Skip to content
Kaccāyana

7. Kibbidhānakappa (Primary derivation chapter): Catutthakaṇḍa (Fourth Section) (§590–§606)

Catutthakaṇḍa (Fourth Section)

Section titled “Catutthakaṇḍa (Fourth Section)”

§590 (579): Ṇamhiranjassa jo bhāvakaraṇesu (nj of ranja becomes j before a ṇ suffix, in the senses of action and instrument) apavada

Section titled “§590 (579): Ṇamhiranjassa jo bhāvakaraṇesu (nj of ranja becomes j before a ṇ suffix, in the senses of action and instrument) apavada ”

Ṇamhi paccaye pare ranjaiccetassa dhātussa antabhūtassa njakārassa jo ādeso hoti bhāvakaraṇesu.

Rañjanaṃ rāgo, ranjanti etenāti rāgo.

Bhāvakaraṇesūti kimatthaṃ? Ranjatīti raṅgo.

When a suffix marked with ṇ follows, the nj at the end of the root ranja (“to dye”) is replaced by j, in the senses of action (bhāva) and instrument (karaṇa).

§591 (544): Hanassa ghāto (ghāta for hana before a ṇ suffix) apavada

Section titled “§591 (544): Hanassa ghāto (ghāta for hana before a ṇ suffix) apavada ”

Hana iccetassa dhātussa sabbassa ghātādeso hoti ṇamhi paccaye pare.

Upahanatīti upaghāto, gāvo hanatīti goghātako.

The whole of the root hana (“to strike”, “to kill”) is replaced by ghāta when a suffix marked with ṇ follows.

§592 (503): Vadho vā sabbattha (Optionally vadha for hana everywhere) apavada

Section titled “§592 (503): Vadho vā sabbattha (Optionally vadha for hana everywhere) apavada ”

Hana iccetassa dhātussa vadhādeso hoti vā sabbattha ṭhānesu.

Hanatīti vadho, vadhako, avadhi, ahani vā.

Optionally, the root hana is replaced by vadha everywhere, in [all] positions.

§593 (564): Ākārantānamāyo (āya for the final ā of a root before a ṇ suffix) apavada

Section titled “§593 (564): Ākārantānamāyo (āya for the final ā of a root before a ṇ suffix) apavada ”

Ākārantānaṃ dhātūnaṃ antassa ākārassa āyādeso hoti ṇamhi paccaye pare.

Dadātīti dāyako, dānaṃ dātuṃ sīlaṃ yassāti dānadāyī, majjaṃ dātuṃ sīlaṃ yassāti majjadāyī, nagaraṃ yātuṃ sīlaṃ yassāti nagarayāyī.

The final ā of a root ending in ā is replaced by āya when a suffix marked with ṇ follows.

§594 (582): Pura samupa parīhi karotissa kha kharā vā tappaccayesuca (Optionally kha, khara for kara after pura, saṃ, upa, pari, before ta and before a ṇ suffix) apavada

Section titled “§594 (582): Pura samupa parīhi karotissa kha kharā vā tappaccayesuca (Optionally kha, khara for kara after pura, saṃ, upa, pari, before ta and before a ṇ suffix) apavada ”

Pura saṃ upa pari iccetehi karotissa dhātussa kha kharādesā honti vā tapaccaye pare, ṇamhi ca.

Pure karīyatīti purakkhato, sammā karīyatīti saṅkhato, upagantvā karīyatīti upakkhato, parisamantato karotīti parikkhāro, saṃkarīyatīti saṅkhāro.

Vāti kimatthaṃ? Upagantvā karotīti upakāro.

Optionally, after pura, saṃ, upa and pari2 the root kara (karoti) is replaced by kha and khara when the suffix ta follows, and (ca) when ṇ follows.

§595 (637): Tave tunādīsu kā (kā for kara before tave, tuna and the like) apavada

Section titled “§595 (637): Tave tunādīsu kā (kā for kara before tave, tuna and the like) apavada ”

Tave tunaiccevamādīsu paccayesu karotissa dhātussa kā ādeso hoti vā.

Kātave, kātuṃ, kattuṃ vā, kātuna, kattuna vā.

Optionally, before the suffixes tave, tuna and the like, the root kara (karoti) is replaced by kā.

§596 (551): Gama khana hanādīnaṃ tuṃ tabbādīsu na (Optionally n for the final of gama, khana, hana etc. before tuṃ, tabba and the like) apavada

Section titled “§596 (551): Gama khana hanādīnaṃ tuṃ tabbādīsu na (Optionally n for the final of gama, khana, hana etc. before tuṃ, tabba and the like) apavada ”

Gama khana hanaiccevamādīnaṃ dhātūnaṃ antassa nakāro hoti vā tuṃ tabbādīsu paccayesu.

Gantuṃ, gamituṃ, gantabbaṃ, gamitabbaṃ. Khantuṃ. Khanituṃ, khantabbaṃ, khanitabbaṃ. Hantuṃ, hanituṃ, hantabbaṃ. Hanitabbaṃ. Mantuṃ, manituṃ, mantabbaṃ, manitabbaṃ.

Ādiggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Tunaggahaṇatthaṃ. Gantuna, khantuna, hantuna, mantuna.

Optionally, the final of the roots gama, khana, hana and the like becomes n when the suffixes tuṃ, tabba and the like follow.

§597 (641): Sabbehi tunādīnaṃ yo (Optionally ya for tuna and the like after any root) apavada

Section titled “§597 (641): Sabbehi tunādīnaṃ yo (Optionally ya for tuna and the like after any root) apavada ”

Sabbehi dhātūhi tunādīnaṃ paccayānaṃ yakārādeso hoti vā.

Abhivandiya, abhivanditvā, ohāya, ohitvā, upanīya, upanetvā, passiya, passitvā, uddissa, uddisitvā, ādāya, ādiyitvā.

Optionally, after all roots the suffixes tuna and the like are replaced by ya.

§598 (643): Canantehi raccaṃ (Optionally racca for tuna and the like after roots ending in c and n) apavada

Section titled “§598 (643): Canantehi raccaṃ (Optionally racca for tuna and the like after roots ending in c and n) apavada ”

Cakāranakārantehi dhātūhi tunādīnaṃ paccayānaṃ raccādeso hoti vā.

Vivicca, āhacca, uhacca.

Vāti kimatthaṃ? Hantvā.

Optionally, after roots ending in c and n the suffixes tuna and the like are replaced by racca.4

§599 (644): Disā svāna svāntalopo ca (svāna, svā for tuna and the like after disa, and the final is elided) apavada

Section titled “§599 (644): Disā svāna svāntalopo ca (svāna, svā for tuna and the like after disa, and the final is elided) apavada ”

Disa iccetāya dhātuyā tunādīnaṃ paccayānaṃ svānasvādesā honti, antalopo ca.

Disvāna, disvā.

After the root disa the suffixes tuna and the like are replaced by svāna and svā, and the final is elided.

§600 (645): Ma ha da bhehi mma yha jja bbha ddhā ca (Optionally mma, yha, jja, bbha, ddhā for tuna and the like after roots ending in m, h, d, bh, and the final is elided) apavada

Section titled “§600 (645): Ma ha da bhehi mma yha jja bbha ddhā ca (Optionally mma, yha, jja, bbha, ddhā for tuna and the like after roots ending in m, h, d, bh, and the final is elided) apavada ”

Ma ha da bha iccevamantehi dhātūhi tunādīnaṃ paccayānaṃ mma yha jja bbha ddhā ādesā honti vā antalopo ca.

Āgamma, āgamitvā, okkamma. Okkamitvā, paggayha, paggaṇhitvā, uppajja, uppajjitvā, ārabbha, ārabhitvā, āraddhā5, ārabhitvā.

Optionally, after roots ending in m, h, d and bh6 the suffixes tuna and the like are replaced by mma, yha, jja, bbha and ddhā [respectively], and the final is elided.

§601 (334): Taddhitasamāsakitakā nāmaṃ vā’ tave tunādīsu ca (Derivatives, compounds and kita words count as nouns, except those in tave, tuna and the like) saññaṅga

Section titled “§601 (334): Taddhitasamāsakitakā nāmaṃ vā’ tave tunādīsu ca (Derivatives, compounds and kita words count as nouns, except those in tave, tuna and the like) saññaṅga ”

Taddhitasamāsakitakaiccevamantā saddānāmaṃva daṭṭhabbā tave tuna tvāna tvādipaccayante vajjetvā.

Vāsiṭṭho, pattadhammo, kumbhakāro iccevamādi.

Words ending in a taddhita suffix, a compound, or a kita suffix are to be regarded just like nouns (nāma), leaving aside those that end in the suffixes tave, tuna, tvāna, tvā and the like.

§602 (6): Dumhi garu (The syllable before a conjunct is garu, heavy) anvattha

Section titled “§602 (6): Dumhi garu (The syllable before a conjunct is garu, heavy) anvattha ”

Dumhi akkhare yo pubbo akkharo, so garukova daṭṭhabbo.

Bhitvā, chitvā, datvā, hutvā.

When a du (conjunct) akkhara follows, the akkhara before it is indeed to be regarded as garu (heavy).7

§603 (7): Dīgho ca (And a long vowel is garu, heavy) anvattha

Section titled “§603 (7): Dīgho ca (And a long vowel is garu, heavy) anvattha ”

Dīgho ca saro garukova daṭṭhabbo.

Āhāro, nadī, vadhū, te dhammā, opanayiko.

And a long vowel is indeed to be regarded as garu (heavy).

§604 (684): Akkharehi kāra (The suffix kāra after the names of letters) utsarga

Section titled “§604 (684): Akkharehi kāra (The suffix kāra after the names of letters) utsarga ”

Akkharatthehi akkharābhidheyyehi kārapaccayo hoti payoge sati.

A eva akāro, ā eva ākāro, ya eva yakāro.

After [words] whose meaning is a letter, which denote a letter, the suffix kāra8 is added when there is occasion to use [them].

§605 (547): Yathāgamamikāro (The augment i between root and suffix, as the texts have it) utsarga

Section titled “§605 (547): Yathāgamamikāro (The augment i between root and suffix, as the texts have it) utsarga ”

Yathāgamaṃ sabbadhātūhi sabbapaccayesu ikārāgamo hoti.

Kāriyaṃ, bhavitabbaṃ, janitabbaṃ, viditabbaṃ, karitvā, icchitaṃ.

As the texts have it, the augment i is inserted after all roots before all suffixes.

§606 (642): Dadhantato yo kvaci (Sometimes the augment y after a root ending in d or dh, before tuna and the like) apavada

Section titled “§606 (642): Dadhantato yo kvaci (Sometimes the augment y after a root ending in d or dh, before tuna and the like) apavada ”

Dakāradhakārantāya dhātuyā yathāgamaṃ yakārāgamo hoti kvaci tunādīsu paccayesu.

Buddho loke uppajjitvā, dhammaṃ bujjhitvā.

Dadhantatoti kimatthaṃ? Labhitvā.

Kvacīti kimatthaṃ? Uppādetvā.

After a root ending in the letter d or dh, as the texts have it, the augment y is sometimes inserted before the suffixes tuna and the like.

Iti kibbidhānakappe catuttho kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the fourth section of the kibbidhāna chapter.

Footnotes

Section titled “Footnotes”

  1. Senart’s edition reads rañjati etthāti raṅgo for the CST’s ranjatīti raṅgo, and Malai (1997) accordingly renders “that in which something is dyed”; the CST is kept. ↩

  2. Senart’s edition reads iccetehi upasagganipātehi for the CST’s iccetehi; the CST is kept. ↩

  3. Nandisena (2005) renders the gloss “having approached, it is made: that which is prepared”, after T’s passive upagantvā kariyittha so'ti upakāro; the CST’s karoti is active. ↩

  4. Senart’s edition reads upahacca for the CST’s uhacca; the CST is kept. ↩

  5. CST4 prints āraddha, as does Senart’s edition; āraddhā follows the Padarūpasiddhi (645), which reads the sutta’s fifth replacement as ddhā. ↩

  6. Nandisena (2005) renders “after the roots ending in ma, ha, da, ma, and others”; iccevamantehi closes the list at four finals. He and Malai (1997) give the fifth replacement as ddha, with the vutti’s āraddha; the sutta reads ddhā. ↩

  7. Senart’s edition reads bhitvā, jitvā, datvā for the CST’s four examples, and T adds hitvā; the CST is kept. ↩

  8. Senart’s edition and the Sinhalese manuscript read Akkharehi kāraṃ for the CST’s kāra; the CST is kept. ↩

  9. Senart’s edition, the Nyāsa and the Sinhalese manuscript read viditaṃ for the CST’s viditabbaṃ; the CST is kept. ↩

  10. Nandisena’s edition records the reading uppāditvā (K) for the CST’s uppādetvā. ↩