yasmā	§11
→	sametāyasmā

§13 (15): Vā paro asarūpā (Optionally, next dissimilar [vowel]) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vā	(sarā)	paro asarūpā	(lopaṃ)	~~paro asarūpā~~
optionally	(vowel)	dissimilar vowel	(elide)	~~dissimilar vowel~~

The option marker vā indicates this is an alternate to the previous rule §12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ.

Saramhā asarūpā paro saro lopaṃ pappoti vā.

Cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā,

kinnu’ māvasamaṇiyo.

Vāti kasmā?

Pañcindriyāni,

tayassu dhammā jahitā bhavanti.

Optionally, when a vowel not of the same type (of articulation) follows a vowel, the following vowel experience elision.

cattārome, bhikkhave, dhammā
(15A4 5.5.7: Bahukārasutta)
🚹①⨂(catu) 🚹①⨂(ima) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
four | these | bhikkhave | teachings

	cattāro + ime	rule
→	cattā + (r + o) + (i) + me	§10
→	cattā + r + (o + i) + me	§13
→	cattā + (r + o) + me	§11
→	cattārome

kinnumāva samaṇiyo
(2V 2.2.10: Sikkhaṃpaccācikkhaṇasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(nu) 🚺①⨂(ima) 🔼(eva) 🚺①⨂(samaṇī)
what | ? | these | only | nuns

	kiṃ + nu + imā	rule
→	kiṃ + (n + u) + (i) + mā	§10
→	kiṃ + n + (u + i) + mā	§13
→	kiṃ + (n + u) + mā	§11
→	kinnumā

pañcindriyāni
(17A10 2.4.10: Khīṇāsavabalasutta)
🚻①⨂(pañcindriya)
five faculties

	pañca + indriyāni	rule
→	pañ + (c + a) + (i + n) + driyāni	§10
→	pañ + c + (a + i) + n + driyāni	§12
→	pañ + (c + i + n) + driyāni	§11
→	pañcindriyāni

The vowels a and i are dissimilar, so §13 could elide the following i; the option marker vā allows the rule not to be taken, and the general rule §12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ elides the preceding a instead. This is why the vutti cites the example under vā ti kasmā?.

tayassu dhammā jahitā bhavanti
(18Sn 2.1: Ratanasutta)
🚹①⨂(ti) ⏯🤟⨂(assa) 🚹①⨂(dhamma) 🚹①⨂(jahita) ▶️🤟⨂(bhavati)
three | will be | teachings | abandoned | is

	tayo + assu	rule
→	ta + (y + o) + (a + s) + su	§10
→	ta + y + (o + a) + s + su	§12
→	ta + (y + a + s) + su	§11
→	tayassu

Likewise o and a are dissimilar: §13 could elide the following a, but the option is not taken, and the preceding o is elided by §12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ instead.

§14 (16): Kvacāsavaṇṇaṃ⁶ lutte (Occasionally, different vaṇṇa after elision) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
kvaci	(~~sarā~~)	(sare)	pappoti	asavaṇṇaṃ
occasionally	(~~vowel1~~)	(vowel2)	change	different sound

The option marker kvaci indicates this cancels the vā option marker in the previous rule §13 (15): Vā paro asarūpā (Optionally, next dissimilar-sounding [vowel]). It provides an alternative to rule §12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ.

Saro kho paro pubbasare lutte kvaci asavaṇṇaṃ pappoti.

Saṅkhyaṃ nopeti vedagū,

bandhusseva samāgamo.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Yassindriyāni,

tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi.

A vowel, when the previous vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes a different sound (another vowel).

saṅkhyaṃ nopeti vedagū
(18Sn 3.12: Dvayatānupassanāsutta)
🚺②⨀(saṅkhyā) ▶️🤟⨀(nopeti) 🚹①⨀(vedagū)
categorisation | does not approach | one who has perfect knowledge

	na + upeti	rule
→	(n + a) + (u) + peti	§10
→	n + (a + u) + peti	§12
→	n + (u→o) + peti	§14
→	(n + o) + peti	§11
→	nopeti

bandhusseva samāgamo
🚹⑥⨀(bandhu) 🔼(iva) 🚹①⨀(samāgama)
of relation | like | association of

	bandhussa + iva	rule
→	bandhus + (s + a) + (i) + va	§10
→	bandhus + s + (a + i) + va	§12
→	bandhus + s + (i→e) + va	§14
→	bandhus + (s + e) + va	§11
→	bandhusseva

yassindriyāni (samathaṅgatāni)
(18Dh 7.5: Mahākaccāyanattheravatthu)
🚹⑥⨀(ya) 🚻①⨂(indriya) 🚻①⨂(samathaṅgata)
of whatever | faculties | calmed

	yassa + indriyāni	rule
→	yas + (s + a) + (i + n) + driyāni	§10
→	yas + s + (a + i) + n + driyāni	§12
→	yas + (s + i + n) + driyāni	§11
→	yassindriyāni

tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi
(18Kh 6: Ratanasutta)
🚻①⨀(tathūpama) 🚹②⨀(dhammavara) ⏮🤟⨀(adesayi)
similar to that | excellent teaching | taught

	tathā + upama	rule
→	ta + (th + ā) + (u) + pama	§10
→	ta + th + (ā + u) + pama	§12
→	ta + th + (u→ū) + pama	§15
→	ta + (th + ū) + pama	§11
→	tathūpama

§15 (17): Dīghaṃ (Long) apavada

Saro kho paro pubbasare lutte kvaci dīghaṃ pappoti.

Saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ,

anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Pañcahupāli aṅgehi samannāgato.

Natthaññaṃ kiñci.

A vowel, when the previous vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes long.

saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ
(18Sn 1.10: Āḷavakasutta)
🔼(saddhīdha) 🚻①⨀(vitta) 🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚻①⨀(seṭṭha)
confidence here | wealth | of person | most important

	saddhā + idha	rule
→	sad + (dh + ā) + (i) + dha	§10
→	sad + dh + (ā + i) + dha	§12
→	sad + dh + (i→ī) + dha	§15
→	sad + (dh + ī) + dha	§11
→	saddhīdha

anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ
(18Sn 3.9: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🚹③⨂(anāgāra) 🔼(cūbhayaṃ)
by homeless wanderer | as well as

	ca + ubhayaṃ	rule
→	(c +a) + (u) + bhayaṃ	§10
→	c + (a + u) + bhayaṃ	§12
→	c + (u→ū) + bhayaṃ	§15
→	(c + ū) + bhayaṃ	§11
→	cūbhayaṃ

pañcahupāli aṅgehi samannāgato
(5V 17.11: Saṃghabhedakavagga)
⚧③⨂(pañca) 🚹⓪⨀(upāli) 🚻③⨂(aṅga) 🚹①⨀(samannāgata)
with five | Upāli| | with factors | endowed with

	pañcahi + upāli	rule
→	pañca + (h + i) + (u) + pāli	§10
→	pañca + h + (i + u) + pāli	§12
→	pañca + (h + u) + pāli	§11
→	pañcahupāli

natthaññaṃ kiñci
(15A4 4.3.3: Mahākoṭṭhikasutta)
▶️🤟⨀(natthi) 🚻①⨀(añña) 🚻①⨀(kaci)
there is not | another | something

	natthi + aññaṃ	rule
→	nat + (th + i) + (a) + ññaṃ	§10
→	nat + th + (i + a) + ññaṃ	§12
→	nat + (th + a) + ññaṃ	§11
→	natthaññaṃ

§16 (18): Pubbo ca (And previous) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(kvaci)		pubbo	(pappoti)	(dīghaṃ)	(~~sare~~)
(occasionally)		vowel1	(change)	(long vowel1)	(~~vowel2~~)

The use of ca (and) implies this rule is an alternative to the previous rule §15 (17): Dīghaṃ. The examples imply this rule is applied after §13 (15): Vā paro asarūpā (Optionally, next dissimilar [vowel]).

Pubbo ca saro parasaralope kate kvaci dīghaṃ pappoti.

Kiṃsūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ,

sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā,

kvacīti kasmā?

Itissa muhuttampi.

A vowel, when the following vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes long.

kiṃ sūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ
(18Sn 1.10: Āḷavakasutta)
🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(su idha) 🚻①⨀(vitta) 🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚻①⨀(seṭṭha)
what | ! | here | wealth | of person | most important

	su + idha	rule
→	(s + u) + (i) + dha	§10
→	s + (u + i) + dha	§13
→	s + (u→ū) + dha	§16
→	(s + ū) + dha	§11
→	sūdha

sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā
(7D 10.2.1: Candimasūriyaupamā)
🚹①⨀(sādhu) 🔼(iti) 🔼(paṭissuṇitvā)
auspicious | like this | having agreed

	csādhu + iti	rule
→	sā + (dh + u) + (i) + ti	§10
→	sā + dh + (u + i) + ti	§13
→	sā + dh + (u→ū) + ti	§16
→	sā + (dh + ū) + ti	§11
→	sādhūti

itissa muhuttampi
(2V 1.5.8.7: Sañciccasikkhāpada)
🔼(iti) 🚹④⨀(ima) 🚹②⨀(muhutta) 🔼(api)
like this | for him | moment | just

	iti + assa	rule
→	i + (t + i) + (a + s) + sa	§10
→	i + t + (i + a) + s + sa	§13
→	i + (t + i + s) + sa	§11
→	itissa

§17 (19): Yamedantassādeso (`y` from `e` ending: replacement) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(kvaci)		edantassa	ādeso	yaṃ	(dīghaṃ)
(occasionally)		`e`	replace	`y`	(lengthened vowel)

There is no option marker in the rule. Although this could be taken as a continuation of the ca option marker, analysis of the following rules suggest the implied option marker reverts to kvaci inherited from (§15 (17): Dīghaṃ (Long)). The examples imply this rule is typically applied after §15.

Ekārassa antabhūtassa sare pare kvaci yakārādeso hoti.

Adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo,

tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadeyyaṃ,

tyāssa pahīnā honti.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Ne’nāgatā⁷,

iti nettha.⁸

When [word] ending with e, is followed by another vowel, the e is occasionally replaced with “y”.

adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo
(3V 1.5: Brahmayācanakathā)
🚹①⨀(adhigata) 🔼(kho) 👆③⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(dhamma)
arrived at | indeed | by me | this | principle

	me + ayaṃ	rule
→	(m + e) + (a) + yaṃ	§10
→	m + (e→y) + a + yaṃ	§17
→	m + y + (a→ā) + yaṃ	§25
→	m + (y + ā) + yaṃ	§11
→	myāyaṃ

tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadeyyaṃ
(9M 1.3: Dhammadāyādasutta)
🚹②⨂(ta) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🔼(evaṃ) 🔵⏯👆⨀(vadati)
them | I | thus | will speak

	te + ahaṃ	rule
→	(t + e) + (a) + haṃ	§10
→	t + (e→y) + a + haṃ	§17
→	t + y + (a→ā) + haṃ	§25
→	t + (y + ā) + haṃ	§11
→	tyāhaṃ

tyāssa pahīnā honti
(11M 4.10: Dhātuvibhaṅgasutta)
🚹①⨂(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚹①⨂(pahīna) ▶️🤟⨂(hoti)
they | of this | given up | are

	te + assa	rule
→	(t + e) + (a) + ssa	§10
→	t + (e + a→ā) + ssa	§15
→	t + (e→y + ā) + ssa	§17
→	t + (y + ā) + ssa	§11
→	tyāssa

ne’nāgatā (ne anāgatā)
🚹①⨂(ta) 🚹①⨂(anāgata)
those | not present

	ne + anāgatā	rule
→	(n + e) + (a) + nāgatā	§10
→	n + (e + a) + nāgatā	§13
→	(n + e) + nāgatā	§11
→	nenāgatā

The e is not replaced by y; instead the following a is elided by §13. The junction is not found in the World Tipiṭaka Edition, which has te anāgatā (3V 9.3: Ñattivipannakammādikathā).

nettha (ne ettha)
🚹①⨂(ta) 🔼(ettha)
they | here

	ne + ettha	rule
→	(n + e) + (e) + ttha	§10
→	n + (e + e) + ttha	§12
→	(n + e) + ttha	§11
→	nettha

Read with the Nyāsa as ne + ettha, the e of ne is elided before e by §12 rather than replaced by y.

§18 (20): Vamodudantānaṃ (`v` from `o` or `u` ending) apavada

option	from	operation	to	after
(kvaci)	odudantānaṃ	(ādeso)	vaṃ	(sare)
(occasionally)	`o`	replace	`v`	(vowel)
(occasionally)	`u`	replace	`v`	(vowel)

The implied option marker continues to be kvaci. The examples suggest this rule is an exception to rule §12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ.

Okārukārānaṃ antabhūtānaṃ sare pare kvaci vakārādeso hoti.

Atha khvassa,

svassa hoti,

bahvābādho,

vatthvettha vihitaṃ niccaṃ cakkhvāpāthamāgacchati.⁹

Kvacītikasmā?

Cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā,

kinnumāva samaṇiyo.

When [word] ending with o or u, followed by another vowel, the o or u is occasionally replaced with v.

atha khvassa
(13S3 1.2.4.7: Khemakasutta)
🔼(atha kho) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
after that | of this

	kho + assa	rule
→	(kh + o) + (a) + ssa	§10
→	kh + (o→v + a) + ssa	§18
→	kh + (v + a) + ssa	§11
→	khvassa

svassa hoti
(17A9 1.4.3: Nibbānasukhasutta)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
that | of this | is

	so + assa	rule
→	(s + o) + (a) + ssa	§10
→	s + (o→v + a) + ssa	§18
→	s + (v + a) + ssa	§11
→	svassa

bahvābādho
(10M 4.5: Bodhirājakumārasutta)
🚹①⨀(bahvābādha)
sickly

	bahu + ābādho	rule
→	ba + (h + u) + (ā) + bādho	§10
→	ba + h + (u→v + ā) + bādho	§18
→	ba + (h + v + ā) + bādho	§11
→	bahvābādho

vatthvettha vihitaṃ niccaṃ cakkhvāpāthamāgacchati
🚻①⨀(vatthu) 🔼(ettha) 🚻①⨀(vihita) 🚻①⨀(nicca) 🚻①⨀(cakkhu) 🚹②⨀(āpātha) ▶️🤟⨀(āgacchati)
base | here | arranged | continuous | eye | range | come

	vatthu + ettha	rule
→	vat + (th + u) + (e + t) + tha	§10
→	vat + th + (u→v + e) + t + tha	§18
→	vat + (th + v + e + t) + tha	§11
→	vatthvettha

cattārome bhikkhave dhammā
(15A4 4.1.10: Sugatavinayasutta)
🚹①⨂(catu) 🚹①⨂(ima) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
four | these | bhikkhave | teachings

	cattāro + ime	rule
→	cattā + (r + o) + (i) + me	§10
→	cattā + r + (o + i) + me	§13
→	cattā + (r + o) + me	§11
→	cattārome

kinnumāva samaṇiyo
(2V 2.2.10: Sikkhaṃpaccācikkhaṇasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(nu) 🚺①⨂(ima) 🔼(eva) 🚺①⨂(samaṇī)
what | ? | these | only | nuns

	kiṃ + nu + imā + eva	rule
→	k + (i + ṃ) + (n + u) + (i + m + ā) + (e) + va	§10
→	k + i + (ṃ + n) + u + i + m + ā + e + va	§39
→	k + i + n + (u + i) + m + (ā + e) + va	§13
→	(k + i) + (n + u) + (m + ā) + va	§11
→	kinnumāva

§19 (22): Sabbo caṃti (`c` from entire `ti`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(kvaci)		sabbo ti	(ādeso)	caṃ	(sare)
(occasionally)		entire `ti`	replace	`c`	(vowel)

sabbo could possibly be interpreted as an option marker but in this case refers to the phoneme ti which should not be split in accordance to §10. The examples show this rule is often followed by §28.

Sabbo icceso tisaddo byañjano sare pare kvaci cakāraṃ pappoti.

Iccetaṃ kusalaṃ, iccassa vacanīyaṃ, paccuttaritvā, paccāharati.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Itissa muhuttampi.

The entire “ti” sound/consonant, when followed by another vowel, occasionally becomes “c”.

iccetaṃ kusalaṃ
(1V 1.2.10: Saṃghabhedasikkhāpada)
🔼(iti etaṃ) 🚻①⨀(kusala)
like this | this | wholesome

	iti + etaṃ	rule
→	i + (ti) + (e) + taṃ	§10
→	i + (ti→c + e) + taṃ	§19
→	(i + c→cc) + e + taṃ	§28
→	i + (cc + e) + taṃ	§11
→	iccetaṃ

iccassa vacanīyaṃ
(7D 2.1: Paṭiccasamuppāda)
🔼(iti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚻①⨀(vacanīya)
like this | of this | should be said

	iti + assa	rule
→	i + (ti) + (a) + ssa	§10
→	i + (ti→c + a) + ssa	§19
→	(i + c→cc) + a + ssa	§28
→	i + (cc + a) + ssa	§11
→	iccassa

paccuttaritvā
(11M 3.9: Bālapaṇḍitasutta)
🔼(pati) 🔼(uttaritvā)
back | having come up

	pati + uttaritvā	rule
→	pa + (ti) + (u) + ttaritvā	§10
→	pa + (ti→c + u) + ttaritvā	§19
→	p + (a + c→cc) + u + ttaritvā	§28
→	p + a + (cc + u) + ttaritvā	§11
→	paccuttaritvā

paccāharati
(1V 1.2.5: Sañcarittasikkhāpada)
▶️🤟⨀(paccāharati)
brings back

	pati + aharati	rule
→	pa + (ti) + (a) + harati	§10
→	pa + (ti→c + a) + harati	§19
→	p + (a + c→cc) + a + harati	§28
→	p + a + cc + (a->ā) + harati	§15
→	p + a + (cc + ā) + harati	§11
→	paccāharati

itissa muhuttampi
(2V 1.5.8.7: Sañciccasikkhāpada)
🔼(iti) 🚹④⨀(ima) 🚹②⨀(muhutta) 🔼(api)
like this | for him | moment | just

	iti + assa	rule
→	i + (t + i) + (a) + ssa	§10
→	i + t + (i + a) + ssa	§13
→	i + (t + i) + ssa	§11
→	itissa

§20 (27): Do dhassa ca (And `d` from `dha`) apavada

option	from	operation	to	after
(kvaci)	dhassa	(ādeso)	do	(sare)
(Occasionally)	`dha`	replace	`d`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`dha`	replace	`h`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`d`	replace	`t`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`t`	replace	`ṭ`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`t`	replace	`dh`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`tt`	replace	`tr`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`g`	replace	`k`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`r`	replace	`l`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`y`	replace	`j`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`v`	replace	`bb`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`y`	replace	`k`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`j`	replace	`y`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`t`	replace	`k`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`tt`	replace	`cc`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`p`	replace	`ph`	(vowel)
(Occasionally)	`k`	replace	`kh`	(vowel)

The ca (and) is accumulative: the vutti takes it (caggahaṇena, “by the inclusion of ca”) as extending the rule to the replacement of dha by h, and then to the further substitutions it lists under suttavibhāgena.

Dhaiccetassa sare pare kvaci dakārādeso hoti.

Ekamidāhaṃ bhikkhave samayaṃ.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Idheva maraṇaṃ bhavissati.

Caggahaṇena¹⁰ dhakārassa hakārādeso hoti sāhu dassanamariyānaṃ.¹¹

Suttavibhāgena bahudhā siyā-

To dassa, yathā? Sugato.

Ṭo tassa, yathā? Dukkaṭaṃ.

Dho tassa, yathā? Gandhabbo.

Tro ttassa, yathā? Atrajo.

Ko gassa, yathā? Kulūpako.

Lo rassa, yathā? Mahāsālo.

Jo yassa, yathā? Gavajo.

Bbo vissa, yathā? Kubbato.

Ko yassa, yathā? Sake.

Yo jassa, yathā? Niyaṃputtaṃ.

Ko tassa, yathā? Niyako.

Cco ttassa, yathā bhacco.

Pho passa, yathā? Nipphatti.

Kho kassa, yathā? Nikkhamati.

Iccevamādī yojetabbā.

dha, followed by a vowel, occasionally is replaced with d.

ekamidāhaṃ bhikkhave samayaṃ
(7D 1.17: Devatārocana)
🚻①⨀(eka) 🔼(idha) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹②⨀(samaya)
one | here | I | bhikkhave | occasion

	idha + ahaṃ	rule
→	i + (dha) + (a) + haṃ	§10
→	i + (dha→d + a) + haṃ	§20
→	i + d + (a→ā) + haṃ	§15
→	i + (d + ā) + haṃ	§11
→	idāhaṃ

idheva (me) maraṇaṃ bhavissati
(10M 4.2: Raṭṭhapālasutta)
🔼(idheva) 🚻①⨀(maraṇa) ⏯🤟⨀(bhavati)
right here | death | will become

	idha + eva	rule
→	i + (dh + a) + (e) + va	§10
→	i + dh + (a + e) + va	§12
→	i + (dh + e) + va	§11
→	idheva

sāhu dassanamariyānaṃ \

(18Dh 15.8: Sakkavatthu)
🔼(sāhu) 🚻①⨀(dassana) 🚹⑥⨂(ariya)
excellent | sight | of the noble ones

	sādhu	rule
→	sā + (dh→h + u)	§20
→	sāhu

Note that the substitution occurs within a word rather than across words. Because of this, rules §10 and §11 are not applied and the replacement occurs directly.

dukkaṭaṃ \

(1V 1.2.6: Kuṭikārasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(dukkaṭa)
wrong action

	du + kataṃ	rule
→	d + (u + k→kk) + ataṃ	§28
→	d + u + kk + a + (t→ṭ + a) + ṃ	§20
→	dukkaṭaṃ

niyaṃputtaṃ \

(23J 22.1.6: Bhūridattajātaka)
🚻①⨀(niya) 🚻①⨀(putta)
one’s own | child

	nijaṃputtaṃ	rule
→	ni + (j→y + a) + ṃputtaṃ	§20
→	niyaṃputtaṃ

§21 (21): Ivaṇṇo yaṃ navā (`i` sound to `y` rarely) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
navā		ivaṇṇo	(ādeso)	yaṃ	(sare)
rarely		`i`	replace	`y`	(vowel)

navā is generally interpreted by most translations (and also other grammatical books) to be an alternative to kvaci, to cancel out kvaci in the preceeding rule, however, I have decided to interpret it as a more restrictive form of optionality, hence have translated it as “rarely”.¹² In any case, the vutti for rule 22 continues the use of navā as the applicable option marker, hence I believe it has a different meaning than kvaci.

Pubbo ivaṇṇo sare pare yakāraṃ pappoti navā.

Paṭisunthāravutyassa,

sabbā vityānubhūyate.

Navāti kasmā?

Pañcahaṅgehi samannāgato, muttacāgī anuddhato.

Rarely, the i sound (i or ī), followed by another vowel, is replaced with “y”.

paṭisanthāravutyassa
(19Dh 25.7: Sambahulabhikkhuvatthu)
🔼(paṭisanthāravutyassa)
one should have a friendly disposition

	vutti + assa	rule
→	vut + (t + i) + (a) + ssa	§10
→	vut + t + (i→y) + a + ssa	§21
→	vut + (t + y + a) + ssa	§11
→	vutyassa

sabbā vityānubhūyate
🚺①⨀(sabba) 🚺①⨀(vitti) 🔵▶️🤟⨀(anubhavati)
all | joy | is experienced

	vitti + anu	rule
→	vit + (t + i) + (a) + nu	§10
→	vit + t + (i→y) + a + nu	§21
→	vit + t + y + (a→ā) + nu	§15
→	vit + (t + y + ā) + nu	§11
→	vityānu

pañcahaṅgehi samannāgato
(1V 1.4.2.8: Rūpiyasikkhāpada)
⚧③⨂(pañca) 🚻③⨂(aṅga) 🚹①⨀(samannāgata)
with 5 | with factors | endowed with

	pañcahi + aṅgehi	rule
→	pañca + (h + i) + (a + ṅ) + gehi	§10
→	pañca + h + (i + a) + ṅ + gehi	§12
→	pañca + (h + a + ṅ) + gehi	§11
→	pañcahaṅgehi

muttacāgī anuddhato
🚺①⨀(mutti) 🚺①⨀(cāgī) 🚹①⨀(anuddhata)
freely | donates | not arrogant

	mutti + cāgī	rule
→	mut + (t + i) + (c + ā) + gī	§10
→	mut + t + (i→a + c) + ā + gī	§27
→	mut + (t + a) + (c + ā) + gī	§11
→	muttacāgī

§22 (28): Evādissa ri pubbo ca rasso (`eva` becomes `riva`, and previous becomes short) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(navā)		(dīghā) + `e`	(ādeso)	rasso + `ri`	vādissa
(rarely)		(long vowel) + `e`	replace	short vowel + `ri`	`va`

I have interpreted ca not as an option marker but an intention to signify two operations are included in this rule: a transformation of eva into riva as well as a shortening of the preceeding long vowel. The relevant option marker is navā inherited from the previous rule, which is made clear in the vutti.

Saramhā parassa evassa ekārassa ādissa rikāro hoti, pubbo ca saro rasso hoti navā.

Yathariva vasudhātalañca sabbaṃ,

tathariva guṇavā supūjaniyo.

Navāti kasmā?

Yathā eva, tathā eva.

Rarely, (long) vowel followed by “eva”, “e” becomes “ri”, and previous vowel becomes short.

yathariva vasudhātalañca sabbaṃ
🔼(yathariva) 🚺①⨀(vasudhā) 🚻①⨀(tala) 🔼(ca) 🚻①⨀(sabba)
just as | earth level | and | entire

	yathā + eva	rule
→	ya + (th + ā) + (e + va)	§10
→	yath + ā + (e→ri) + va	§22
→	yath + (ā→a) + ri + va	§22
→	ya + (th + a) + ri + va	§11
→	yathariva

tathariva guṇavā supūjaniyo
🔼(tathariva) 🚹①⨀(guṇavant) 🔼(su) 🚹①⨀(pūjaniya)
like this | one who is virtuous | well | worthy of veneration

	yathā + eva	rule
→	ta + (th + a) + (e + va)	§10
→	tath + (ā→a) + (e→ri) + va	§22
→	ta + (th + a) + ri + va	§11
→	tathariva

Iti sandhikappe dutiyo kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the second section of the sandhi chapter.

Tatiyakaṇḍa (Third Section - Consonantal `sandhi`)

§23 (36): Sarā pakati byañjane (Vowel before consonant retains original form) utsarga

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		sarā	pakati	(sarā)	byañjane
		vowel	unchanged	(vowel)	consonant

The traditional number of the sutta is 36; the (26) that the CST4 vutti section prints belongs to §46.¹³

Sarā kho byañjane pare pakatirūpāni honti.

Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā,

pamādo maccuno padaṃ,

tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu.

Vowel, followed by consonant, retains original form.

§24 (35): Sare kvaci (Occasionally after vowel) apavada

Sarā kho sare pare kvaci pakatirūpāni honti.

Ko imaṃ pathaviṃ vicessati.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Appassutāyaṃ puriso.

Vowel followed by another vowel occasionally retains original form.

appassutāyaṃ puriso
(18Dh 11.7: Lāḷudāyītheravatthu)
🚹①⨀(appassuta) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(purisa)
ignorant | this | person

	appassuto + ayaṃ	rule
→	appassu + (t + o) + (a) + yaṃ	§10
→	appassu + t + (~~o + a) + yaṃ	§12
→	appassu + t + (a→ā) + yaṃ	§15
→	appassu + (t + ā) + yaṃ	§11
→	appassutāyaṃ

§25 (37): Dīghaṃ (Long) apavada

Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci dīghaṃ papponti.

Sammā dhammaṃ vipassato,

evaṃ gāme munī care,

khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Idha modati pecca modati,

patilīyati,

paṭihaññati.

Vowel, followed by consonant, occasionally becomes long.

sammā dhammaṃ vipassato
(18Dh 25.7: Sambahulabhikkhuvatthu)
🔼(samma) 🚹②⨀(dhamma) 🚹⑥⨀(vipassanta)
rightly | nature | seeing deeply into

	samma + dhammaṃ	rule
→	sam + (m + a) + (dh + a) + mmaṃ	§10
→	sam + m + (a→ā + dh) + a + mmaṃ	§25
→	sam + (m + ā) + (dh + a) + mmaṃ	§11
→	sammādhammaṃ

evaṃ gāme munī care
(18Dh 4.5: Macchariyakosiyaseṭṭhivatthu)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚹⑦⨀(gāma) 🚹①⨀(muni) ⏯🤟⨀(carati)
thus | in the village | sage | should wander

	muni + care	rule
→	mu + (n + i) + (c + a) + re	§10
→	mu + n + (i→ī + c) + a + re	§25
→	mu + (n + ī) + (c + a) + re	§11
→	munīcare

khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā
(18Dh 4.5: Macchariyakosiyaseṭṭhivatthu)
🚺①⨀(khanti) 🚻①⨀(parama) 🚹①⨀(tapa) 🚹①⨂(titikkha)
patience | highest | religious practice | enduring

	khanti + paramaṃ	rule
→	khan + (t + i) + (p + a) + ramaṃ	§10
→	khan + t + (i→ī + p) + a + ramaṃ	§25
→	khan + (t + ī) + (p + a) + ramaṃ	§11
→	khantīparamaṃ

§26 (38): Rassaṃ (Short) apavada

Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci rassaṃ papponti.

Bhovādināma so hoti,

yathābhāvi guṇena so.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Sammāsamādhi,

sāvittī chandaso mukhaṃ,

upanīyati jīvitamappamāyu.

Vowel, followed by consonant, occasionally becomes short.

bhovādināma so hoti
(10M 5.8: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🚹①⨀(bhovādī) 🔼(nāma) 🚹①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
Brahman | certainly | he | is

	bhovādī + nāma	rule
→	bhovā + (d + ī) + (n + ā) + ma	§10
→	bhovā + d + (ī→i + n) + ā + ma	§26
→	bhovā + (d + i) + (n + ā) + ma	§11
→	bhovādināma

yathābhāvi guṇena so
🔼(yathā) 🚹①⨀(bhāvī) 🚹③⨀(guṇa) 🚹①⨀(ta)
like | predestined | by virtue | that

	yathā + bhāvī	rule
→	ya + (th + ā) + (bh + ā) + (v + ī)	§10
→	ya + th + ā + bh + ā + (v + ī→i)	§26
→	ya + (th + ā) + (bh + ā) + (v + i)	§11
→	yathābhāvi

§27 (39): Lopañca tatrākāro (After elision, in that place `a`) apavada

Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci lopaṃ papponti. Tatra ca lope kate akārāgamo hoti.

Sa sīlavā.

Sa paññavā

esa dhammo sanantano,

sa ve kasāvamarahati,

sa mānakāmopi bhaveyya,

sa ve muni jātibhayaṃ adassi.¹⁶

Kvacīti kasmā?

So muni,

eso dhammo padissati,¹⁷

na so kāsāvamarahati.

Vowel, followed by consonant, occasionally becomes elided. In the place of the completed elision, a is inserted.

sa sīlavā \

(18Dh 6.9: Dhammikattheravatthu)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(sīlavant)
he | virtuous

	so + sīlavā	rule
→	(s + o) + (s + ī) + lavā	§10
→	s + (oa + s) + ī + lavā	§27
→	(s + a) + (s + ī) + lavā	§11
→	sasīlavā

sa paññavā \

(23J 17.1.2: Sarabhaṅgajātaka)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(paññavant)
he | wise

	so + paññavā	rule
→	(s + o) + (p + a) + ññavā	§10
→	s + (oa + p) + a + ññavā	§27
→	(s + a) + (p + a) + ññavā	§11
→	sapaññavā

esa dhammo sanantano \

(11M 3.8: Upakkilesasutta)
🚹①⨀(eta) 🚹①⨀(dhamma) 🚹①⨀(sanantana)
this | doctrine | everlasting

	eso + dhammo	rule
→	e + (s + o) + (dh + a) + mmo	§10
→	e + s + (oa + dh) + a + mmo	§27
→	e + (s + a) + (dh + a) + mmo	§11
→	esadhammo

sa ve kāsāvamarahati \

(18Dh 1.7: Devadattavatthu)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(ve) ▶️🤟⨀(kāsāvamarahati)
that | truly | worthy of the brown red robe

	so + ve	rule
→	(s + o) + (v + e)	§10
→	s + (oa + v) + e	§27
→	(s + a) + (v + e)	§11
→	save

sa mānakāmopi bhaveyya
🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(mānakāmopi) ⏯🤟⨀(bhavati)
he | who is proud | will be

	so + mānakāmopi	rule
→	(s + o) + (m + ā) + nakāmopi	§10
→	s + (oa + m) + ā + nakāmopi	§27
→	(s + a) + (m + ā) + nakāmopi	§11
→	samānakāmopi

sa ve muni jātibhayaṃ adassi \

(18Sn 1.12: Munisutta)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(ve) 🚹①⨀(muni) 🚻①⨀(jātibhaya) ⏮🤟⨀(adassi)
that | truly | sage | danger of rebirth | has seen

	so + ve	rule
→	(s + o) + (v + e)	§10
→	s + (oa + v) + e	§27
→	(s + a) + (v + e)	§11
→	save

§28 (40): Para dvebhāvo ṭhāne (Next doubled, in some places) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ṭhāne	(sarā)	para	(pappoti)	dvebhāvo
in some places	(vowel)	next [consonant]	(become)	doubled

ṭhāne (“in [the proper] places”) is the option marker of this rule: like kvaci, it restricts the doubling to the places where usage has it, as the counter-example shows.

Saramhā parassa byañjanassa dvebhāvo hoti ṭhāne.

Idhappamādo,

purisassa jantuno,

pabbajjaṃ kittayissāmi,

cātuddasi, pañcaddasi,¹⁸

abhikkantataro cando.¹⁹

Ṭhāneti kasmā?

Idha modati pecca modati.

In some places, the consonant following a vowel is doubled.

idhappamādo
🔼(idha) 🚹①⨀(pamāda)
here | negligence

	idha + pamādo	rule
→	i + (dh + a) + (p + a) + mādo	§10
→	i + dh + (a + p→pp) + a + mādo	§28
→	i + (dh + a) + (pp + a) + mādo	§11
→	idhappamādo

purisassa jantuno
🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚹⑥⨀(jantu)
of person | of being

	purisa + sa	rule
→	puri + (s + a) + (s + a)	§10
→	puri + s + (a + s→ss) + a	§28
→	puri + (s + a) + (ss + a)	§11
→	purisassa

pabbajjaṃ kittayissāmi
(18Sn 3.1: Pabbajjāsutta)
🚺②⨀(pabbajjā) ⏯👆⨀(kittayati)
renunciation | I will declare

	pa + bajjaṃ	rule
→	(p + a) + (b + a) + jjaṃ	§10
→	p + (a + b→bb) + a + jjaṃ	§28
→	(p + a) + (bb + a) + jjaṃ	§11
→	pabbajjaṃ

cātuddasi
(12S1 10.1.5: Sānusutta)
🚺②⨀(cātuddasī)
on the fourteenth day of the lunar fortnight

	cātu + dasi	rule
→	cā + (t + u) + (d + a) + si	§10
→	cā + t + (u + d→dd) + a + si	§28
→	cā + (t + u) + (dd + a) + si	§11
→	cātuddasi

pañcaddasi
(12S1 10.1.5: Sānusutta)
🚺②⨀(pañcaddasī)
on the fifteenth day of the lunar fortnight

	pañca + dasi	rule
→	pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si	§10
→	pañ + c + (a + d→dd) + a + si	§28
→	pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si	§11
→	pañcaddasi

abhikkantataro cando
(6D 11.4: Bhūtanirodhesakabhikkhuvatthua)
🚹①⨀(abhikkantatara) 🚹①⨀(canda)
more brilliant than | moon

	abhi + kantataro	rule
→	abh + (i) + (k + a +n) + tataro	§10
→	abh + (i + k→kk) + a +n + tataro	§28
→	abh + (i) + (kk + a +n) + tataro	§11
→	abhikkantataro

§29 (42): Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā (Voiced and unvoiced groups: third and first) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(ṭhāne)	(sarā)	Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ	(pappoti)	(dvebhāvo) tatiyapaṭhamā
(in some places)	(vowel)	voiced and unvoiced consonants [ending in `h`]	become	first letter of consonant (doubled)

This is a rather complex rule which fortunately is easier to explain if I refer to roman letters. Consonants with ‘h’ (eg. kh, gh, … bh) preceeded by a vowel can be doubled using the previous letter (eg. kh→kkh, gh→ggh).

Vagge kho pubbesaṃ byañjanānaṃ ghosāghosabhūtānaṃ saramhā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ tatiyapaṭhamakkharā dvebhāvaṃ gacchanti ṭhāne.

Eseva cajjhānapphalo,

yatraṭṭhitaṃ

nappasaheyya maccu,

sele yathā pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito,

cattāriṭṭhānāni naro pamatto.

Ṭhāneti kasmā?

Idha cetaso daḷhaṃ gaṇhāti thāmasā.²⁰

After a vowel, for the earlier consonants of a group (pubbesaṃ: the first four of each vagga, not its nasal), voiced or unvoiced, the third and the first letter of that group respectively (yathāsaṅkhyaṃ) supply the doubling, in the proper places.²¹

eseva cajjhānapphalo
🔼(eseva ca) 🚹①⨀(jhānapphala)
just this and | the fruit of jhāna

	ca + jhāna + phalo	rule
→	(c + a) + (jh + ā) + (n + a) + (ph + a) + lo	§10
→	c + (a + jh→jjh) + ā + n + (a + ph→pph) + a + lo	§29
→	(c + a) + (jjh + ā) + (n + a) + (pph + a) + lo	§11
→	cajjhānapphalo

Note: the consonant jh is the fourth (voiced) consonant in the c group of letters (ca cha ja jha ña), so the consonant prior to it in the group is the j consonant (third consonant in the group). This is inserted prior to jh creating a doubling of j: jj.

Similarly, the ph consonant is the second (unvoiced) consonant in the p group of letters (pa pha ba bha ma), which results in a doubling of p (the first consonant in the group).

yatraṭṭhitaṃ nappasaheyya maccu
(18Dh 9.12: Suppabuddhasakyavatthu)
🚻①⨀(yatraṭṭhita) ⏯🤟⨀(nappasahati) 🚹①⨀(maccu)
where remaining | does not overpower | death

	yatra + ṭhita	rule
→	ya + (tr + a) + (ṭh + i) + taṃ	§10
→	ya + tr + (a + ṭh→ṭṭh) + i + taṃ	§29
→	ya + (tr + a) + (ṭṭh + i) + taṃ	§11
→	yatraṭṭhitaṃ

Note: the consonant “ṭh” is the second (unvoiced) consonant in the “ṭ” group of letters (ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa), so the consonant prior to it in the group is the “ṭ” consonant (first consonant in the group). This is inserted prior to “ṭh” creating a doubling of “ṭ”: “ṭṭ”.

sele yathā pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito
(7D 1.12: Brahmayācanakathā)
🚹⑦⨀(sela) 🔼(yathā) 🚹⑦⨀(pabbatamuddha) 🚹①⨀(ṭhita)
on a rock | as per | on top of mountain | standing

	pabbatamuddhani + ṭhito	rule
→	pabbatamuddha + (n + i) + (ṭh + i) + to	§10
→	pabbatamuddha + n + (i + ṭh→ṭṭh) + i + to	§29
→	pabbatamuddha + (n + i) + (ṭṭh + i) + to	§11
→	pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito

cattāriṭṭhānāni naro pamatto
(18Dh 22.4: Khemakaseṭṭhiputtavatthu)
🚻①⨂(catu) 🚻①⨂(ṭhāna) 🚹①⨀(nara) 🚹①⨀(pamatta)
four | grounds | man | careless

	cattāri + ṭhānāni	rule
→	cattā (r +i) + (ṭh + ā) + nāni	§10
→	cattā r +(i + ṭh→ṭṭh) + ā + nāni	§29
→	cattā (r +i) + (ṭṭh + ā) + nāni	§11
→	cattāriṭṭhānāni

Iti sandhikappe tatiyo kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the third section of the sandhi chapter.

Catutthakaṇḍa (Fourth Section - `niggahita sandhi`)

§30 (58): Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ (`ṃ` before consonant [remains] niggahita) utsarga

Niggahitaṃ kho byañjane pare aṃ iti hoti.

Evaṃ vutte,

taṃ sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā.

ṃ before other consonant remains as niggahita.

§31 (49): Vaggantaṃ vā vagge (Optionally, Before group, to end of group) apavada

option	from	operation	to	after
vā	(`ṃ`)	(pappoti)	vaggantaṃ	vagge
optionally	(`ṃ`)	(becomes)	end of group	grouped consonant
optionally	(`ṃ`)	(replace)	`l`	`l`

Vaggabhūte byañjane pare niggahitaṃ kho vaggantaṃ vā pappoti.

Tanniccutaṃ,

dhammañcare sucaritaṃ,²²

cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ.²³

Santantassa manaṃ hoti,²⁴

taṅkāruṇikaṃ,

evaṅkho bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ.

Vāggahaṇena niggahitaṃ kho lakārādeso hoti.

Puggalaṃ.²⁵

Vāti kasmā?

Na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu.

Followed by a consonant of a group, the niggahita optionally becomes the last consonant of that group.

tanniccutaṃ
🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(ni) 🚻①⨀(cuta)
that | out | died

	taṃ + ni + cutaṃ	rule
→	(ta + ṃ) + (n + i) + (c + u) + taṃ	§10
→	ta + (ṃ→n + n) + i + c + u + taṃ	§31
→	ta + n + n + (i + c→cc) + u + taṃ	§28
→	(ta + n) + (n + i) + (cc + u) + taṃ	§11
→	tanniccutaṃ

n is the last consonant in the group starting with t (ta tha da dha na)

dhammañcare sucaritaṃ
(18Dh 13.2: Suddhodanavatthu)
🚻①⨀(dhamma) 🔵▶️👆⨀(carati) 🚻①⨀(sucarita)
dhamma | I practice | moral

	dhammaṃ + care	rule
→	dham + (ma + ṃ) + (c + a) + re	§10
→	dham + ma + (ṃ→ñ + c) + a + re	§31
→	dham + (ma + ñ) + (c + a) + re	§11
→	dhammañcare

ñ is the last consonant in the group starting with c (ca cha ja jha ña)

cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ
(18Dh 16.9: Nandiyavatthu)
🚹②⨀(cirappavāsī) 🚹②⨀(purisa)
who is long absent from home | person

	ciraṃ + pavāsīṃ	rule
→	ci + (r + a + ṃ) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ	§10
→	ci + r + a + (ṃ→m + p) + a + vāsīṃ	§31
→	ci + r + a + (m→p + p) + a + vāsīṃ	§35
→	ci + (r + a + p) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ	§11
→	cirappavāsiṃ

m is the last consonant in the group starting with p (pa pha ba bha ma)

santantassa manaṃ hoti
(18Dh 7.7: Kosambivāsitissattherasāmaṇeravatthu)
🚻①⨀(santa) 🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(mana) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
calm | of him | mind | is

	santaṃ + tassa	rule
→	san + (t + a + ṃ) + (t + a) + ssa	§10
→	san + t + a + (ṃ→n + t) + a + ssa	§31
→	san + (t + a + n) + (t + a) + ssa	§11
→	santantassa

taṅkāruṇikaṃ
🚻①⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(kāruṇika)
that | compassionate

	taṃ + kāruṇikaṃ	rule
→	(ta + ṃ) + (k + ā) + ruṇikaṃ	§10
→	(ta + (ṃ→ṅ + k) + ā + ruṇikaṃ	§31
→	(ta + ṅ) + (k + ā) + ruṇikaṃ	§11
→	taṅkāruṇikaṃ

ṅ is the last consonant in the group starting with k (ka kha ga gha ṅa)

evaṅkho bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ
🔼(evaṃ kho) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(sikkhitabba)
thus | indeed | bhikkhave | should be learned

	evaṃ + kho	rule
→	e + (v + a + ṃ) + (kh + o)	§10
→	e + v + a + (ṃ→ṅ + kh) + o	§31
→	e + (v + a + ṅ) + (kh + o)	§11
→	evaṅkho

pulliṅgaṃ
🚹②⨀(pulliṅga)
masculine gender

	puṃ + liṅgaṃ	rule
→	(p +u +ṃ) + (l + i) + ṅgaṃ	§10
→	p +u +(ṃ→l + l) + i + ṅgaṃ	§31
→	(p +u +l) + (l + i) + ṅgaṃ	§11
→	pulliṅgaṃ

§32 (50): Ehe ñaṃ²⁶ (Before `e` or `h`, becomes `ñ`) apavada

Ekārahakāre pare niggahitaṃ kho ñakāraṃ pappoti vā.

Paccattaññeva parinibbāyissāmi,²⁷
taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi,
evañhi vo bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ.
Tañhi tassa musā hoti.

Vāti kasmā?

Evametaṃ abhiññāya,
evaṃ hoti subhāsitaṃ.

Optionally, the niggahita, followed by e or h, becomes ñ.²⁸

paccattaññeva parinibbāyissāmi
(7D 2.4: Attasamanupassanā)
🚻①⨀(paccatta) 🔼(eva) ⏯👆⨀(parinibbāyati)
individual | just | completely quenched

	paccattaṃ + eva	rule
→	paccat + (t + a + ṃ) + (e) + va	§10
→	paccat + t + a + (ṃ→ñ + e) + va	§32
→	paccat + t + (a + ñ→ññ) + e + va	§28
→	paccat + (t + a + ñ) + (ñ + e) + va	§11
→	paccattaññeva

taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi
(10M 1.8: Abhayarājakumārasutta)
🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(eva) 🔼(ettha) ⏯👆⨀(paṭipucchati)
that just | here | I will ask about

	taṃ + eva + ettha	rule
→	(t + a + ṃ) + (e) + (v + a) + (e) + ttha	§10
→	t + a + (ṃ→ñ + e) + v + a + e + ttha	§32
→	t + (a + ñ→ññ) + e + v + a + e + ttha	§28
→	t + a + ñ + ñ + e + v + (a + e) + ttha	§12
→	(t + a + ñ) + (ñ + e) + (v + e) + ttha	§11
→	taññevettha

evañhi vo bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ
(11M 4.9: Araṇavibhaṅgasutta)
🔼(evaṃ hi vo) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(sikkhitabba)
thus | certainly | surely | bhikkhave | should be practised

	evaṃ + hi	rule
→	e + (v + a + ṃ) + (h + i)	§10
→	e + v + a + (ṃ→ñ + h) + i	§32
→	e + (v + a + ñ) + (h + i)	§11
→	evañhi

tañhi tassa musā hoti
(18Sn 3.12: Dvayatānupassanāsutta)
🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(hi) 🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🔼(musā) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
that | surely | of that | lie | is

	taṃ + hi	rule
→	(t + a + ṃ) + (h + i)	§10
→	t + a + (ṃ→ñ + h) + i	§32
→	(t + a + ñ) + (h + i)	§11
→	tañhi

evametaṃ abhiññāya
(18Dh 5.15: Vanavāsitissasāmaṇeravatthu)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚻①⨀(eta) 🚺③⨀(abhiñña)
thus | this | with direct knowledge

	evaṃ + etaṃ	rule
→	e + (v + a + ṃ) + (e) + taṃ	§10
→	e + v + a + (ṃ→m + e) + taṃ	§34
→	e + (v + a + m) + (e) + taṃ	§11
→	evametaṃ

§33 (51): Sa ye ca (And, together with `y`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(vā)		(niggahitaṃ) sa (yakārena)	(pappoti)	(ñaṃ)	ye
(optionally)		(`ṃ`) together with `y`	(becomes)	(`ñ`)	`y`

sa stands for saha, “together with”: the niggahita and the following y are replaced together by ñ, which is then doubled by §28.

Niggahitaṃ kho yakāre pare saha yakārena ñakāraṃ pappoti vā.

Saññogo,
saññuttaṃ.

Vāti kasmā?

Saṃyogo,
saṃyuttaṃ.

Optionally, the niggahita followed by y becomes ñ together with the y.²⁹

saññogo
(26Ps 1.2.1: Assādadiṭṭhiniddesa)
🚹①⨀(saññoga)
attachment

	saṃ + yogo	rule
→	(s + a + ṃ) + (y + o) + go	§10
→	s + a + (ṃ + y)→ñ + o + go	§33
→	s + (a + ñ→ññ) + o + go	§28
→	(s + a + ñ) + (ñ + o) + go	§11
→	saññogo

saññuttaṃ
(19Th1 16.1.2: Pārāpariyattheragāthā)
🚻①⨀(saññutta)
tied

	saṃ + yuttaṃ	rule
→	(s + a +ṃ) + (y + u) + ttaṃ	§10
→	s + a + (ṃ + y)→ñ + u + ttaṃ	§33
→	s + (a + ñ→ññ) + u + ttaṃ	§28
→	(s + a +ñ) + (ñ + u) + ttaṃ	§11
→	saññuttaṃ

§34 (52): Madā sare (Before vowel, `m` or `d`) apavada

Niggahitassa kho sare pare makāradakārādesā honti vā.

Tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ,

etadavoca satthā.

Vāti kasmā?

Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me.

Optionally, the niggahita before a vowel is replaed with m or d.

tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ
(18Dh 16.1.2: Pārāpariyattheragāthā)
🚻①⨀(ta) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) ▶️👆⨀(brūti) 🚹②⨀(brāhmaṇa)
that | I | call | brahman

	taṃ + ahaṃ	rule
→	(t + a + ṃ) + (a) + haṃ	§10
→	t + a + (ṃ→m + a) + haṃ	§34
→	(t + a + m) + (a) + haṃ	§11
→	tamahaṃ

etadavoca satthā
(12S1 11.1.3: Dhajaggasutta)
🔼(etaṃ) 🔵⏮🤟⨀(avoca) 🚹①⨀(satthar)
this | said | master

	etaṃ + avoca	rule
→	e + (t + a +ṃ) + (a) + voca	§10
→	e + t + a + (ṃ→d + a) + voca	§34
→	e + (t + a +d) + (a) + voca	§11
→	etadavoca

§35 (34): Ya va ma da na ta ra lā cāgamā (And `y`, `v`, `m`, `d`, `n`, `t`, `r`, `l` insertion) apavada

option	from	operation	to	after
(vā)		āgamā	ya va ma da na ta ra lā	sare
ca	ma	(ādesa)	pa	sare
ca	ka	(ādesa)	da	sare
ca	da	(ādesa)	ta	sare
(optionally)		insert	`y`	vowel
(optionally)		insert	`v`	vowel
(optionally)		insert	`m`	vowel
(optionally)		insert	`d`	vowel
(optionally)		insert	`n`	vowel
(optionally)		insert	`t`	vowel
(optionally)		insert	`r`	vowel
(optionally)		insert	`l`	vowel
and	`m`	(replace)	`p`	vowel
and	`k`	(replace)	`d`	vowel
and	`d`	(replace)	`t`	vowel

Sare pare yakāro vakāro makāro dakāro nakāro takāro rakāro lakāro ime āgamā honti vā.

Nayimassa vijjā,³⁰
yathayidaṃ cittaṃ.

Migī bhantā vudikkhati,
sittā te lahu messati,
asittā te garu messati.

Asso bhadro kasāmiva,
sammadaññā vimuttānaṃ.

Manasādaññā vimuttānaṃ,
attadatthamabhiññāya.

Ciraṃnāyati,
ito nāyati.

Yasmātiha bhikkhave,
tasmātiha bhikkhave,
ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ.

Sabbhireva samāsetha,
āraggeriva sāsapo,
sāsaporiva āraggā.

Chaḷabhiññā,
saḷāyatanaṃ.

Vāti kasmā?

Evaṃ mahiddhiyā esā³¹,

akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me,
ajeyyo anugāmiko.

Caggahaṇena idheva makārassa pakāro hoti.

Cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ.

Kakārassa ca dakāro hoti.

Sadatthapasuto siyā.

Dakārassa ca takāro hoti,

sugato.

Optionally, y, v, m, d, n, t, r, ḷ are inserted before a vowel.³²

nayimassa vijjā
(22J 3.1.9: Tirīṭavacchajātaka)
🔼(na) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚺①⨀(vijjā)
no | of this | knowledge

	na + imassa	rule
→	na + (y) + imassa	§35
→	nayimassa

yathayidaṃ cittaṃ
(15A1 5.7: Paṇihitaacchavagga)
🔼(yathā) 🚻①⨀(ima) 🚻①⨀(citta)
just as | this | mind

	yathā + idaṃ	rule
→	yathā + (y) + idaṃ	§35
→	yath + (ā→a) + y + idaṃ	§26
→	yathayidaṃ

migī bhantā vudikkhati³³
(23J 18.1.2: Ummādantījātaka)
🚺①⨀(migī) 🚺①⨀(bhanta) ▶️🤟⨀(udikkhati)
doe | swerving | perceive

	bhantā + udikkhati	rule
→	bhantā + (v) + udikkhati	§35
→	bhantāvudikkhati

sittā te lahu messati
(18Dh 25.7: Sambahulabhikkhuvatthu)
🚺①⨀(sitta) 🤘③⨀(tvaṃ) 🚺①⨀(lahu) ⏯🤟⨀(eti)
emptied | by you | fast | will become

	lahu + essati	rule
→	lahu + (m) + essati	§35
→	lahumessati

asittā te garu messati
🚺①⨀(asitta) 🤘③⨀(tvaṃ) 🚺①⨀(garu) ⏯🤟⨀(eti)
nonemptied | by you | heavy | will become

	garu + essati	rule
→	garu + (m) + essati	§35
→	garumessati

asso bhadro kasāmiva
(18Dh 10.10: Pilotikatissattheravatthu)
🚹①⨀(assa) 🚹①⨀(bhadra) 🚺①⨀(kasā) 🔼(iva)
horse | fine | whip | like

	kasā + iva	rule
→	kasā + (m) + iva	§35
→	kasāmiva

sammadaññā vimuttānaṃ
(18Dh 4.11: Godhikattheraparinibbānavatthu)
🚺①⨀(sammadaññā) 🚹⑥⨂(vimutta)
complete understanding | of liberation

	sammā + aññā	rule
→	sammā + (d) + aññā	§35
→	sammadaññā

manasādaññā vimuttānaṃ
🚹③⨀(manas) 🚺③⨀(aññā) 🚹⑥⨂(vimutta)
with mind | awakening | of liberation

	manasā + aññā	rule
→	manasā + (d) + aññā	§35
→	manasādaññā

attadatthamabhiññāya
(18Dh 12.10: Attadatthattheravatthu)
🚹②⨀(attadattha) 🚺③⨀(abhiñña)
one own’s benefit | with direct knowledge

	attadattha + abhiññāya	rule
→	attadattha + (m) + abhiññāya	§35
→	attadatthamabhiññāya

tasmātiha bhikkhave
(7D 3.20: Ānandayācanakathā)
🚹⑤⨀(ta) 🔼(iha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu)
from that | here | bhikkhave

	tasmā + iha	rule
→	tasmā + (t) + iha	§35
→	tasmātiha

ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ
(6D 10.3: Paññākkhandha)
🔼(ajjatagge) 🚹②⨀(pāṇupeta)
from today onwards | until death

	ajja + agga + e	rule
→	ajja + (a + g) + (g + a) + (e)	§10
→	ajja + a + g + g + (a + e)	§12
→	ajja + (t) + a + g + g + e	§35
→	ajja + (t + a) + g + (g + e)	§11
→	ajjatagge

sabbhireva samāsetha
(12S1 1.4.1: Sabbhisutta)
🚹③⨂(santa) 🔼(eva) 🔵⏯🤟⨀(samāseti)
with the good | only | one should keep company

	sabbhi + eva	rule
→	sabbhi + (r) + eva	§35
→	sabbhireva

āraggeriva sāsapo
(10M 5.8: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🚻⑦⨀(āragga) 🔼(iva) 🚹①⨀(sāsapa)
in pin point | like | mustard seed

	āragge + iva	rule
→	āragge + (r) + iva	§35
→	āraggeriva

sāsaporiva āraggā
(10M 5.8: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🚹①⨀(sāsapa) 🔼(iva) 🚻③⨀(āragga)
mustard seed | like | with pin-point

	sāsapo + iva	rule
→	sāsapo + (r) + iva	§35
→	sāsaporiva

chaḷabhiññā
(12S1 8.1.7: Pavāraṇāsutta)
🚹①⨂(chaḷabhiñña)
having six higher knowledges

	cha + abhiññā	rule
→	cha + (ḷ) + abhiññā	§35
→	chaḷabhiññā

saḷāyatanaṃ
(3V 1.1: Bodhikathā)
🔼(cha) 🚻①⨀(āyatana)
six | sense bases

	cha + āyatanaṃ	rule
→	cha + (ḷ) + āyatanaṃ	§35
→	(ch→s) + a + ḷ + āyatanaṃ	§571
→	saḷāyatanaṃ

The cha of this word appears as sa: the Kibbidhāna states the change for this very word (chaāyatanamhi chassa saḷo hoti) under §571 (624): Paccayādaniṭṭhā nipātanā sijjhanti. The insertion of ḷ is the same as in chaḷabhiññā.

evaṃ mahiddhiyā esā
(18Kh 8: Nidhikaṇḍasutta)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚺①⨀(maha) 🚺③⨀(iddhi) 🚺①⨀(eta)
thus | great | with psychic power | this

	mahā + iddhiyā	rule
→	ma + (h + ā) + (i) + ddhiyā	§10
→	ma + h + (ā + i) + ddhiyā	§12
→	ma + (h + i) + ddhiyā	§11
→	mahiddhiyā

cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ
(18Dh 16.9: Nandiyavatthu)
🚹②⨀(cirappavāsī) 🚹②⨀(purisa)
who is long absent from home | person

	ciraṃ + pavāsīṃ	rule
→	ci + (r + a + ṃ) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ	§10
→	ci + r + a + (ṃ→m + p) + a + vāsīṃ	§31
→	ci + r + a + (m→p + p) + a + vāsīṃ	§35
→	ci + (r + a + p) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ	§11
→	cirappavāsiṃ

sadatthapasuto siyā
(18Dh 12.10: Attadatthattheravatthu)
🚹①⨀(sadatthapasuta) ⏯🤟⨀(siyā)
intent on one’s own benefit | will be

	sa + kattha + pasuto	rule
→	sa + (k→d) attha + pasuto	§35
→	sadatthapasuto

sugado rule

→ suga + (d→t + o) §35

→ sugato

§36 (47): Kvaci o byañjane (Occasionally, `o` before consonant) apavada

Byañjane pare kvaci okārāgamo hoti.

Atippago kho tāva sāvatthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carituṃ.

Parosahassaṃ.

Kvacīti³⁴ kasmā?

Etha passathimaṃ lokaṃ,

andhībhūto ayaṃ loko.

Occasionally, there is insertion of o before consonant.

atippago kho tāva sāvatthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carituṃ
(6D 9.1: Poṭṭhapādaparibbājakavatthu)
🔼(atippago kho) 🔼(tāva) 🚺⑦⨀(sāvatthī) 🚹④⨀(piṇḍa) 🔼(carituṃ)
too early to | indeed | now | at Sāvatthī | for alms | walk

	atippage + kho	rule
→	atippa + (g + e) + (o) + kho	§10
→	atippa + g + e + (o) + kho	§36
→	atippa + g + (e + o) + kho	§12
→	atippa + (g + o) + kho	§11
→	atippago

parosahassaṃ
(6D 3.2: Ambaṭṭhamāṇava)
🚻①⨀(parosahassa)
more than 1000

	para + sahassaṃ	rule
→	pa + (r + a) + (s + a) + hassaṃ	§10
→	pa + r + a + (o) + s + a + hassaṃ	§36
→	pa + r + (a + o) + s + a + hassaṃ	§12
→	pa + (r + o) + (s + a) + hassaṃ	§11
→	parosahassaṃ

etha passathimaṃ lokaṃ
(18Dh 13.4: Abhayarājakumāravatthu)
▶️🤘⨂(eti) ⏯🤘⨂(passati) 🚻①⨀(ima) 🚹②⨀(loka)
come you all | must lok | this | world

	passatha + imaṃ	rule
→	passa + (th + a) + (i) + maṃ	§10
→	passa + th + (a + i) + maṃ	§12
→	passa + (th + i) + maṃ	§11
→	passathimaṃ

§37 (57): Niggahitañca (And `niggahita`) apavada

option	from	operation	to	after
(kvaci)		(āgamā)	niggahitaṃ	(byañjane)
(kvaci)		(āgamā)	niggahitaṃ	(sare)
ca	vi	(āgamā)	pa	(byañjane)
(occasionally)		(insert)	`ṃ`	(consonant)
(occasionally)		(insert)	`ṃ`	(vowel)
and	`vi`	(replace)	`pa`	(vowel)

Niggahitañcāgamo hoti sare vā byañjane vā pare kvaci.

Cakkhuṃudapādi,
avaṃsiro,
yāvañcidha bhikkhave purimaṃ jātiṃ sarāmi,³⁶
aṇuṃthūlāni sabbaso,
manopubbaṅgamā dhammā.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Idheva naṃ pasaṃsanti,
pecca sagge pamodati,
na hi etehi yānehi,
gaccheyya agataṃ disaṃ.

Caggahaṇena visaddassa ca pakāro hoti.

Pacessati, vicessati vā.

Occasionally, a niggahita is inserted before a vowel or consonant.

cakkhuṃudapādi
(3V 1.6: Pañcavaggiyakathā)
🚻①⨀(cakkhu) ⏮🤟⨀(udapādi)
eye | arose

	cakkhu + udapādi	rule
→	cakkhu + (ṃ + u) + dapādi	§37
→	cakkhuṃudapādi

yāvañcidha bhikkhave purimaṃ jātiṃ sarāmi³⁷
(28Mi 3.7.1: Satiuppajjanapañha)
🚻①⨀(yāvant) 🔼(ca idha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚺②⨀(purima) 🚺②⨀(jāti) ▶️👆⨀(sarati)
as many as | and | here | bhikkhave | past | life | recollect

	yāva + ca + idha	rule
→	yāva + (ṃ) + ca + idha	§37
→	yāva + (ṃ→ñ) + ca + idha	§31
→	yāvañ + c + (a + i) + dha	§12
→	yāvañcidha

aṇuṃthūlāni sabbaso
(18Dh 19.6: Hatthakavatthu)
🚻①⨂(aṇu) 🚻①⨂(thūla) 🔼(sabbaso)
minute | gross | altogether

	aṇu + thūlāni	rule
→	aṇu + (ṃ + t) + hūlāni	§37
→	aṇuṃthūlāni

manopubbaṅgamā dhammā
(18Dh 1.1: Cakkhupālattheravatthu)
🚹③⨀(manopubbaṅgama) 🚹③⨀(dhamma)
led by mind | by nature

	mano + pubba + gama	rule
→	mano + pub + (b + a) + (g + a)+ ma	§10
→	mano + pub + b + a + (ṃ) + g + a + ma	§37
→	mano + pub + (b + a + ṃ→ṅ) + g + a + ma	§31
→	mano + pub + (b + a + ṅ) + (g + a) + ma	§11
→	manopubbaṅgamā

idheva naṃ pasaṃsanti
(12S1 3.3.5: Pabbatūpamasutta)
🔼(idheva) 🚻①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨂(pasaṃsati)
right here | that | praise

	idha + eva	rule
→	i + (dh + a) + (e) + va	§10
→	i + dh + (a + e) + va	§12
→	i + (dh + e) + va	§11
→	idheva

§38 (53): Kvaci lopaṃ (Occasionally, elision) apavada

Niggahitaṃ kho sare pare kvaci lopaṃ pappoti.

Tāsāhaṃ santike,

vidūnaggamiti.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Ahameva nūna bālo³⁸

etamatthaṃ viditvāna.

Occasionally, the niggahita before a vowel is elided.

tāsāhaṃ santike
(2V 2.2.10: Sikkhaṃpaccācikkhaṇasikkhāpada)
🚻⑥⨂(ta) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹⑦⨀(santika)
of that | I | near

	tāsaṃ + ahaṃ	rule
→	tā + (s + a + ṃ) + (a) + haṃ	§10
→	tā + s + a + (ṃ) + a + haṃ	§38
→	tā + s + (a + a) + haṃ	§12
→	tā + (s + a) + haṃ	§11
→	tāsāhaṃ

vidūnaggamiti
🚹⑥⨂(vidū) 🚻①⨀(agga) 🔼(iti)
of wise men | foremost | and so

	vidūnaṃ + aggaṃ + iti	rule
→	vidū + (n + a + ṃ) + (a) + g + (g + a + ṃ) + (i) + ti	§10
→	vidū + n + a + (ṃ) + a + g + g + a + ṃ + i + ti	§38
→	vidū + n + (a + a) + g + g + a + ṃ + i + ti	§12
→	vidū + n + a + g + g + a + (ṃ→m + i) + ti	§34
→	vidū + (n + a) + g + (g + a) + (m + i) + ti	§11
→	vidūnaggamiti

etamatthaṃ viditvāna
(2V 2.4.8.6: Khīyanadhammasikkhāpada)
🚹②⨀(eta) 🚹②⨀(attha) 🔼(viditvāna)
this | meaning | having perceived

	etaṃ + atthaṃ	rule
→	eta + (ṃ→m + a) + tthaṃ	§34
→	etamatthaṃ

§39 (54): Byañjane ca (And before consonant) apavada

Niggahitaṃ kho byañjane pare kvaci lopaṃ pappoti.

Ariyasaccānadassanaṃ,

etaṃ buddhānasāsanaṃ.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Etaṃ maṅgalamuttamaṃ,

taṃ vo vadāmi bhaddante.

Occasionally, the niggahita before a consonant is elided.

ariyasaccānadassanaṃ
(18Sn 2.4: Maṅgalasutta)
🚻①⨀(ariyasaccānadassana)
understanding the noble truths

	ariyasaccānaṃ + dassana	rule
→	ariyasaccāna + (ṃ + d) + assana	§39
→	ariyasaccānadassanaṃ

etaṃ buddhānasāsanaṃ
(18Dh 14.4: Ānandattherapañhavatthu)
🚻①⨀(eta) 🚻①⨀(buddhānasāsana)
this | Buddhas’ teaching

	buddhānaṃ + sāsana	rule
→	buddhāna + (ṃ + s) + āsana	§39
→	buddhānasāsanaṃ

etaṃ maṅgalamuttamaṃ
(18Sn 2.4: Maṅgalasutta)
🚻①⨀(eta) 🚻①⨀(maṅgala) 🚻①⨀(uttama)
this | blessing | best

	maṅgalaṃ + uttamaṃ	rule
→	maṅga + (l + a + ṃ) + (u) + ttamaṃ	§10
→	maṅga + l + a + (ṃ→m + u) + ttamaṃ	§34
→	maṅga + l + a + (m + u) + ttamaṃ	§11
→	maṅgalamuttamaṃ

§40 (55): Paro vāsaro (Optionally, next vowel) apavada

Niggahitamhā paro saro lopaṃ pappoti vā.

Bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti,
uttattaṃva,
yathābījaṃva,
yathādhaññaṃva.

Vāti kasmā?

Ahameva nūna bālo,
etadahosi.

Optionally, next vowel following niggahita is elided.

bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti
(6D 1.5: Vivaṭṭakathādi)
🚻①⨀(bhāsita) ⏮🤟⨂(abhinandi) 🔼(iti)
speech | they were pleased with | like this

	abhinanduṃ + iti	rule
→	abhinan + (d + u + ṃ) + (i) + ti	§10
→	abhinan + d + u + (ṃ + i) + ti	§40
→	abhinan + d + u + (ṃ→n + i) + ti	§34
→	abhinan + (d + u + n) + ti	§11
→	abhinandunti

uttattaṃva
🚻①⨀(uttatta) 🔼(iva)
shining | like

	uttattaṃ + iva	rule
→	uttat + (t + a + ṃ) + (i) + va	§10
→	uttat + t + a + (ṃ + i) + va	§40
→	uttat + (t + a + ṃ) + va	§11
→	uttattaṃva

yathābījaṃva
🔼(yathā) 🚻①⨀(bīja) 🔼(iva)
as per | seed | like this

	yathā + bījaṃ + iva	rule
→	yathā + bī + (j + a + ṃ) + (i) + va	§10
→	yathā + bī + j + a + (ṃ + i) + va	§40
→	yathā + bī + (j + a + ṃ) + va	§11
→	yathābījaṃva

yathādhaññaṃva
🔼(yathā) 🚻①⨀(dhañña) 🔼(iva)
as per | crop | like this

	yathā + dhaññaṃ + iva	rule
→	yathā + dhañ + (ñ + a + ṃ) + (i) + va	§10
→	yathā + dhañ + ñ + a + (ṃ + i) + va	§40
→	yathā + dhañ + (ñ + a + ṃ) + va	§11
→	yathādhaññaṃva

ahameva nūna bālo
🔼(ahameva) 🔼(nūna) 🚹①⨀(bāla)
I am just | could it be | foolish

	ahaṃ + eva	rule
→	a + (h + a + ṃ) + (e) + va	§10
→	a + h + a + (ṃ→m + e) + va	§34
→	a + h + a + (m + e) + va	§11
→	ahameva

§41 (56): Byañjano ca visaññogo (And consonant detached) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to
(lutte)	(niggahītamhā ~~parasmiṃ sare~~)	(byañjano sasaññogo)	visaññogo	byañjano
ca		tiṇṇaṃ byañjanānamantare ye sarūpā	(visaññogo)	(byañjano)
(elision)	(`ṃ` + ~~vowel~~)	doubled consonant	(detach)	single consonant
and		identical consonants among three	(detach)	single consonant

Niggahitamhā parasmiṃ sare lutte yadi byañjano sasaññogo visaññogo hoti.

Evaṃsa te āsavo,³⁹

pupphaṃsā uppajji.

Lutteti kasmā?

Evamassa vidūnaggamiti.

Caggahaṇena tiṇṇaṃ byañjanānamantare ye sarūpā, tesampi lopo hoti.

Agyāgāraṃ,

paṭisanthāravutyassa.

When vowel following niggahita is elided, if (next) consonant is a double consonant, it becomes single consonant.

evaṃsa te āsavā
(10M 1.4: Potaliyasutta)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚹①⨂(ta) 🚹①⨂(āsava)
thus | of this | those | discharges

	evaṃ + assa	rule
→	e + (v + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa	§10
→	e + v + a + (ṃ + a) + ssa	§40
→	e + v + a + ṃ + (ss→s) + a	§41
→	e + (v + a + ṃ) + (s + a)	§11
→	evaṃsa

pupphaṃsā uppajji
(1V 1.1.1.1: Sudinnabhāṇavāra)
🚻①⨀(puppha) 🚺⑥⨀(ima) ⏮🤟⨀(uppajji)
menses | of her | arose

	pupphaṃ + assā	rule
→	pup + (ph + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa	§10
→	pup + ph + a + (ṃ + a) + ssa	§40
→	pup + ph + a + ṃ + (ss→s) + a	§41
→	pup + (ph + a + ṃ) + (s + a)	§11
→	pupphaṃsā

evamassa
(1V 1.2.6: Kuṭikārasikkhāpada)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
thus | to him

	evaṃ + assa	rule
→	e + (v + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa	§10
→	e + v + a + (ṃ→m + a) + ssa	§34
→	e + (v + a + m) + (a) + ssa	§11
→	evamassa

The vowel after the niggahita is not elided (the niggahita becomes m by §34 instead), so the double ss of assa remains.

vidūnaggamiti
🚹⑥⨂(vidū) 🚻①⨀(agga) 🔼(iti)
of the wise | foremost | thus

	vidūnaṃ + aggaṃ + iti	rule
→	vidū + (n + a + ṃ) + (a) + g + (g + a + ṃ) + (i) + ti	§10
→	vidū + n + a + (ṃ) + a + g + g + a + ṃ + i + ti	§38
→	vidū + n + (a + a) + g + g + a + ṃ + i + ti	§12
→	vidū + n + a + g + g + a + (ṃ→m + i) + ti	§34
→	vidū + (n + a) + g + (g + a) + (m + i) + ti	§11
→	vidūnaggamiti

Here it is the niggahita itself that is elided (§38) and the preceding a (§12), not the vowel following the niggahita, so the conjunct gg of aggaṃ is not reduced.

agyāgāraṃ
(2V 1.5.6.1: Surāpānasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(agyāgāra)
room for keeping the sacred fire

	aggi + agāraṃ	rule
→	ag + (g + i) + (a) + gāraṃ	§10
→	ag + g + (i→y) + a + gāraṃ	§21
→	a + (gg→g + y) + a + gāraṃ	§41
→	a + (g + y + a) + gāraṃ	§11
→	agyāgāraṃ

paṭisanthāravutyassa
(18Dh 25.7: Sambahulabhikkhuvatthu)
🔼(paṭisanthāravutyassa)
one should be cordial by nature

	vutti + assa	rule
→	vut + (t + i) + (a) + ssa	§10
→	vut + t + (i→y) + a + ssa	§21
→	vu + (tt→t + y) + a + ssa	§41
→	vu + (t + y + a) + ssa	§11
→	vutyassa

Iti sandhikappe catuttho kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the fourth section of the sandhi chapter.

Pañcamakaṇḍa (Fifth Section - Miscellaneous `sandhi`)

§42 (32): Gosare puthassāgamo kvaci (Occasionally, insertion of `g` after `putha` before vowel) apavada

Puthaiccetassa ante sare pare kvaci gakārāgamo hoti.

Puthage va.

[Kvacīti kasmā? Putha eva.]

Occasionally, in a word ending with putha followed by a vowel, g is inserted (in between).

§43 (33): Pāssa canto rasso (And after finishing [inserting `g`], `pā` is shortened) apavada

Pāiccetassa ante sare pare kvaci gakārāgamo hoti, anto ca saro rasso hoti.

Pageva vutyassa.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Pā eva vutyassa.

Occasionally, in a word ending with pā followed by a vowel, g is inserted (in between), and the end vowel of pā is shortened to pa.

pageva vutyassa
🔼(pageva) 🚺⓪⨀(vutti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
all the more | of this way of life

	pā + eva	rule
→	(pā) + (e) + va	§10
→	pā + (g) + (e) + va	§43
→	p + (ā→a) + g + (e) + va	§43
→	(pa) + (g + e) + va	§11
→	pageva

§44 (24): Abbho abhi (from `abhi` to `abbh`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		abhi	(pappoti)	abbho	(sare)
		`abhi`	(replace)	`abbh`	(vowel)

There is no option marker: the vutti states the replacement without kvaci, and the following rules (§46 (26): Te na vā ivaṇṇe) supply the exceptions.

Abhiiccetassa sare pare abbhādeso hoti.

Abbhudīritaṃ,

abbhuggacchati.

abhi followed by vowel is replaced by abbh.

abbhuggacchati
(3V 6.14: Pāṭaligāmavatthu)
🔼(abhi) ▶️🤟⨀(uggacchati)
highly | rises

	abhi + uggacchati	rule
→	(abhi→abbh) + uggacchati	§44
→	abbhuggacchati

§45 (25): Ajjho adhi (from `adhi` to `ajjh`) apavada

Adhiiccetassa sare pare ajjhādeso hoti.

Ajjhokāse,

ajjhāgamā.

adhi followed by vowel is replaced by ajjh.

§46 (26): Te na vā ivaṇṇe (those rules do not apply before `i` sound) apavada

option	from	operation	after
na vā	(abhi)		ivaṇṇe
na vā	(adhi)		ivaṇṇe
restriction	`abhi`	(no change)	`i`
restriction	`abhi`	(no change)	`ī`
restriction	`adhi`	(no change)	`i`
restriction	`adhi`	(no change)	`Ī`

This is a restriction on §44 and §45. Note that the relevant option marker is still vā as this rule is a negation of it, as can be confirmed by the vutti.

Te ca kho abhiadhiiccete ivaṇṇe pare abbho ajjhoitivuttarūpā na⁴¹ honti vā.

Abhicchitaṃ,

adhīritaṃ.

Vāti kasmā?

Abbhīritaṃ,

ajjhiṇamutto.

Optionally, abhi and adhi before the i sound (i and ī) do not become abbh and ajjh.

§47 (23): Atissa canatassa⁴² (`ati` not replaced with `c`) apavada

option	from	operation	after
na	atissa (tisaddo)	(vuttarūpaṃ na hoti)	(ivaṇṇe)
prohibition	`ti` of `ati`	(not replaced by `c`)	`i`
prohibition	`ti` of `ati`	(not replaced by `c`)	`ī`

This is a prohibition of §19 (22): Sabbo caṃti, not an option: the vutti has no vā, so the ti of ati is never replaced by c before the i sound.⁴³ ivaṇṇe (before the i sound), carried over from the previous rule, is the condition of the prohibition, and the counter-example accantaṃ shows §19 applying as usual before other vowels.

Atiiccetassa antabhūtassa tisaddassa ivaṇṇe pare ‘‘sabbo caṃ tī’’ti vuttarūpaṃ na hoti.

Atīsigaṇo,

atīritaṃ.

Ivaṇṇeti kasmā?

Accantaṃ.

The ti of word ati is not replaced with c via (§19 (22): Sabbo caṃti) when followed by i sound (i and ī).

atīsigaṇo
🔼(ati) 🚹①⨀(isi) 🚹①⨀(gaṇa)
too | sage | with group

	ati + isi + gaṇo	rule
→	a + (t + i) + (i) + si + gaṇo	§10
→	a + t + (i + i) + si + gaṇo	§12
→	a + t + (i→ī) + si + gaṇo	§15
→	a + (t + ī) + si + gaṇo	§11
→	atīsigaṇo

atīritaṃ
(24Mn 1.14: Tuvaṭakasuttaniddesa)
🔼(ati) 🚻①⨀(īrita)
exceedingly | uttered

	ati + īritaṃ	rule
→	a + (t + i) + (ī) + ritaṃ	§10
→	a + t + (i + ī) + ritaṃ	§12
→	a + (t + ī) + ritaṃ	§11
→	atīritaṃ

accantaṃ
(11M 1.7: Gaṇakamoggallānasutta)
🚻①⨀(accanta)
final

	ati + antaṃ	rule
→	a + (t + i) + (a) + ntaṃ	§10
→	a + (ti→c + a) + ntaṃ	§19
→	(a + c→cc) + a + ntaṃ	§28
→	a + (cc + a) + ntaṃ	§11
→	accantaṃ

§48 (43): Kvaci paṭi patissa (Occasionally, `pati` becomes `paṭi`) apavada

Patiiccetassa sare vā byañjane vā pare kvaci paṭiādeso hoti.

Paṭaggi dātabbo,⁴⁴

paṭihaññati.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Paccantimesu janapadesu,

patilīyati,

patirūpadesavāso ca.

Occasionally, pati followed by vowel or consonant is replaced by paṭi.

paṭaggi dātabbo
(4V 5.1: Khuddakavatthu)
🚹①⨀(paṭaggi) 🚹①⨀(dātabba)
counter fire | should be given

	pati + aggi	rule
→	pati + (a) + ggi	§10
→	(pati→paṭi) + (a) + ggi	§48
→	pa + ṭ + (i + a) + ggi	§12
→	pa + (ṭ + a) + ggi	§11
→	paṭaggi

paccantimesu janapadesu
(8D 10.9: Navaka)
🚹⑦⨂(paccantima) 🚹⑦⨂(janapada)
in outlying | in countries

	pati + antimesu	rule
→	pa + (t + i) + (a + n) + timesu	§10
→	pa + (ti→c + a) + ntimesu	§19
→	p + (a + c→cc) + a + ntimesu	§28
→	p + a + (cc + a) + ntimesu	§11
→	paccantimesu

§49 (44): Puthassu byañjane (`putha` ending becomes `u` before consonant) apavada

option	from	operation	to	after
(kvaci)	puthassa	(pappoti)	`puthu`	byañjane
(kvaci)	antaggahaṇena aputhassāpi sare pare antassa	(pappoti)	ukāro	(byañjane)
(occasionally)	`putha`	(replace)	`puthu`	consonant
(occasionally)	end vowel of a word not ending with `putha`	(replace)	`u`	(consonant)

Puthaiccetassa anto saro byañjane pare ukāro hoti.

Puthujjano,

puthubhūtaṃ.

Antaggahaṇena aputhassāpi sare pare antassa ukāro hoti.

manuññaṃ.

The end vowel of “putha” followed by consonant becomes “u”.

manuññaṃ
(10M 2.6: Laṭukikopamasutta)
🚻①⨀(manuñña)
beautiful

	mano + ñaṃ	rule
→	ma + (n + o) + (ñ + a + ṃ)	§10
→	ma + n + (o→u) + ñ + a + ṃ	§49
→	ma + n + (u + ñ→ññ) + a + ṃ	§28
→	ma + (n + u) + (ññ + a + ṃ)	§11
→	manuññaṃ

§50 (45): O avassa (From `ava` to `o`) apavada

Avaiccetassa byañjane pare kvaci okāro hoti.

Andhakārena onaddhā.

Kvacīti kasmā?

Avasussatu me sarīre maṃsalohitaṃ.

Occasionally, “ava” followed by consonant becomes “o”.

andhakārena onaddhā
(18Dh 11.1: Visākhāyasahāyikānaṃvatthu)
🚹③⨀(andhakāra) 🚹⑤⨀(onaddha)
with darkness | enveloped with

	ava + naddhā	rule
→	(ava→o) + naddhā	§50
→	onaddhā

§51 (59): Anupadiṭṭhānaṃ vuttayogato (For those not individually taught, by applying the rules stated) vidhyaṅga

Anupadiṭṭhānaṃ upasagganipātānaṃ sarasandhīhi byañjanasandhīhi vuttasandhīhi ca yathāyogaṃ yojetabbaṃ.

Pāpanaṃ,
parāyaṇaṃ,
upāyanaṃ,
upāhanaṃ,
nyāyogo,
nirupadhi,⁴⁵
anubodho,
duvūpasantaṃ, suvūpasantaṃ,
dvālayo, svālayo,
durākhyātaṃ, svākhyāto,
udīritaṃ,
samuddiṭṭhaṃ,
viyaggaṃ,
vijjhaggaṃ,
byaggaṃ,
avayāgamanaṃ,
anveti,
anupaghāto,
anacchariyaṃ,
pariyesanā,
parāmāso,

evaṃ sare ca honti.

Pariggaho,
paggaho,
pakkamo,
parakkamo,
nikkamo,
nikkasāvo,
nillayanaṃ,
dullayanaṃ,
dubbhikkhaṃ,
dubbuttaṃ,⁴⁶
sandiṭṭhaṃ,
duggaho,
viggaho,
niggato,
abhikkamo,
paṭikkamo,

evaṃ byañjane ca.

Sesā sabbe yojetabbā.

For the upasagga (prefixes) and nipāta (particles) not individually taught [above], the vowel sandhis, the consonant sandhis and the [other] sandhis stated⁴⁷ are to be applied as applicable.⁴⁸

Before vowels.

word	derivation	rule	meaning	reference
pāpanaṃ	pa + √ap + *e + ana	§12	attaining
parāyaṇaṃ	parā + √i + *aṇa	§13	destined	(20Ap1 40.3: Sabbakittikattheraapadāna)
upāyanaṃ	upa + ā + √i	§12	tribute	(20Ap1 1.8: Upālittheraapadāna)
upāhanaṃ	upa + ā + √nah + a	§12	sandals	(3V 1.18: Ācariyavattakathā)
nyāyogo	ni + ā + √yuj + *e + a	§21	without devotion
nirupadhi	ni + upa + √dhā	§35	without attachment	(10M 2.6: Laṭukikopamasutta)
anubodho	anu + √budh + *a	§36	knowledge	(16A7 2.2.2: Sattasūriyasutta)
duvūpasantaṃ	du + upa + √sam + ta	§35	difficulty calming	(5V 11.1: Ukkoṭanabhedādi)
suvūpasantaṃ	su + upa + √sam + ta	§35	easy calming	(4V 12.2: Dutiyabhāṇavāra)
dvālayo	du + ā + √lī + *a	§18	bad attachment
svālayo	su + ā + √lī + *a	§18	good attachment
durākhyātaṃ	du + ā + √khyā + ta	§35	wrongly proclaimed
svākhyāto	su + ā + √khyā + ā	§18	well proclaimed
udīritaṃ	u + √īr + ita	§35	uttered	(20Ap1 49.9: Dhammaruciyattheraapadāna)
samuddiṭṭhaṃ	saṃ + ud + √dis + ta	§34	explained	(38P2 Anantara)
viyaggaṃ	vi + aggaṃ	§35	very highest
vijjhaggaṃ	vi + adhi + aggaṃ	§45 + §12	very highest
byaggaṃ	vi + aggaṃ	§21 + §20	very highest
avayāgamanaṃ	ava + ā + √gam + ana	§35	lower arrival
anveti	anu + √i + a + ti	§18 + §14	follows	(18Sn 5.12: Bhadrāvudhamāṇavapucchā)
anupaghāto⁴⁹	na + upa + √ghaṭ + *a	§12	not hurtful	(11M 1.3: Kintisutta)
anacchariyaṃ	a + acchara + iya	§12	natural	(4V 1.4: Paṭisāraṇīyakamma)
pariyesanā	pari + √es + anā	§35	searching	(7D 2.1: Paṭiccasamuppāda)
parāmāso⁵⁰	para + √mas + *a	§25	seizing	(13S3 1.1.5.4: Dutiyaaniccasutta)

Before consonants.

word	derivation	rule	meaning	reference
pariggaho	pari + √gah + a	§28	surrounding	(7D 2.1: Paṭiccasamuppāda)
paggaho	pa + √gah + a	§28	initial effort	(8D 10.2: Duka)
pakkamo	pa + √kam + a	§28	continued effort
parakkamo	para + √kam + a	§28	continued effort	(29Dhs 2.1.10.2: Kiriyāmanoviññāṇadhātusomanassasahagata)
nikkamo	nī + √kam + a	§28	endurance	(29Dhs 2.1.6: Dvādasa akusala)
nikkasāvo	nī + kasāya	§28	free from impurity	(3V 1.2: Ajapālakathā)
nillayanaṃ	ni + √lī + ana	§28	abode
dullayanaṃ	du + √lī + ana	§28	bad abode
dubbhikkhaṃ	du + √bhikkh + a	§28	famine	(3V 6.5: Antovuṭṭhādipaṭikkhepakathā)
dubbuttaṃ	du + √vac + ta	§28 + §20	badly spoken
sandiṭṭhaṃ	saṃ + √dis + ta	§31	well-pronounced	(25Cn 3.1: Paṭhamavagga)
duggaho	du + √gah + a	§28	wrong grasp
viggaho	vi + √gah + a	§28	quarrel	(2V 1.5.2.2: Aññavādakasikkhāpada)
niggato	nī + √gam + ta	§28	gone out
abhikkamo	abhi + √kam + a	§28	going forward	(10M 5.7: Dhanañjānisutta)
paṭikkamo	pati + √kam + a + a	§28	going backwards	(10M 5.7: Dhanañjānisutta)

Iti sandhikappe pañcamo kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the fifth section of the sandhi chapter.

Sandhikappo niṭṭhito.

The sandhi chapter is finished.

The CST4 edition misspells this as ekacattā līsa. ↩
api is “too”: the akkhara as well as the meaning of §1 are what the suttantas need, and suttantesu sopakārā is the predicate, echoing §1’s akkharakosallaṃ bahūpakāraṃ suttantesu; Senart’s text adds honti. Nothing in the Pāḷi speaks of akkhara “constructed from sounds”, as an earlier version of this page had it. Both translators render the sentence so: Nandisena (2005) “these letters which are forty one beginning with ‘a’ are very useful in the Discourses”, Malai (1997) “those forty-one sounds beginning with a are useful in the context of sutta-s”. ↩
The vutti has a single object, pubbabyañjanaṃ: only the preceding consonant is stripped of its vowel here (in tatra + ayaṃ, the tr from its a), and the following word is not touched until §11 (14): Naye paraṃ yutte joins the bare consonant to parakkharaṃ; an earlier version of this page extended the operation to the first consonant of the following word, a step the text does not state. Both translators read it as here: Nandisena (2005) “making the previous consonant that lies below free from the vowel and putting the vowel above”, Malai (1997) “the preceding consonant is to be written below without vowel and … separated from vowel”. The derivation tables on this site use the label §10 more loosely, for the analysis of every unit at a junction. ↩
The CST4 edition misspells this as adhoṭhataṃ. ↩
parakkharaṃ is “the following akkhara”, a vowel as much as a consonant (§2), and in the vutti’s own example the bare m of abhiratiṃ is joined to the vowel i of iccheyya. Nandisena (2005) translates “to the following letter”, as here; Malai (1997) twice renders the word “the following consonant”, a slip that his own example contradicts. ↩
CST4 mispells this as kvacāsacaṇṇaṃ ↩
Ne’nāgatā is the pronoun ne (= te, “they”) + anāgatā, with the apostrophe marking the a elided by §13. It is the reading of CST4, of B1 among the manuscripts Malai cites, and of the Nyāsa, and both translators print it, Nandisena (2005) and Malai (1997). Senart alone has te’nāgatā; the Rūpasiddhi’s te nāgatā, puttā matthi, which an earlier version of this page followed, is Buddhappiya’s own set of examples, not a witness to the vutti. Under either pronoun the point is the same: the final e before a is not replaced by y. ↩
iti nettha is taken here, with the Nyāsa, as a second counter-example, ne + ettha → nettha, in which the e of ne is elided before e by §12 and again not replaced by y; Nandisena (2005) and Malai (1997) both read it so, Malai citing B1’s comma and the Nyāsa’s division ne + anāgatā, ne + ettha. The alternative is a closing remark, iti na ettha, “thus [the replacement does] not [take place] here”; what can be said for it is that Senart’s text, with T, S1 and S2 (B1 and CST4 omit it), closes the counter-examples of §15 (17): Dīghaṃ too with n’ettha, where e has no long grade to illustrate and the word can only be such a tag, or an echo of this one. ↩
CST4 prints cakkhāpāthamāgacchati, a form that has lost the very v the rule produces (cakkhu + āpāthaṃ → cakkhvāpāthaṃ) and would illustrate the elision of §12 instead. Senart’s edition and the Rūpasiddhi on this rule read cakkhvāpāthaṃ, and both translators have the v: Nandisena (2005) cakkhv āpātham āgacchati, Malai (1997) cakkhv āpāthaṃ āgacchanti, whose plural verb is immaterial. ↩
CST4 prints Vaggahaṇena; the sutta has no vā, and the word taken up is its ca, as the Rūpasiddhi on this rule confirms (casaddena … dhassa hakāro). Senart’s edition and all the manuscripts Malai cites read Casaddaggahaṇena, and Nandisena (2005) likewise prints Caggahaṇena, so the emendation is secure. Malai (1997) suggests in a general note that this ca continues the sabbo of §19, which is not what the vutti does with it (dha → h, then the suttavibhāga list); the vutti’s own use is followed here, as by Nandisena. Malai’s text also confirms tro ttassa (B1, S1, S2 and the Suttaniddesa), sake and niyako below against Senart’s tro tassa, sako and niko; Nandisena prints the same three forms. ↩
CST4 prints dassana mariyānaṃ; the junction is dassanam ariyānaṃ (18Dh 15.8: Sakkavatthu), with m inserted by §35 (34): Ya va ma da na ta ra lā cāgamā. ↩
The Rūpasiddhi on this rule states navāsaddo kvacisaddapariyāyo, “the word navā is a synonym of the word kvaci”, and the Kaccāyanavaṇṇanā likewise kvaci navā ca ekatthā, “kvaci and navā have the same meaning”; U Nandisena (2005) follows them. “Rarely” is this translation’s own reading, kept because the vutti of the next rule carries navā on as its option marker; nothing in the vutti itself grades navā as rarer than kvaci. Malai (1997) shares the premise that navā cannot simply repeat kvaci — “if it is so, Kaccāyana would not have repeated it in the rule” — but draws the opposite conclusion, taking na vā as plain optionality, “optionally changed into y”, that is as vā. So the commentaries and Nandisena equate navā with kvaci, Malai with vā, and none of them grades it as rarer than kvaci; “optionally (or not)” would be the literal rendering of na vā, and “rarely” is retained as the author’s reading. ↩
The CST4 vutti section numbers this sutta 23, 26, but (26) is the number of §46 (26): Te na vā ivaṇṇe in both of its sections; the CST4 sutta list has 23, 36, a number otherwise unused in this chapter, and is followed here. ↩
sāvittī is the Sāvitrī (Sanskrit sāvitrī), the verse to Savitṛ (Ṛgveda 3.62.10) that Vedic students recite first, as the Suttanipāta commentary on this line says: vede sajjhāyantehi paṭhamaṃ ajjhetabbo sāvittī chandaso mukhan ti vuttā (Pj II 456); the sun god is Savitā, a different word, and an earlier version of this page glossed the word so and as a plural. The form is 🚺①⨀, parallel to rājā mukhaṃ manussānaṃ in the same verse (Sn 568), and chandaso mukhaṃ is “foremost of the Vedic hymns (chandas)”. So Malai (1997), “a name of a Vedic mantra representing the Veda-s”; Nandisena (2005) lists the counter-example without glossing the word. ↩
The junctions jīvitam appam āyu are ordinary niggahita sandhi by §34 (52): Madā sare, so the counter-example cannot lie in a lack of sandhi there; what it shows is a long vowel before a consonant remaining long, the ī of upanīyati (or the ā of āyu). U Nandisena (2005) places it in upanīyati and remarks that the example is not a satisfactory one. ↩
Closest text Sa ve munī jātikhayantadassī ↩
Closest text eso dhūmo padissati ↩
CST4 prints cātuddasi, pañcaddasi, with the ending clipped. U Nandisena (2005) reads cātuddasiṃ, pañcaddasiṃ (A i 142), the ②⨀ forms the canon has (cātuddasiṃ pañcadasiṃ, “on the fourteenth, on the fifteenth”), which is the reading of B1 alone among the manuscripts Malai cites; T, S1, S2 and the Nyāsa have the ①⨀ cātuddasī, with pañcaddasī (T, the Nyāsa) or pañcadasī (S1, S2) — also canonical, cātuddasī pañcadasī, A i 144 — and Malai (1997) accepts either ending. The clipped CST4 form may be either; the doubling dd, which is the rule’s point, is the same in both. Malai also records that Senart omitted pañcaddasī as an interpolation; the two examples given here follow the manuscripts. ↩
Closest text abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro ca ↩
Closest text daḷhaṃ gaṇhāhi thāmasā ↩
pubbesaṃ is the reading of CST4 and, among the manuscripts Malai cites, of B1, S1 and S2 as well as the two Senart used (Cd, Sa); T has sabbesaṃ, “of all”. Senart found pubbesaṃ unintelligible, dropped it, and inserted paresaṃ after saramhā, “[the consonants] standing after [a vowel]”, a conjecture found in no manuscript, though it states the sense the Rūpasiddhi gives (saramhā parabhūtānaṃ); Malai (1997) records this and keeps pubbesaṃ, as does Nandisena (2005). The word is intelligible as “the earlier [consonants] of each vagga”, the first four, which excludes the voiced nasals — the very exclusion Buddhappiya has to argue for (vaggapañcamānaṃ satipi ghosatte tatiyappasaṅgo na hoti) and that Nandisena builds into his rendering, “the second and fourth letters (voiceless and voiced)”. ↩
Closest text dhammaṃ care sucaritaṃ ↩
The vutti’s form shows no m: by this rule ciraṃ + pavāsiṃ gives cirampavāsiṃ, the reading of T, S1 and S2 here, and the ca of §35 (34): Ya va ma da na ta ra lā cāgamā then turns that m into p (caggahaṇena idheva makārassa pakāro hoti: cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ), the two steps of the table below, which Nandisena (2005) derives in the same way. CST4, B1, Senart and the Dhammapada (18Dh 16.9: Nandiyavatthu) have the final cirappavāsiṃ, which Malai (1997) prints, explaining the pp from the Saddanīti’s m + p → pp. The Rūpasiddhi derives the word differently, eliding the niggahita by §39 (54): Byañjane ca and doubling the p by §28 (40): Para dvebhāvo ṭhāne. ↩
Closest text santaṃ tassa manaṃ hoti ↩
CST4 prints puggalaṃ as the example, a word in which no niggahita stands before l; the Rūpasiddhi on this rule and the Saddanīti give puṃliṅgaṃ → pulliṅgaṃ, the example used here. Malai (1997) reaches the same emendation independently: puggalaṃ is the reading of T, B1 and S1, and of the two manuscripts Senart used (Cd, Sa), but “is not applicable to the rule”, and Senart, the Saddanīti and the Moggallāna grammar read pulliṅgaṃ. Nandisena (2005) keeps puggalaṃ with the CST while calling it “not a satisfactory example” and asking pulliṅgaṃ? in a note that cites the Rūpasiddhi, the Saddanīti, Moggallāna and the Bālāvatāra. For the first example, tanniccutaṃ, CST4, the Rūpasiddhi (tanniccutaṃ taṃ niccutaṃ) and Nandisena agree on niccutaṃ, kept here; Senart’s edition, followed by Malai, has tan nibbutaṃ. ↩
CST4 misspells this as uṃ. ↩
Closest text paccattaññeva parinibbāyati. ↩
U Nandisena (2005), with the commentarial tradition, takes the vā of this rule as a fixed option (vavatthitavibhāsā): the niggahita becomes ñ only before eva and hi. The counter-examples bear this out, since etaṃ and hoti are words beginning with e and h other than these two. “Optionally” is kept here as the plain rendering of vā; the domain of the option is left to the examples to show. ↩
ñakāraṃ, a single ñ then doubled by §28 (40): Para dvebhāvo ṭhāne, is the reading of CST4 and of every manuscript Malai cites (T, B1, S1, S2, with Cd and Sa); the Nyāsa on §32 (ñakāraṃ katvā … paradvebhāvo ṭhāne ti dvebhāvañ ca katvā) and the Rūpasiddhi (ekāre ñādesassa dvibhāvo) obtain the ññ of paccattaññeva in the same two steps. Senart’s text has ññakāraṃ, and Malai (1997) translates it, “optionally changed into ññ”, against his own apparatus. Nandisena (2005) reads ñakāraṃ and translates “becomes ‘ñ’”, though his derivation writes sañ ñogo at this rule without a separate doubling step. ↩
Closest text nayimassa vijjāmayamatthi. ↩
Closest text evaṃ mahatthikā esā. ↩
The sutta reads lā in CST4 and Senart, ḷā in T and S2; the vutti’s own examples, chaḷabhiññā and saḷāyatanaṃ, insert ḷ, which is why ḷ is given here. Nandisena (2005) prints lā and translates “l”; Malai (1997) prints Senart’s lā while noting that the reading ḷā keeps with the vutti’s examples and that the manuscripts confuse l and ḷ throughout (on §2). ↩
The vutti treats the v as an inserted consonant, and the derivation follows it, as does Nandisena (2005), who lists bhantā-v-udikkhati without comment. The Jātaka commentary (Ja V 216) reads the line bhantamigī va maṃ udikkhati, “like a startled doe she looks at me”, where va is iva and nothing is inserted (migī + iva → migī'va); Malai (1997) records this reading, and B1’s remark that the example “needs examination” (udāharaṇam idaṃ vicāretabbaṃ), so the words above should not be taken as transparent. ↩
CST4 misspells this as Kvacīki. ↩
The vutti reads andhībhūto; the Dhammapada (18Dh 13.7: Pesakāradhītāvatthu) has andhabhūto, the form given here. Which junction the vutti has in mind is not clear: U Nandisena (2005), citing the Kaccāyana Bhāsāṭīkā, takes the counter-example to be andhībhūto ayaṃ rather than ayaṃ loko. ↩
Closest text jātiṃ saranti. ↩
CST4, with T and B1, gives this as one sentence, in which only yāvañ ca shows the inserted niggahita and purimaṃ jātiṃ are ordinary ②⨀ forms; Nandisena (2005) prints it so, derives only yāvañcidha, and calls purimaṃ jātiṃ “problematic”. The Nyāsa, Senart, S1, S2 and Cd divide it into two examples, yāvañ c'idha and purimaṃjāti, the compound “former birth” (Sanskrit pūrvajāti) with a niggahita inserted between its members, a second real example of the kind of avaṃsiro; Malai (1997) prefers this division as closer to the original. ↩
Closest text ahameva nūna bālā. ↩
Closest text evaṃsa te āsavā ↩
CST4 has no counter-example here, and Nandisena (2005), following it, gives none. Senart’s edition answers Kvacīti kasmā? with putha eva, and Malai (1997) prints it. Since the rule carries kvaci, and the parallel §43 (33): Pāssa canto rasso answers the same question with pā eva vutyassa, the fuller Sinhalese reading is probably the original, the loss in the Burmese line being an easy one; it is supplied in brackets in the vutti above. ↩
CST4 misspells this as naṃ. ↩
CST4 misspells this as cantassa. ↩
Malai (1997), in his note on the structure of the chapter, has the ca of this rule carry over the na vā of §46 (26): Te na vā ivaṇṇe, which would make the prohibition optional. The ca does fetch the negation from §46, but the vutti states the rule without vā (vuttarūpaṃ na hoti), and Malai’s own translation is unconditional, “is not changed into c”; Nandisena (2005) likewise, “does not apply”. The absolute reading is kept. ↩
Closest text is paṭaggiṃ dātuṃ. ↩
CST4 misspells this as nigupadhi. ↩
CST4 reads dubbuttaṃ, du + vuttaṃ, “badly spoken”, with v → bb by the ca of §20 (27): Do dhassa ca; dubbhuttaṃ, “badly eaten”, is also possible. ↩
vuttasandhīhi is “by the sandhis stated [above]”, vutta being the past participle of √vac, as the variant vuttehi sarasandhīhi recorded in the apparatus of U Nandisena (2005) makes explicit; taken as a third category, it covers the niggahita and mixed sandhis of the fourth and fifth sections. Nandisena himself translates “verse-sandhi”, as if vutta were Sanskrit vṛtta, “metre”, a sense the word does not carry here. Senart’s text has no ca after vuttasandhīhi, which makes the word a qualifier of the two preceding ones, “the vowel and consonant sandhis stated”, as Malai (1997) takes it (“the afore-mentioned rules of vowel-junction and consonantal junction”); CST4’s ca allows the third category kept here. ↩
anupadiṭṭhānaṃ, “not [individually] taught”, is a genitive plural qualifying upasagganipātānaṃ: the rule extends the sandhis already stated to the prefixes and particles the chapter has not treated one by one. yathāyogaṃ is “as applicable, as fits”, not “in the stated order”, as an earlier version of this page had it. Both translators read the sentence so: Nandisena (2005) “those forms of prefixes and particles, whose formations have not been shown, should be formed by the rules … mentioned before”, Malai (1997) “to be applied in a suitable manner to the prefixes and indeclinables not shown above”. ↩
U Nandisena (2005) derives anupaghāto and anacchariyaṃ from the prefix anu, while asking for the derivation to be checked; both words are privatives, “non-injury” and “not wonderful”, so their first member is the negative na, which becomes an before a vowel (§334 (345): Sare ana), as given here. The Dhammapada reads anūpaghāto, with the u lengthened by §15 (18Dh 14.4: Ānandattherapañhavatthu). ↩
The first member of parāmāso is uncertain: para + māso with lengthening by §25, as given here, or pari + āmāso with elision of the i by §12; U Nandisena (2005) raises the question without deciding it. ↩

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
kvaci		(sarā)	(pakati)	(sarā)	sare
occasionally		vowel1	unchanged	(vowel1)	vowel2

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
kvaci		(niggahitaṃ)	lopaṃ	(~~niggahitaṃ~~)	(sare)
occasionally		(`ṃ`)	elide	(ṃ)	(vowel)

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vā	(niggahitaṃ)	paro saro	(lopaṃ)	(~~paro saro~~)
optionally	(`ṃ`)	next vowel	(elide)	(~~next vowel~~)

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
kvaci	puthassa		āgamo	`go`	sare
occasionally	`putha`		insert	`g`	vowel

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(kvaci)		pāssa	(pappoti)	pago	(sare)
(occasionally)		`pā`	(replace)	`pag`	(vowel)

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
kvaci		patissa	(pappoti)	paṭi
occasionally		`pati`	(replace)	`paṭi`

	putha + jano	rule
→	(puth + a→u) + jano	§49
→	puthu + (j→jj)ano	§28
→	puthujjano

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(kvaci)		avassa	(pappoti)	`o`	(byañjane)
(occasionally)		`ava`	(replace)	`o`	consonant

1. Sandhikappa (`sandhi` chapter)

Paṭhamakaṇḍa (First Section - Definitions)

§1 (1): Attho akkharasaññāto (Meaning is represented by akkhara) sīhagatika

§2 (2): Akkharāpādayo ekacattālīsaṃ (41 akkhara starting with a) anvattha

§3 (3): Tatthodantā sarā aṭṭha ([From akkhara] eight ending with o: sara) anvattha

§4 (4): Lahumattā tayo rassā (3 short vowels: rassa) anvattha

§5 (5): Aññe dīghā (Other [sarā] are dīgha) anvattha

§6 (8): Sesā byañjanā (Remaining are byañjanā) anvattha

§7 (9): Vaggā pañcapañcaso mantā (vagga: 5 by 5 [byañjane] ending with ma) anvattha

§8 (10): Aṃ iti niggahitaṃ (aṃ represents niggahita) anvattha

§9 (11): Parasamaññā payoge (Other grammatical terms when applicable) saññaṅga

§10 (12): Pubbamadhoṭhita massaraṃ sarena viyojaye (In preceeding [word], detach vowel from vowelless [consonant]) vidhyaṅga

§11 (14): Naye paraṃ yutte (To conclude, attach next) vidhyaṅga

Dutiyakaṇḍa (Second Section - Vowel Sandhi)

§12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ (Vowel, before vowel, is elided) utsarga

§13 (15): Vā paro asarūpā (Optionally, next dissimilar [vowel]) apavada

§14 (16): Kvacāsavaṇṇaṃ6 lutte (Occasionally, different vaṇṇa after elision) apavada

§15 (17): Dīghaṃ (Long) apavada

§16 (18): Pubbo ca (And previous) apavada

§17 (19): Yamedantassādeso (y from e ending: replacement) apavada

§18 (20): Vamodudantānaṃ (v from o or u ending) apavada

§19 (22): Sabbo caṃti (c from entire ti) apavada

§20 (27): Do dhassa ca (And d from dha) apavada

§21 (21): Ivaṇṇo yaṃ navā (i sound to y rarely) apavada

§22 (28): Evādissa ri pubbo ca rasso (eva becomes riva, and previous becomes short) apavada

Tatiyakaṇḍa (Third Section - Consonantal sandhi)

§23 (36): Sarā pakati byañjane (Vowel before consonant retains original form) utsarga

§24 (35): Sare kvaci (Occasionally after vowel) apavada

§25 (37): Dīghaṃ (Long) apavada

§26 (38): Rassaṃ (Short) apavada

§27 (39): Lopañca tatrākāro (After elision, in that place a) apavada

§28 (40): Para dvebhāvo ṭhāne (Next doubled, in some places) apavada

§29 (42): Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā (Voiced and unvoiced groups: third and first) apavada

Catutthakaṇḍa (Fourth Section - niggahita sandhi)

§30 (58): Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ (ṃ before consonant [remains] niggahita) utsarga

§31 (49): Vaggantaṃ vā vagge (Optionally, Before group, to end of group) apavada

§32 (50): Ehe ñaṃ26 (Before e or h, becomes ñ) apavada

§33 (51): Sa ye ca (And, together with y) apavada

§34 (52): Madā sare (Before vowel, m or d) apavada

§35 (34): Ya va ma da na ta ra lā cāgamā (And y, v, m, d, n, t, r, l insertion) apavada

§36 (47): Kvaci o byañjane (Occasionally, o before consonant) apavada

§37 (57): Niggahitañca (And niggahita) apavada

§38 (53): Kvaci lopaṃ (Occasionally, elision) apavada

§39 (54): Byañjane ca (And before consonant) apavada

§40 (55): Paro vāsaro (Optionally, next vowel) apavada

§41 (56): Byañjano ca visaññogo (And consonant detached) apavada

Pañcamakaṇḍa (Fifth Section - Miscellaneous sandhi)

§42 (32): Gosare puthassāgamo kvaci (Occasionally, insertion of g after putha before vowel) apavada

§43 (33): Pāssa canto rasso (And after finishing [inserting g], pā is shortened) apavada

§44 (24): Abbho abhi (from abhi to abbh) apavada

§45 (25): Ajjho adhi (from adhi to ajjh) apavada

§46 (26): Te na vā ivaṇṇe (those rules do not apply before i sound) apavada

§47 (23): Atissa canatassa42 (ati not replaced with c) apavada

§48 (43): Kvaci paṭi patissa (Occasionally, pati becomes paṭi) apavada

§49 (44): Puthassu byañjane (putha ending becomes u before consonant) apavada

§50 (45): O avassa (From ava to o) apavada

§51 (59): Anupadiṭṭhānaṃ vuttayogato (For those not individually taught, by applying the rules stated) vidhyaṅga

Footnotes

Backlinks

§1 (1): Attho akkharasaññāto (Meaning is represented by `akkhara`) sīhagatika

§2 (2): Akkharāpādayo ekacattālīsaṃ (41 akkhara starting with `a`) anvattha

§3 (3): Tatthodantā sarā aṭṭha ([From `akkhara`] eight ending with `o`: `sara`) anvattha

§4 (4): Lahumattā tayo rassā (3 short vowels: `rassa`) anvattha

§5 (5): Aññe dīghā (Other [`sarā`] are `dīgha`) anvattha

§6 (8): Sesā byañjanā (Remaining are `byañjanā`) anvattha

§7 (9): Vaggā pañcapañcaso mantā (`vagga`: 5 by 5 [byañjane] ending with `ma`) anvattha

§8 (10): Aṃ iti niggahitaṃ (`aṃ` represents `niggahita`) anvattha

§14 (16): Kvacāsavaṇṇaṃ⁶ lutte (Occasionally, different vaṇṇa after elision) apavada

§17 (19): Yamedantassādeso (`y` from `e` ending: replacement) apavada

§18 (20): Vamodudantānaṃ (`v` from `o` or `u` ending) apavada

§19 (22): Sabbo caṃti (`c` from entire `ti`) apavada

§20 (27): Do dhassa ca (And `d` from `dha`) apavada

§21 (21): Ivaṇṇo yaṃ navā (`i` sound to `y` rarely) apavada

§22 (28): Evādissa ri pubbo ca rasso (`eva` becomes `riva`, and previous becomes short) apavada

Tatiyakaṇḍa (Third Section - Consonantal `sandhi`)

§27 (39): Lopañca tatrākāro (After elision, in that place `a`) apavada

Catutthakaṇḍa (Fourth Section - `niggahita sandhi`)

§30 (58): Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ (`ṃ` before consonant [remains] niggahita) utsarga

§32 (50): Ehe ñaṃ²⁶ (Before `e` or `h`, becomes `ñ`) apavada

§33 (51): Sa ye ca (And, together with `y`) apavada

§34 (52): Madā sare (Before vowel, `m` or `d`) apavada

§35 (34): Ya va ma da na ta ra lā cāgamā (And `y`, `v`, `m`, `d`, `n`, `t`, `r`, `l` insertion) apavada

§36 (47): Kvaci o byañjane (Occasionally, `o` before consonant) apavada

§37 (57): Niggahitañca (And `niggahita`) apavada

Pañcamakaṇḍa (Fifth Section - Miscellaneous `sandhi`)

§42 (32): Gosare puthassāgamo kvaci (Occasionally, insertion of `g` after `putha` before vowel) apavada

§43 (33): Pāssa canto rasso (And after finishing [inserting `g`], `pā` is shortened) apavada

§44 (24): Abbho abhi (from `abhi` to `abbh`) apavada

§45 (25): Ajjho adhi (from `adhi` to `ajjh`) apavada

§46 (26): Te na vā ivaṇṇe (those rules do not apply before `i` sound) apavada

§47 (23): Atissa canatassa⁴² (`ati` not replaced with `c`) apavada

§48 (43): Kvaci paṭi patissa (Occasionally, `pati` becomes `paṭi`) apavada

§49 (44): Puthassu byañjane (`putha` ending becomes `u` before consonant) apavada

§50 (45): O avassa (From `ava` to `o`) apavada