2. Nāmakappa (Noun Chapter)

Source

U Nandisena, Kaccāyanabyākaraṇaṃ, an English translation of the Kaccāyana grammar with its vutti and examples, based on the Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana text. First published in Myanmar in 2005; first electronic version published by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH) in 2017 under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 licence reproduced below. Both editions contain the first seven chapters, suttas 1 to 623; the eighth chapter, the Uṇādikappa, is issued by IEBH as a separate file and is not here.

This page is one chapter of U Nandisena’s translation, reproduced as printed. The front matter and the contents are on the main page.

Paṭhamo kaṇḍo (First Section) (52–119)

52. 60. Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi.

“Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi” icc’ etaṃ adhikāratthaṃ veditabbaṃ.

“Conforming to the Word of The Conqueror (Buddha)”. This should be understood for the sake of following, i.e., to apply to all the suttas backward and forward.

Note. This is an adhikāra sutta, an aphorism that has general application. It applies to all aphorisms in the book. Every thing that is mentioned in this book is in accordance with the word of the Buddha, or the language used by the Buddha.

53. 61. Liṅgañ ca nippajjate (192).

Yathā yatthā jinavacanayuttaṃ hi liṅgaṃ, tathā tathā idha liṅgañ ca nippajjate.

Taṃ yathā? Eso no satthā, brahmā, attā, sakhā, jānā.

Here the base should be established in such a way that it conforms to the Word of The Conqueror.

As what? Eso no satthā, brahmā, attā, sakhā, rājā.

Note. The particle ‘ca’ in the sutta is used to include roots (dhātu); roots also should be established conforming to the Word of the Conqueror. The real examples for this sutta are esa, amha, satthu, brahma, atta, sakha and rāja. Since it is impossible to show the words without the inflectional endings they are here shown as completed words, –base and inflectional endings.

54. 62. Tato ca vibhattiyo (202-3).

Tato jinavacanayuttehi liṅgehi vibhattiyo parā honti.

Inflectional endings (vibhattis) are placed after the bases that conform to the Word of The Conqueror.

Note. The particle ‘ca’ in the sutta indicates that inflectional endings are also used after the indeclinables which end with suffixes like ‘tave’, tunā’, etc.

55. 63. Si yo, aṃ yo, nā hi, sa naṃ, smā hi, sa naṃ, smiṃ suiṃ su (200).

Kā ca pana tāyo vibhattiyo? Si, yo iti paṭhamā; aṃ, yo iti dutiyā; nā, hi iti tatiyā; sa, naṃ iti catutthī; smā, hi iti pañcamī; sa, naṃ iti chaṭṭhī; smiṃ, su iti sattamī.

Vibhatti icc’ anena kvattho? Amhassa mamaṃ savibhattissa se.

And which are those inflectional endings? Si, yo are the first (pair); aṃ, yo second; nā, hi are the third; sa, naṃ are the fourth; smā, hi are the fifth; sa the sixth; smiṃ, su are the seventh.

What is the use of saying ‘inflectional ending’? The use is in such suttas as Amhassa mamaṃ savibhattissa se, etc. When ‘sa’ follows there is (substitution of) ‘amha’ together with the inflectional ending for ‘mamaṃ’. (§120).

Note: The inflectional endings are divided into eight pairs, namely, Paṭhamā, Dutiyā, Tatiyā, Catutthī, Pañcamī, Chaṭṭhī, Sattamī and Aṭṭhamī. Aṭṭhamī is the name for the endings in vocative case, and in the order in declensions it is placed after the Paṭhamā. The first of each of the pairs are singular, and the second, plural. There is no dual number in Pāḷi.

56. 64. Tadanuparodhena.

Yathā yathā tesaṃ jinavacanānaṃ anuparodho¹, tathā tathā idha liṅgañ ca nippajjate.

Here the base should be formed in such a way that it does not contradict the Word of the Conqueror.

Note: The particle ‘ca’ in the sutta indicates that verbs (ākhyāta) should also be formed in accordance with the Word of the Conqueror. The difference between this sutta and the sutta §53 is that by sutta §53 the base should be put down in accordance with Word of the Conqueror and by this sutta the completed form should be established in accordance with Word of the Conqueror. Example: By sutta §53 the base for the word ‘puriso’ (nominative singular) should be put down as ‘purisa’ and not puruṣa (as in Sanskrit); when the word is formed it should be ‘puriso’ and not ‘puruṣaḥ’.

57. 71. Ālapane si ga-sañño (204).

Ālapanatthe si gasañño hoti.

Bhoti ayye (Vin. ii, 280); bhoti kaññe; bhoti Kharādiye²

Ālapane ti kimatthaṃ? Sā ayyā (Vin. ii, 307).

Sī ti kimatthaṃ? Bhotiyo ayyāyo (Vin. ii, 288).

Ga icc’ anena kvattho? Ghat’ e ca.

In the meaning of addressing ‘si’ has the name ‘ga’.

Examples: 1. Bhoti ayye = Dear lady! 2. Bhoti kaññe = Dear girl! 3. Bhoti Kharādiye = Dear Kharādiyā!

Here both ‘bhoti’ and ayye, etc. are examples. When forming these words, the inflectional ending ‘si’ is to be employed; then by this sutta ‘si’ is given the name ‘ga’, and then follows the application of other suttas to complete the word.

What is the purpose of saying ‘addressing’? To prevent the operation of this rule in other cases such as “sā ayyā”. Here the case is not ‘addressing’, but nominative.

What is the purpose of saying ‘si’? To prevent the operation of this rule in the example: “Bhotiyo ayyāyo”. Here the inflectional ending is ‘yo’, not ‘si’.

What is the purpose of saying ‘ga’? For the use of name ‘ga’ in the sutta ‘Ghat’ e ca (§114). After ‘gha’ there is (substitution of ‘gaga’) by ‘e’. (see §114).

58. 29. Ivaṇṇ’-uvaṇṇā jha-lā (205).

Ivaṇṇ’-uvaṇṇā icc’ ete jha-lasaññā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Isino, aggino, gahapatino, daṇḍino. Setuno, ketuno, bhikkhuno. Sayambhuno, abhibhuno.

Jha la icc’ anena kvattho? Jha-lato sassa no vā.

The letters ‘i’ and ‘ī’, and ‘u’ and ‘ū’ are respectively named ‘jha’ and ‘la’.

The examples are isino, etc. When forming the word ‘isino’, first the base has to be put down as ‘isi’, then the inflectional ending Chaṭṭhī ‘sa’ is employed; then the second ‘i’ of ‘isi’ is given the name ‘jha’ by this sutta. The same should be done with the nouns with the bases in ‘ī, u, ū’.

What is the purpose of saying ‘jha’ and ‘la’? For the use of name ‘jha’ and ‘la’ in the sutta ‘Jha-lato sassa no vā’ (§66).

59. 182. Te itthikhyā po (206).

Te ivaṇṇ’-uvaṇṇā yadā itthikhyā, tadā pasaññā honti.

Rattiyā, itthiyā, dhenuyā, vadhuyā.

Itthikhyā ti kimatthaṃ? Isinā, bhikkhunā.

Pa icc’ anena kvattho? Pato yā.

These letters, ‘i, ī’ and ‘u, ū’, when they mean feminine gender, are named ‘pa’.

In forming ‘rattiyā’, the base ‘ratti’ is put down first, and then the inflectional ending ‘nā’ is employed. Then by this sutta the ‘i’ of feminine ‘ratti’ is named ‘pa’. And then comes the application of the suttas ‘Pato yā’, etc.

What is the purpose of saying ‘itthikhyā’? In examples isinā, bhikkhunā, etc. there is no application of this sutta since they are masculine.

What is the purpose of saying ‘pa’? For the use of name ‘pa’ in the sutta ‘Pato yā’ (§?), etc.

60. 177. Ā gho (207).

Ākāro yadā itthikhyo, tadā ghasañño hoti.

Saddhāya, kaññāya, vīṇāya, gaṅgāya, disāya sālāya, mālāya, tulāya, dolāya, pabhāya, sobhāya³, paññāya, karuṇāya, nāvāya, kapālikāya.

Ā ti kimatthaṃ? Rattiyā, itthiyā.

Itthikhyo ti kimatthaṃ? Satthārā desito ayaṃ dhammo.

Gha icc’ anena kvattho? Ghato nādīnaṃ.

The letter, ‘ā’, when it means feminine gender, is named ‘gha’. When forming ‘saddhāya’, etc. the base is put down as ‘saddhā’, etc. The inflectional ending ‘nā’ is employed; then the ‘ā’ of ‘saddhā’, etc. is named ‘gha’, and application of other suttas follows.

What is the purpose of saying ‘ā’? There is no application of this sutta in rattiyā, itthiyā, etc. since the letter is ‘i or ī’ and not ‘ā’.

What is the purpose of saying ‘itthikhyo’? In the examples ‘Satthārā desito ayaṃ dhammo’, etc. there is no application of this sutta, since the word is in the masculine.

What is the purpose of saying ‘gha’? For use of name ‘gha’ in suttas ‘Ghato nādīnaṃ’, etc.

61. 86. Sāgamo se (208).

Sakārāgamo hoti se vibhattimhi.

Purisassa, aggissa, isisssa, daṇḍissa, bhikkhussa, sayambhussa, abhibhussa.

Se ti kimatthaṃ? Purisasmiṃ.

When ‘sa’ follows, there is insertion of ‘s’.

Purisassa: purisa + sa. By this sutta ‘s’ is inserted after the base. The rest are to be understood similarly.

What is the purpose of saying ‘se’? There is no aplication of this sutta in the example ‘purisasmiṃ’, since there is no ‘sa’.

62. 206. Saṃ-sāsv ekavacanesu ca (209).

Saṃ-sāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu sakārāgamo hoti.

Etissaṃ, etissā; imissaṃ, imissā; tissaṃ, tissā; tassaṃ, tassā; yassaṃ, yassā; amussaṃ, amussā.

Saṃ-sāsvī ti kimatthaṃ? Agginā, pāṇinā.

Ekavacanesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Tāsaṃ, sabbāsaṃ.

Vibhattādesesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Manasā, vacasā, thāmasā.

There is the insertion of “s” when there is the substitution of inflections “saṃ” and “sa”.

Examples. Etissaṃ = etā + smiṃ (“ā” of “etā” is changed to “i”; “smiṃ” is changed to “saṃ” and “s” is inserted). Meaning “in that (feminine)”. Etissā = etā + sa (“ā” of “etā” is changed to “i”; “sa” is changed to “sā” and “s” is inserted).

Why it is said “saṃ-sāsu”? To prevent the insertion of “s” because there is no “saṃ” or “sā” such as in the words “agginā” and “pāṇinā”.

Why it is said “ekavacanesu”? Because it is not singular such as in “tāsaṃ” and “sabbāsaṃ”.

Why it is said “vibhattādesesu”? To prevent the insertion of “s” when there is no substitution of inflection such as in “manasā”, “vacasā” and thāmasā”.

63. 217. Et’-imāsam i (210).

Etā-imā icc’ etesam anto saro ikāro hoti saṃ-sāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu.

Etissaṃ, etissā; imissaṃ, imissā.

Saṃ-sāsvī ti kimatthaṃ? Etāya, imāya.

Ekavacanesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Etāsaṃ, imāsaṃ.

The end of “etā” and “imā” are changed to “i” when there is substitution of the inflections “saṃ” and “sā”.

Examples. The same as the previous sutta.

Why it is said “saṃ-sāsu”? To prevent the change into “i” when there is no “saṃ” or “sā” such as in “etāya” and “imāya”.

Why it is said “ekavacanesu”? To prevent the change into “i” when it is not singular such as in “etāsaṃ” and “imāsaṃ”.

64. 216. Tassā vā (211, 366-7).

Tassā itthiyaṃ vattamānassa antassa ākārāssa ikāro hoti vā saṃ-sāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu.

Tissaṃ, tissā; tassaṃ, tassā.

Optionally there is change to “i” of the “ā”, which is the last letter, in the feminine, of “tā”, when there is substitution of the inflections “saṃ” and “sā” in the singular.

Examples. Tissaṃ = tā + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “saṃ”; “ā” of “tā” is changed to “i” and there is insertion of “s”). Tissā = tā + sa (“sa” is changed to “sā”; “ā” of “tā” is changed to “i” and there is insertion of “s”).

65. 215. Tato sassa ssāya (212).

Tato tā-etā-imāto sassa vibhattissa ssāyādeso hoti vā.

Tissāya, etissāya, imissāya.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Tissā, etissā, imissā.

Optionally, after “tā”, “etā” and “imā”, the inflection “sa” is changed to “ssāya”.

Examples. Tissāya = tā + sa (“sa” is changed to “ssāya”; “ā” of “tā” is changed to “i).

Why it is said “vā”? In “tissā”, “etissā”, and “imissā”, etc., “sa” is changed to “ssāya”.

66. 205. Gho rassaṃ (213).

Gho rassam āpajjate saṃ-sāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu.

Tassaṃ, tassā; yassaṃ, yassā; sabbassaṃ, sabbassā.

Saṃ-sāsvī ti kimatthaṃ? Tāya, sabbāya.

Ekavacanesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Tāsaṃ, sabbāsaṃ.

“Gha” becomes short when there are the inflection substitutions “saṃ” and “sā”.

Examples. Tassaṃ = tā + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “saṃ”; “s” is inserted; by Kac. 60 “ā” is named “gha”; “ā” of “tā” is shortened).

Why it is said “when ‘saṃ’ and ‘sā’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule in “tāya”, “sabbāya”, etc.

Why it is said “when ‘ekavacana’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule in “tāsaṃ”, “sabbāsaṃ”, etc.

67. 229. No ca dvādito naṃmhi (214).

Dvi icc’ evamādito saṅkhyāto nakārāgamo hoti naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Dvinnaṃ, tinnaṃ, catunnaṃ, pañcannaṃ, channaṃ, sattannaṃ, aṭṭhannaṃ, navannaṃ, dasannaṃ.

Dvādito ti kimatthaṃ? Sahassānaṃ.

Naṃmhi ti kimatthaṃ? Dvīsu, tīsu.

Caggahaṇena ssañ c’ āgamo hoti. Catassannaṃ itthīnaṃ; tissannaṃ vedanānaṃ.

After the numbers “dvi” and so on, there is insertion of “n” when the inflection “naṃ” follows.

Examples. Dvinnaṃ = dvi + naṃ (by this sutta “n” is inserted).

Why it is said “after “dvi” and so on”? To prevent the insertion of “n” in “sahassānaṃ”, etc.

Why it is said “‘naṃ’ follows”? To prevent the insertion of “n” in “dvīsu”, “tīsu”, etc.

By taking “ca” there is also the insertion of “ssaṃ”. Examples: catassannaṃ = catu + naṃ (by Kac. 404 “u” of catu is changed to “a”; by “ca” of this sutta there insertion of “ssaṃ”).

68. 184. Amā pato smiṃsmānaṃ vā (216).

Pa icc’ etasmā smiṃ smā icc’ etesaṃ aṃ-āadesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Matyaṃ, matiyaṃ, matyā (Khu. vi, 39), matiyā. Nikatyaṃ. Nikatiyaṃ (Khu. vi, 39), nikatyā (Khu. v, 9), nikatiyā (PetavatthuA. 196). Vikatyaṃ, vikatiyaṃ, vikatyā, vikatiyā. Viratyaṃ, viratiyaṃ, viratyā, viratiyā. Ratyaṃ, ratiyaṃ, ratyā (Khu. vi, 315), ratiyā. Puthabyaṃ. Muthaviyaṃ, puthabyā, puthaviyā. Pavatyaṃ, pavatyā, pavattiyaṃ, pavattiyā.

Optionally after “pa”, “smiṃ” and “smā” are change to “aṃ” and “ā” respectively.

Examples. Matyaṃ = mati + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “aṃ”; “i” of “mati” is changed to “y”). Matyā = mati + smā (“smā” is changed to “ā”; “i” of “mati” is changed to “y”).

69. 186. Ādito o ca (218).

Ādi icc’ etasmā smiṃvacanassa aṃ-oādesā honti vā.

Ādiṃ, ādo.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Ādismiṃ, ādimhi nāthaṃ namassitvāna.

Caggahaṇena aññasmā pi smiṃvacanassa ā-o-aṃādesā honti (Sad. 209). Divā ca ratto ca haranti ye baliṃ (Khu. i, 312). Bārāṇasiṃ ahu rājā (Khu. v, 380).

Optionally the inflection “smiṃ” after “ādi” is changed to “aṃ” and “o”.

Examples. Ādiṃ = ādi + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “aṃ”; “i” of “ādi” is elided). Ādo = ādi + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “o”; “i” of “ādi” is elided).

Why it is said “vā”? To prevent the changed of “smiṃ” into “aṃ” and “o” such as in “ādismiṃ”, “ādimhi”, etc.

By taking “ca” there is substitution of “smiṃ”, after other words, into “ā”, “o”, and “aṃ”. Examples: divā = divā + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “ā”; “ā” of “divā” is elided). Ratto = ratti + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “o”; “i” of “ratti” is elided). Bārāṇasiṃ = Bārāṇasī + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “aṃ”; “a” of “aṃ” is elided).

70. 30. Jha-lānam iy’-uvā sare va (220).

Jha la icc’ tesaṃ iya uva icc’ ete ādesā honti vā sare pare yathāsaṅkyaṃ.

Tiyantaṃ pacchiyāgāre, aggiyāgāre, bhikkhuvāsane nisīdati, puthuvāsane nisīdati.

Sare ti kimatthaṃ? Timalaṃ, tiphalaṃ, ticatukkaṃ, tidaṇḍaṃ, tilokaṃ, tinayanaṃ, tipāsaṃ, tihaṃsaṃ, tibhavaṃ, tikhandhaṃ, tipiṭakaṃ, tivedanaṃ, catuddisaṃ, puthubhūtaṃ.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Pañcah’ aṅgehi (Vin. v, 343) tīhākārehi. Cakkh’ āyatanaṃ (Abhi. iii, 5).

Vā ti vikappanatthaṃ? Ikārassa ayādeso hoti (Sad. 221). Vatthuttayaṃ.

Optionally there is substitution of “jha” and “la” by “iya” and “uva” respectively when a vowel follows.

Examples: Tiyantaṃ = ti + antaṃ (“i” of “ti” is named “jha”; “i” is changed to “iya”; “a” of “iya” is elided). Bhikkhuvāsane = bhikkhu + āsane (“u” of “bhikkhu” is named “la”; “u” is changed to “uva”; “a” of “uva” is elided).

Why it is said “when a vowel follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when a vowel does not follow such as in “timalaṃ”…

Why it is said “optionally”? To prevent the operation of this rule in “pañcah’ aṅgehi”…

“Vā” is used in the meaning of “vikappana”. By that “vā” there is substitution of⁴ “aya” of “i”. Example: vatthuttayaṃ = vatthutti + si (by “vā”, “i” of “ti” is changed to “aya”; “si” is changed to “aṃ”).

71. 505. Ya-vakārā ca.

Jha-lānaṃ yakāra-vākārādesā honti sare pare yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Agyāgāraṃ (Vin. iii, 33); cakkh’ āyatanaṃ (Abhi. iii, 5); svāgataṃ (Khu. v, 300); te mahāvīra.

Caggahaṇaṃ sampiṇḍanatthaṃ.

When a vowel follows there are substitutions of “jha” and “la” by “ya” and “va” respectively.

Examples: Agyāgāraṃ = aggi + āgāraṃ (“i” of “aggi” is named “jha”; “i” is changed to “ya”; “a” of “ya” is elided; “g” of “aggi” is also elided). Svāgataṃ = su + āgataṃ (“u” is named ’la”; “u” is changed to “va”; “a” of “va” is elided).

“Ca” is used in the meaning of adding.⁵

72. 185. Pasaññassa ca (222).

Pasaññassa ca ivaṇṇassa vibhattādese sare pare yakārādeso hoti.

Puthabyā; ratyā (Khu. vi, 315); matyā (Khu. vi, 39).

Sare ti kimatthaṃ? Puthaviyaṃ.

When a vowel follows there is substitution of “i” and “ī”, which are named “pa”, into “ya”.

Examples: puthabyā = puthavī + smā (“ī” of “puthavī” is named “pa”; “smā” is changed to “ā” by Kac. 68; “ī” is changed to “ya”; “v” is changed to “b” by Kac. 20).

Why it is said “when a vowel follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when a vowel does not follow such as in “puthaviyaṃ”.

73. 174. Gāva se (224).

Go icc’ etassa okārassa āvādeso hoti se vibhattimhi.

Gāvassa.

When the inflection “sa” follows “o” of “go” is changed to “āva”.

Example: gāvassa = go + sa (“o” of “go” is changed to “āva”; “s” is inserted by Kac.)⁶

74. 169. Yosu ca (224)

Go icc’ etessa okārassa āvādeso hoti yo icc’ etesu paresu.

Gāvo gacchanti; gāvo passanti; gāvī gacchanti; gāvī passsanti.

Caggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Nā-smā-smiṃ-suvacanesu āvādeso hoti.

Gāvena, gāvā, gāve, gāvesu.

When “yo” follows, “o” of “go” is changed to “āva”.

Examples: gāvo = go + yo (“o” of “go” is changed to “āva”; “yo” is changed to “o” by the “tu” of Kac. 205; “a” is elided by Kac. 12).

Why it is said “by taking ‘ca’”? By taking “ca” there are substitutions of “āva” when “nā”, “smā”, “smiṃ”, and “su” follow. Examples: gāvena = go + nā (“o” of “go” is changed to “āva” by “ca” of this sutta; “nā” is changed to “ena” by Kac. 103; “a” is elided by Kac. 12). Gāva = go + smā (“o” of “go” is changed to “āva” by “ca” of this sutta; “smā” is changed to “ā” by Kac. 99; “a” is elided by Kac. 12). Gāve = go + smiṃ (“o” of “go” is changed to “āva” by “ca” of this sutta; “smiṃ” is changed to “e” by Kac. 108; “a” is elided by Kac. 12). Gāvesu = go + su (“o” of “go” is changed to “āva” by “ca” of this sutta; “a” is changed to “e” by Kac. 101).

75. 170. Av’ amhi ca (224).

Go icc’ etassa okārassa āva ava icc’ ete ādesā honti aṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Gāvaṃ, gavaṃ.

Caggahaṇena sādisesesu pubbuttavacanesu go icc’ etassa okārassa avādeso hoti.

Gavassa, gavo, gavena, gavā, gave, gavesu.

When the inflection “aṃ” follows, the “o” of “go” is changed to “āva” and “ava”.

Examples: gāvaṃ and gavaṃ = go + aṃ (“o” of “go” is changed to “āva” and “ava”; “a” is elided by Kac. 12).

By taking “ca”, before the remaining inflections beginning with “sa”, that are mentioned in the previous (two) suttas, the “o” of “go” is changed to “ava”. Examples: gavassa = go + sa (by “ca” of this sutta the “o” of “go” is changed to “ava”; “s” is inserted by Kac. 63).

76. 171. Āvass’ u vā (226).

Āva icc’ etassa gāvādesassa antasarassa ukārādeso hoti vā aṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Gāvuṃ, gāvaṃ.

Āvasse ti kimattham? Gavaṃ.

Aṃmhi ti kimatthaṃ? Gāvo tiṭṭhanti.

Optionally when the inflection “aṃ” follows, the end vowel of “āva”, that is the substitution of “go”, is changed to “u”.

Examples: gāvuṃ = go + aṃ (“o” of “go” is changed to “āva” by Kac. 73; “a” of “āva” is changed to “u” by this sutta; “aṃ” is changed to “ṃ” by Kac. 82).

Why it is said “of ‘āva’”? To prevent the operation of this rule in “gavaṃ”, etc.

Why it is said “when ‘aṃ’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “aṃ” such as in “gāvo…”

77. 175. Tato nam aṃ patimh’ ālutte ca samāse (227-8).

Tato gosaddato naṃvacanassa aṃādeso hoti, go icc’ etassa okārassa avādeseso hoti patimhi pare alutte ca samāse.

Gavaṃpati (S. iii, 382).

Alutte ti kimatthaṃ? Gopati.

Caggahaṇena asamāse pi naṃvacanassa aṃādeso hoti, go icc’ etassa okārassa avādeso hoti.

gavaṃ.

When there is a compound where the inflection of the first member is not elided (alutta-samāsa) and when “pati” follows, after the word “go” there is substitution of “naṃ” to “aṃ” and there is substitution of the “o” of “go” into “ava”.

Example: gavaṃpati = gonaṃ + pati (“naṃ” is changed to “aṃ” by this sutta; also by this sutta “o” of “go” is changed to “ava”).

Why it is said “when there is a compound where the inflection of the first member is not elided (alutta-samāsa)”? To prevent the operation of this sutta when there is elision of the inflection such as in “gopati”, etc.

By taking “ca”, when there is no compound also, “naṃ” is changed to “aṃ” and “o” of “go” is changed to “ava”. Example: gavaṃ = go + naṃ (“naṃ” is changed to “aṃ”; “o” of “go” is changed to “ava”).

78. 31. O sare ca (229).

Go icc’ etassa o okārassa avādeso hoti samāse ca sare pare.

Gavassakaṃ, gaveḷakaṃ, gavājinaṃ.

Caggahaṇena uvaṇṇa icc’ evam antānaṃ liṅgānaṃ uva-ava-urādesā honti smiṃ-yo icc’ etesu kvaci.

Bhuvi, pasavo, guravo, caturo (Khu. i, 293).

Sare ti kimatthaṃ? Godhano, govindho (D. ii, 186).

When there is a compound and a vowel follows, the “o” of “go” is changed to “ava”.

Example: gavassakaṃ = go + assakaṃ (“o” of “go” is changed to “ava”; “a” of “ava” is elided by Kac. 12).

By taking “ca”, optionally when “smiṃ” and “yo” follow, there are substitution of the stems ending in “u” and “ū” by “uva”, “ava” and “ura”. Examples: bhuvi = bhū + smiṃ (“ū” of “bhuvi” is changed to “uva”; by “tato” of Kac. 206 “smiṃ” is changed to “i”; “a” of “uva” is elided by Kac. 12). Pasavo = pasu + yo (by “ca” of this sutta, “u” is changed to “ava”; by “tu” in Kac. 205 “yo” is changed to “o”; “a” of “ava” is elided by Kac. 12). Caturo = catu + yo (“u” is changed to “ura”; by “tu” in Kac. 205 “yo” is changed to “o”; “a” of “ava” is elided by Kac. 12).

Why it is said “when a vowel follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when a vowel does not follows such as in “godhano”, “govindho”, etc.

79. 46. Tabbiparītūpapade byañjane ca.

Tassa avasaddassa yadā upapade tiṭṭhamānassa tassa okārassa viparīto hoti byañjane pare.

Uggate sūriye; uggacchati; uggahetvā.

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ. Avasāne, avakiraṇe, avakirati.

When a consonant follows, “ava”, that is the first member of a compound (upapada), is changed to the “viparīta” of “o” (which is “u”).⁷

Examples: uggate = ava + gate (“ava” is changed to “u”; “g” of “gate” is doubled by Kac. 20).

“Ca” is for preventing the operation of this rule such as in “avasāne”, “avakiraṇe”, “avakirati”, etc.

80. 173. Goṇa naṃmhi vā (231).

Sabbass’ eva gosaddassa goṇādeso hoti vā naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Goṇānaṃ sattannaṃ.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Gonañ⁸ ce taramānānaṃ, ujuṃ gacchati puṅgavo. Sabbā gāvī ujuṃ yanti, nette ujuṃ gate sati.

Yogavibhāgena aññatrā pi goṇādeso hoti. Goṇabhūtānaṃ.

Optionally when the inflection “naṃ” follows, all the word “go” is changed to “goṇa”.

Example: goṇānaṃ = go + naṃ (“go” is changed to “goṇa”; by Kac. 89 the “a” of “goṇa” is lenghtened).

Why it is said “optionally”? To prevent the operation of this rule in “gonañ…” When the leader of the crossing cattle goes straight, all cows go straight when the leader goes straight.

By dividing the sutta, in other places also there is the substitution “goṇa” such as in “goṇabhūtānaṃ”.

81. 172. Su-hi-nāsu ca (231-2).

Su hi nā icc’ etesu sabbassa gosaddassa goṇādeso hoti vā.

Goṇesu, goṇehi, goṇebhi, goṇena.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Gosu, gohi, gobhi, gavena.

Caggahaṇena syādisesesu pubbuttaravacanesu pi goṇa-gu-gavayādesā honti. Goṇo, goṇā, goṇaṃ, goṇe, goṇassa, goṇamhā. Goṇamhi, gunnaṃ, gavayehi, gavayebhi.

Optionally, when “su”, “hi”, and “nā” follow, all the word “go” is changed to “goṇa”.

Examples: goṇesu = go + su (“go” is changed to “goṇa”).

Why it is said “optionally”? To prevent the operation of this sutta in “gosu”, “gohi”, “gobhi”, “gavena”, etc.

By taking “ca”, when “si” and others follow, which are mentioned previously and following, there are also the substitution by “goṇa”, “gu” and “gavaya”. Examples: goṇo = go + si (“si” is changed to “o”; “go” is changed to “goṇa”). Gunnaṃ = go + naṃ (“go” is changed to “gu”; “n” is inserted). Gavayehi = go + hi (“go” is changed to “gavaya”; by Kac. 108, “a” is changed to “e”).

82. 149. Aṃ mo niggahitaṃ jha-la-pehi (235).

Aṃvacanassa, makārassa ca jha la pa icc’ etehi niggahitaṃ hoti.

Aggiṃ, isiṃ, gahapatiṃ, daṇḍiṃ, mahesiṃ, bhikkhuṃ, paṭuṃ, sayambhuṃ, abhibhuṃ, rattiṃ, itthiṃ, vadhuṃ, pulliṅgaṃ, pumbhāvo, puṅkokilo.

Aṃ-mo ti kimatthaṃ? Agginā, pāṇinā, bhikkhunā, rattiyā, itthiyā, vadhuyā.

Jha-la-pehī ti kimatthaṃ? Sukhaṃ, dukkhaṃ.

Pun’ ārambhaggahaṇaṃ vibhāsanivattanatthaṃ. Aggiṃ, paṭuṃ, buddhiṃ, vadhuṃ.

After “jha”, “la”, and “pa”, “aṃ” and “ma” are changed to “ṃ”.

Examples: aggiṃ = aggi + aṃ (“i” is named “jha”; “aṃ” is changed to “ṃ”). Rattiṃ = ratti + aṃ (“i” of “ratti” is named “pa”; “aṃ” is changed to “ṃ”). Pulliṅgaṃ = puma + liṅgaṃ (“ma” of “puma” is changed to “ṃ”; by Kac. ?, “ṃ” is changed to⁹ “l”).

Why it is said “aṃ-ma”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are no “aṃ-ma” such as in “agginā”, etc.

Why it is said “after ‘jha’, ‘la’ and ‘pa’”? To prevent the operation of this rule there are no “jha”, “la” or “pa” such as in “sukhaṃ”, “dukkhaṃ”, etc.

Taking again “jha-la-pehi” is to prevent the following of “vā” here.

83. 67. Saralopo ’mādesa-paccayādimhi saralope tu pakati (236).

Saralopo hoti amādesa-paccayādimhi, saralope tu pakati hoti.

Purisaṃ, purise, pāpaṃ, pāpe, pāpiyo, pāpiṭṭho.

Amādesapaccayādimhī ti kimatthaṃ? Appamādo amataṃ padaṃ (Khu. i, 16).

Saralope ti kimatthaṃ? Purisassa, daṇḍinaṃ.

Tuggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ? Bhikkhunī, gahapatānī.

Pakatiggahaṇasāmatthena puna sandhibhāvo ca hoti. Seyyo (Khu. i, 29); seṭṭho (Vin. i, 4); jeyyo; jeṭṭho (D. ii, 13).

There is elision of the vowel when the inflection “aṃ”, a substitution, a suffix, etc., follow; and when there is elision of the vowel, the vowel does not change.

Examples: purisaṃ = purisa + aṃ (because of “aṃ” there is elision of vowel “a” of “purisa” and “a” of “aṃ” is not changed). Pāpiyo = pāpa + iya (“a” of “pāpiya” is elided and “i” of “iya” is not changed).

Why it is said “when the inflection “aṃ”, a substitution, a suffix, etc., follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when that does not happen such as in “appamādo amataṃ padaṃ”. Here the “a” of “amataṃ” is not the inflection “aṃ”, not a substitution, and not a suffix, therefore there is no operation of this rule.

Why it is said “there is elision of the vowel”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no vowel such as in “purisassa”, “daṇḍinaṃ”, etc.

“Tu” is for preventing the operation of this rule in “bhikkhunī”, “gahapatānī”, etc. Bhikkhunī = bhikkhu + inī (here the “i” of “inī” is elided; by Kac. 13 the of “i” of “inī” is elided). Gahapatānī = gahapati + inī (by Kac. 91 “i” of “pati” is changed to “a”; by Kac. 13 the of “i” of “inī” is elided; by Kac. 16 the “a” becomes “ā”).

Again by taking “pakati”, there is also sandhi such as in “seyyo”, “seṭṭho”, “jeyyo”, “jeṭṭho”, etc.

84. 144. Agho rassam ekavacanayosv api ca (237-8).

Agho saro rassam āpajjate ekavacana-yo icc’ etesu.

Itthiṃ, itthiyo, itthiyā. Vadhuṃ, vadhuyo, vadhuyā. Daṇḍiṃ¹⁰, daṇḍino, daṇḍinā. Sayambhuṃ, sayambhuvo, sayambhunā.

Agho ti kimatthaṃ? Kaññaṃ, kaññāyo, kaññāya.

Ekavacanayosvī ti kimatthaṃ? Itthīhi, sayambhūhi.

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ? Nadiṃ, nadhiyo, nadiyā.

Apiggahaṇena na rassam āpajjate. Itthī, bhikkhunī.

When singular inflection and “yo” follow, the vowel that is not “gha” becomes short.

Examples: itthiṃ = itthī + aṃ (“ī” of “itthī” is changed to “i”; “aṃ” is changed to “ṃ” by Kac. 82). Itthiyo = itthī + yo (“ī” of “itthī” is changed to “i”).

Why it is said “not ‘gha’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is “gha” such as in “kaññaṃ”…

Why it is said “when the singular inflection and ‘yo’ follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when this in not the case such as in “itthīhi”, “sayambhūhi”, etc.

“Ca” is for emphasis.¹¹

By taking “api” there is shortening. Examples: itthī = itthī + si (“ī” is not changed to “i” because of “api” in the sutta; “si” is elided).

85. 150. Na sismim anapuṃsakāni (239-48).

Sismiṃ anapuṃsakāni liṅgāni na rassam āpajjante.

Itthī, bhikkhunī, vadhū, daṇḍī, sayambhū.

Sismiṃ ti kimatthaṃ? Bhoti itthi, bothi vadhu, bho daṇḍi, bho sayambhu.

Anapuṃsakānī ti kimatthaṃ? Sukhakāri dānaṃ, sukhakāri sīlaṃ, sīghayāyi cittaṃ.

When “si” follows, the stems that are not neuter do not become short.

Examples: itthī = itthī + si (“ī” is not changed to “i”; “si” is elided).

Why it is said “when ‘si’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule “si” does not follow such as in “bhothi itthi”… Itthi = itthī + si (“si” is named “gha” by Kac. 57; by Kac. 245 “ī” becomes short; “si” is elided).

Why it is said “that are not neuter”? To prevent the operation of this rule when they are neuter such as in “sukhakāri dānaṃ”… Sukhakāri = sukhakārī + si (“si” is name “jha”; by this sutta “ī” become short; “si” is elided).

86. 227. Ubhādito nam innaṃ (341).

Ubha icc’ evamādito saṅkhyāto naṃvacanassa innaṃ hoti.

Ubhinnaṃ, duvinnaṃ.

Ubhādito ti kimatthaṃ? Ubhayesaṃ.

After numerals such as “ubha”, etc., the inflection “naṃ” is changed to “innaṃ”.

Examples: ubhinnaṃ = ubha + naṃ (“naṃ” is changed to “innaṃ”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83). Duvinnaṃ = dvi + naṃ (“naṃ” is changed to “innaṃ”; by “ca” of Kac. 132 “dvi” is changed to “duvi”; “i” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “after ‘ubha’, etc.”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “ubha” such as in “ubhayesaṃ”, etc.

87. 231. Iṇṇam-iṇṇannaṃ tīhi saṅkhyāhi (243).

Naṃvacanassa iṇṇaṃ iṇṇannaṃ icc’ ete ādesā honti tīhi saṅkhyāhi.

Tiṇṇaṃ, tiṇṇannaṃ.

Tīhī ti kimatthaṃ? Dvinnaṃ.

After the numeral “ti”, the inflection “naṃ” is changed to “iṇṇaṃ” and “iṇṇannaṃ”.

Examples: tiṇṇaṃ, tiṇṇannaṃ = ti + naṃ (“naṃ” is changed to “iṇṇaṃ” and “iṇṇannaṃ”; “i” of “ti” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “after ‘ti’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “ti” such as in “dvinnaṃ”, etc.

88. 147. Yosu katanikāraāra-lopesu dīghaṃ (245).

Sabbe sarā yosu katanikāra-lopesu dīgham āpajjante.

Aggī, bhikkhū, rattī, yāgū, aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni, āyū, āyūni, sabbāni, yāni, tāni, kāni, katamāni, etāni, amūni, imāni.

Yosvī ti kimatthaṃ? Aggi, bhikkhu, ratti, yāgu, sabbo, yo, so, ko, amuko.

Katanikāralopesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Itthiyo, vadhuyo, sayambhuvo.

Pun’ ārambhaggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Niccadīpanatthaṃ. Aggī, bhikkhū, rattī, yāni, tāni, katamāni.

When “yo” is changed to “ni” or elided, all the vowels become long.

Examples: aggī = aggi + yo (“yo” is elided and “i” becomes “ī”); āyūni = āyu + yo (“yo” is changed to “ni”; “u” becomes “ū”).

Why it is said “when ‘yo’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “yo” such as in “aggi”…

Why it is said “changed to ‘ni’ or “elided”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it is not changed to “ni” nor “elided” such as in “itthiyo”, “vadhuyo”, “sayambhuvo”, etc.

What is the purpose of taking this sutta again? To show the fixed operation.¹²

89. 87. Su-naṃ-hisu ca (246).

Su naṃ hi icc’ etesu sabbe sarā dīgham āpajjante.

Aggīsu, aggīnaṃ, aggīhi; rattīsu, rattīnaṃ, rattīhi; bhikkhūsu, bhikkhūnaṃ, bhikkhūhi. Purisānaṃ.

Etesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Agginā, pāṇinā, daṇḍinā.

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ. Sukhettesu brahmacārisu (A. i, 352); dhammam akkhāsi Bhagavā; bhikkhunaṃ datvā sakehi pāṇibhi (Khu. ii, 138).

When “su”, “naṃ”, and “hi” follow, all the vowels become long.

Examples: aggīsu = aggi + su (“i” becomes long).

Why it is said “‘su’, ‘naṃ’, and ‘hi’ follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “su”, “naṃ”, and “hi” do not follow such as in “agginā”, “pāṇinā”, “daṇḍinā”, etc.

“Ca” is for preventing. Brahmacārisu = brahmacāri + su (here “i” does not become long); bhikkhunaṃ = bhikkhu + naṃ (here “u” does not become long); pāṇibhi = pāṇi + hi (“hi” is changed to “bhi” by Kac. 99; “i” does not become long).

90. 252. Pancādīnam attaṃ (247).

Pancādīnaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ anto attam āpajjate su naṃ hi icc’ etesu.

Pañcasu, pañcannaṃ, pañcahi; chasu, channaṃ, chahi; sattasu, sattannaṃ, sattahi; aṭṭhasu, aṭṭhannaṃ, aṭṭhahi; navasu, navannaṃ, navahi; dasasu, dasannaṃ, dasahi.

Pañcādīnamī ti kimatthaṃ? Dvīsu, dvinnaṃ, dvīhi.

Attam iti bhāvaniddeso ubhayassāgamanatthaṃ, anto ukāro attam āpajjate.¹³ Catassannaṃ itthīnaṃ.Tissannaṃ vedanānaṃ.

When “su”, “naṃ”, and “hi” follow, the end vowel of the numerals “pañca”, etc., becomes “a”.

Example: pañcasu = pañca + su (“a” is changed to “a”).

Why it is said “’pañca, etc.”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “pañca”, etc., such as in “dvīsu”, “dvinnaṃ”, “dvīhi”, etc.

Read the above comment.

91. 194. Patiss’ inīmhi (248).

Patiss’ anto attam āpajjate inīmhi paccaye pare.

Gahapatānī.

Inīmhi ti kimatthaṃ? Gahapati.

When the suffix “inī” follows, the end (vowel) of “pati” is changed to “a”.

Example: gahapatānī = gahapati + inī (“i” is changed to “a”; “i” of “inī” is elided by Kac. 13; “a” becomes long by Kac. 16).

Why it is said “when ‘inī’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “inī” does not follow such as in “gahapati”, etc.

92. 100. Ntuss’ anto yosu ca (249).

Ntupaccayassa anto attam āpajjate su naṃ hi yo icc’ etesu paresu.

Guṇavantesu, guṇavantānaṃ, guṇavantehi, guṇavantā, guṇavante.

Ntusse ti kimatthaṃ? Isīnaṃ.

Etesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Guṇavā.

Caggahaṇena aññesu vacanesu attañ ca hoti. Guṇavantasmiṃ, guṇavantena.

Antaggahaṇena ntupaccayassa anto attam āpajjate, yonañ ca ikāro hoti. Guṇavanti.

When “su”, “naṃ”, “hi”, and “yo” follow, the end (vowel) of the suffix “ntu” become “a”.

Examples: guṇavantesu = guṇavantu + su (when “su” follows “u” of “ntu” is changed to “a” and Kac. 89 “a” is changed to “e”).

Why it is said “of ‘ntu’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “ntu” such as in “isīnaṃ”, etc.

Why it is said “‘su’, ‘naṃ’, ‘hi’, and ‘yo’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are no “su”, “naṃ”, “hi”, and “yo” such as in “guṇavā”, etc.

By taking “ca”, when other follow there is also “a”.

By taking “anta” the end (vowel) of “ntu” is changed to “a” and “yo” is changed to “i”. Example: guṇavanti = guṇavantu + yo (“u” of “ntu” is changed to “a” by “anta”; “yo” is changed to “i”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

93. 106. Sabbassa vā aṃ-sesu (251).

Sabbass’ eva ntupaccayassa attaṃ hoti vā aṃ sa icc’ etesu.

Satimaṃ bhikkhuṃ, satimantaṃ bhikkhuṃ vā. Bandhumaṃ rājānaṃ, bandhumantaṃ rājānaṃ vā (D. ii, 14). Satimassa bhikkhuno, satimato bhikkhuno vā. Bandhumassa rañño (D. ii, 6) suṅkaṃ. Bandhumato rañño (D. ii, 13) vā suṅkaṃ deti.

Etesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Satimā bhikkhu. Bandhumā rājā ( D. ii, 6).

Optionally when “aṃ” and “sa” follow, all the suffix “ntu” is changed to “a”.

Examples: satimaṃ = satimantu + aṃ (“ntu” is changed to “a”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83; “aṃ” becomes “ṃ” by Kac. 82); satimassa = satimantu + sa (“ntu” is changed to “a”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83; “s” is inserted by Kac. 63).

Why it is said “when ‘aṃ’ and ‘sa’ follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “aṃ” and “sa” do not follow such as in “satimā…”

94. 105. Simhi vā (252).

Ntupaccayassa antassa attaṃ hoti vā simhi vibhattimhi.

Himavanto pabbato (Khu. i, 56).

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Himavā pabbato (AbhiA. i, 337).

Optionally when the inflection “si” follows, the end (vowel) of suffix “ntu” becomes “a”.

Example: himavanto = himavantu + si (“u” of “ntu” is changed to “a”; “si” is changed to “o” by Kac. 104; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “optionally”? To prevent the operation of this rule sometimes such as in “himavā…”

95. 145. Aggiss’ ini (254).

Aggiss’ antassa ini hoti vā simhi vibhattimhi.

Purato aggini (JaA. iii, 301). Pacchato aggini. Akkhiṇato aggini. Vāmato aggini.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Aggi.

Optionally when the inflection “si” follows, the end (vowel) of “aggi” becomes “ini”.

Examples: aggini = aggi + si (“i” of “aggi” is changed to “ini”; “si” is elided by Kac. 220).

Why it is said “optionally”? To prevent the operation of this rule sometimes such as in “aggi”, etc.

96. 148. Yosv akatarasso jho (259).

Yosu akatarasso jho attam āpajjate.

Aggayo; munayo (ItivuttaA. 114); Isayo (Khu. ii, 88); gahapatayo (Khu. vi, 423).

Yosvī ti kimatthaṃ? Aggīsu.

Akatarasso ti kimatthaṃ? Daṇḍino.

Jho ti kimatthaṃ? Rattiyo.

When “yo” follows, “jha”, which has not been shortened, becomes “a”.

Examples: aggayo = aggi + yo (“i” is named “jha” and it has not been shortened; “i” is changed to “a”).

Why it is said “when ‘yo’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “yo” does not follows such as in “aggīsu”, etc.

Why it is said “which has not been shortened”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it has been shortened such as in “daṇḍino”, etc. Daṇḍino = daṇḍī + yo (“ī” of “daṇḍī” is changed to “i” by Kac. 84; therefore this rule does not operate).

Why it is said “jha”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “jha” such as in “rattiyo”, etc.

97. 156. Ve-vosu lo ca (260).

Ve-vo icc’ etesu akatarasso lo attam āpajjate.

Bhikkhave, bhikkhavo; hetave, hetavo.

Akatarasso ti kimatthaṃ? Sayambhuvo, vessabhuvo, parābhibhuvo.

Ve-vosvī ti kimatthaṃ? Hetunā, ketunā, setunā.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

When “ve” and “vo” follow, “la”, that has not been shortened, becomes “a”.

Examples: bhikkhave = bhikkhu + yo (“u” of bhikkhu is named “la”; by Kac. 119 “yo” is changed “ve”).

Why it is said “that has not been shortened”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it has been shortened such as in “sayambhuvo…”

Why it is said “when ‘ve’ and ‘vo’ follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “ve” or “vo” do not follow such as in “hetunā…”

“Ca” is for dragging.¹⁴

98. 189. Mātulādīnam ānattam īkāre (261).

Mātula icc’ evamādīnaṃ anto ānattam āpajjate īkāre paccaye pare.

Mātulānī (Khu. i, 219); ayyakānī; varuṇānī.

Īkāre ti kimatthaṃ? Bhikkhunī, rājinī, jālinī, gahapatānī (Vin. i, 314).

Ānattaggahaṇena nadī icc’ etassa dīsaddassa jjo-jjāādesā honti saha vibhattiyā yo nā sa icc’ etesu. Najjo sandanti (S. ii, 178); najjā kataṃ taraṅgaṃ; najjā nerañjarāya tīre (Vin. iii, 1).

When the suffix “ī” follows, the end (vowel) of “mātula”, etc., becomes “āna”.

Examples: mātulānī = mātula + ī (“a” of “mātula” is changed to “āna”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “when ’ī” follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “ī” does not follow such as in “bhikkhunī…”

By taking the state of “āna”, when “yo”, “nā”, and “sa” follow, “dī” of “nadī” is changed to “jjo” and “jjā” together with the inflections. Najjo = nadī +yo (“dī” is changed to “jjo” together with the infection “yo”).

99. 81. Smā-hi-smiṃnaṃ mhā-bhi-mhi vāhi vā (265-6).

Sabbato liṅgato smā hi smiṃ icc’ etesaṃ mhā bhi mhi icc’ ete ādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Purisamhā, purisasmā; purisebhi, purisehi; purisamhi, purisasmiṃ.

Smā-hi-smiṃnam iti kimatthaṃ? Vaṇṇavantaṃ (Khu. i, 20) agandhakaṃ viruḷhapupphaṃ; mahantaṃ chattaṃ mahāchattaṃ; mahantaṃ dhajaṃ mahādhajaṃ.

Optionally, after all stems “smā”, “hi”, and “smiṃ” are substituted by “mhā”, “bhi”, and “mhi” respectively.

Examples: purisamhā = purisa + smā (“smā” is changed to “mhā”).

Why it is said “of ‘smā’, ‘hi’, and ‘smiṃ’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not “smā”, “hi”, and “smiṃ” such as in “vaṇṇavantaṃ…”

100. 214. Na t’-imehi katākārehi (267).

Ta ima icc’ etehi katākārehi smā-smiṃnaṃ mhā-mhi icc’ ete ādesā n’ eva honti.

Asmā ṭhāna bhayaṃ uppajjati; asmiṃ ṭhāne bhayaṃ tiṭṭhati; asmā; asmiṃ.

Katākārehī ti kimatthaṃ? Tamhā, tamhi, imamhā, imamhi.

When “ta” and “ima” are changed to “a”, “smā” and “smiṃ” are not substituted by “mhā” and “mhi”.

Examples: asmā = ta + smā (“ta” is changed to “a” by Kac. 176; “smā” is not changed to “mhā”); asmiṃ = ta + smiṃ (“ta” is changed to “a” by Kac. 176; “smiṃ” is not changed to “mhi”). Note: “asmā” and “asmiṃ” can be formed from “ima” also. In that case Kac. 117 applies.

Why it is said “are changed to ‘a’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “ta” and “ima” are not changed to “a” such as in “tamhā…”

101. 80. Su-hisv akāro e (268).

Su hi icc’ etesu akāro etttam āpajjate.

Sabbesu, yesu, tesu, kesu, purisesu, imesu, kusalesu, tumhesu, amhesu; sabbehi, yehi, tehi, kehi, purisehi, imehi, kusalehi, tumhehi, amhehi.

When “su” and “hi” follow, “a” becomes “e”.

Examples: sabbesu = sabba + su (“a” is changed to “e”); sabbehi = sabba + hi (“a” is changed to “e”).

102. 202. Sabbanāmānaṃ naṃmhi ca (270).

Sabbesaṃ sabbanāmānaṃ anto akāro ettam āpajjate naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Sabbesaṃ, sabbesānaṃ; yesaṃ, yesānaṃ; tesaṃ, tesānaṃ; imesaṃ, imesānaṃ; kesaṃ, kesānaṃ; itaresaṃ, itaresānaṃ; katamesaṃ, katamesānaṃ.

Sabbanāmānam iti kimatthaṃ? Buddhānaṃ Bhagavantānaṃ āciṇṇasamāciṇṇo (Vin. i, 114).

Akāro ti kimatthaṃ? Amūsaṃ, amūsānaṃ.

Naṃmhi ti kimatthaṃ? Sabbe, ime.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

When the infection “naṃ” follows, the “a”, which is the end (vowel) of all pronouns, becomes “e”.

Examples: sabbesaṃ = sabba + naṃ (“a” becomes “e”; “naṃ” is changed to “saṃ” by Kac. 168).

Why it is said “of (all) pronouns”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not pronouns such as “Buddhānaṃ…”¹⁵

Why it is said “a”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “a” such as in “amūsaṃ…”

Why it is said “when ‘naṃ’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “naṃ” does not follow such as in “sabbe…” Sabbe = sabba + yo (here “a” is not changed to “e”, but “yo” is changed to “e”).

“Ca” is for dragging.¹⁶

103. 79. Ato n’ ena (271).

Tasmā akārato nāvacanassa enādeso hoti.

Sabbena, yena, tena, kena, anena, purisena, rūpena.

Ato ti kimatthaṃ? Muninā, amunā, bhikkhunā.

Nā ti kimatthaṃ? Tasmā.

After “a”, “nā” is changed to “ena”.

Examples: sabbena = sabba + nā (“nā” is changed to “ena”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “after ‘a’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “a” such as in “muninā…”

Why it is said “nā”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “nā” such as in “tasmā”, etc.

104. 66. S’ o (272).

Tasmā akārato sivacanassa okārādeso hoti.

Sabbo, yo, so, ko, amuko, puriso.

Sī ti kimatthaṃ? Purisānaṃ.

Ato ti kimatthaṃ? Sayambhū.

After “a”, the inflection “si” is changed to “o”.

Examples: sabbo = sabba + si (“si” is changed to “o”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “si”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “si” such as in “purisānaṃ”, etc.

Why it is said “after ‘a’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “a” such as in “sayambhū”.

105. 0. So vā (273).

Tasmā akārato nāvacanassa soādeso hoti vā.

Atthaso dhammaṃ jānāti. Byañjanaso atthaṃ jānāti. Akkharaso. Suttaso (A. ii, 207). Padaso (Vin. ii, 25). Yasaso. Upāyaso. Sabbaso (A. i, 556). Thāmaso. Ṭhānaso.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Pādena vā pādārahena vā atirekapādena vā yo bhikkhu theyyacittena parassa bhaṇḍaṃ gaṇhāti, so bhikkhu pārājiko hoti asaṃvāso.

Optionally, after “a” the inflection “nā” is changed to “so”.

Examples: atthaso = attha + nā (“nā” is changed to “so”).

Why it is said “optionally”? To allows exceptions to this rule such as in “pādena…”

106. 313. Dīgh’-orehi (274).

Dīgha ora icc’ etehi smāvacanassa soādeso hoti vā.

Dīghaso (Vin. i, 227), oraso; dīghamhā, oramhā.

Dīgh’-orehi ti kimatthaṃ? Saramhā, vacanamhā.

Optionally, after “dīgha” and “ora” the inflection “smā” is changed to “so”.

Examples: dīghaso = dīgha + nā (“nā” is changed to “so”).

Why it is said “after ‘dīgha’ and ‘ora’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not “dīgha” and “ora” such as in “saramhā…”

107. 69. Sabbayo-nīnam ā e (275, 277).

Tasmā akārato sabbesaṃ yo-nīnaṃ ā ā ā ā-eādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Purisā, purise; rūpā, rūpe.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Aggayo, munayo, isayo.

Yo-nīnan ti kimatthaṃ? Purisassa, rūpassa.

Akārato ti kimatthaṃ? Daṇḍino, aṭṭhīni, aggī, pajjalanti, munī caranti.

Optionally, after “a”, all “yo” and “nī” are changed to “ā” and “e” respectively.

Examples: purisā = purisa + yo (“yo” is changed “ā”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “optionally”? To allow exceptions to this rule such as in “aggayo…”

Why it is said “of ‘yo’ and ‘nī’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are no “yo” and “nī” such as in “purisassa…”

Why it is said “after ‘a’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “a” such as in “daṇḍino…”

108. 90. Smā-smiṃnaṃ vā (276).

Tasmā akārato sabbesaṃ smā smiṃ icc’ etesaṃ ā-eādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Purisā, purisasmā, purise, purisasmiṃ.

Akārato ti kimatthaṃ? Daṇḍinā, daṇḍismiṃ; bhikkhunā, bhikkhusmiṃ.

Optionally, after “a”, all “smā” and “smiṃ” are changed to “ā” and “e” respectively.

Examples: purisā = purisa + smā (“smā” is changed to “ā”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “after ‘a’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “a” such as in “daṇḍinā…”

109. 304. Āya catutthekavacanassa tu (279-80)¹⁷

Tasmā akārato catutthekavacanassa āyāadeso hoti vā.

Atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ Buddho loke uppajjati (A. i, 21).

Ato ti kimatthaṃ? Isissa.

Catutthī ti kimatthaṃ? Purisassa mukhaṃ.

Ekavacanasse ti kimatthaṃ? Purisānaṃ dadāti.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Dātā hoti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā.

Tuggahaṇen’ atthañ ca hoti. Atthatthaṃ, hitatthaṃ, sukhatthaṃ.

Optionally, after “a”, there is substitution of the fourth inflection singular into “āya”.

Examples: atthāya = attha + sa (“sa” is changed to “āya”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “after ‘a’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “a” such as in “isissa”, etc.

Why it is said “fourth (inflection)”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no fourth inflection such as in “purisassa mukhaṃ”, etc.

Why it is said “singular”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no singular such as in “purisānaṃ dadāti”, etc.

Why it is said “optionally”? To allow exceptions to this rule such as in “dātā hoti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā”, etc.

By taking “tu” there is also substitution by “atthaṃ”. Examples: atthatthaṃ = attha + sa (by “tu” of this sutta “sa” is changed to “atthaṃ”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

110. 201. Tayo n’ eva ca sabbanāmehi (281)¹⁸

Tehi sabbanāmehi akārantehi smā smiṃ sa-ekavacana icc’ etesaṃ¹⁹ tayo ā-e- āyādesā n’ eva honti.

Sabbasmā, sabbasmiṃ, sabbassa. Yasmā, yasmiṃ, yassa. Tasmā, tasmiṃ, tassa. Kasmā, kasmiṃ, kassa. Imasmā, imasmiṃ, imassa.

Sabbanāmehi ti kimatthaṃ? Pāpā, pāpe, pāpāya.

Caggahaṇam anuḍḍhanatthaṃ.

After those pronouns ending in “a”, “smā”, “smiṃ”, and “sa”, that is a singular (inflection), are not changed to the following three: “ā”, “e”, and “āya”.

Examples: sabbasmā = sabba + smā (“smā” is not changed to “ā”).

Why it is said “after pronouns”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not pronouns such as in “pāpā…”

“Ca” is for dragging.²⁰

111. 179. Ghato nādīnaṃ (283).

Tasmā ghato nādīnam ekavacanānaṃ vibhattigaṇānaṃ āyādeso hoti.

Kaññāya kataṃ kammaṃ, kaññāya dīyate, kaññāya nissaṭaṃ vatthaṃ. Kaññāya pariggaho, kaññāya patiṭṭhitaṃ sīlaṃ.

Ghato ti kimatthaṃ? Rattiyā, itthiyā, dhenuyā, vadhuyā.

Nādīnam iti kimatthaṃ? Kaññaṃ passati; vijjaṃ, vīṇaṃ, gaṅgaṃ.

Ekavacanānam iti kimatthaṃ? Sabbāsu, yāsu, tāsu, kāsu, imāsu, pabhāsu.

After “gha”, the group of singular inflections beginning with “nā” is changed to “āya”.

Examples: kaññāya = kaññā + nā (“ā” of “kaññā” is named “gha”; “nā” is changed to “āya”; “ā” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “after ‘gha’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “gha” such as in “rattiyā…”

Why it is said “‘nā’, etc.”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are no “nā” and others such as in “kaññaṃ passati…”

Why it is said “singular”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no singular such as in “sabbāsu…”

112. 183. Pato yā ( 284).

Tasmā pato nādīnam ekavacanānaṃ vibhattigaṇānaṃ yāādeso hoti.

Rattiyā, itthiyā, deviyā, dhenuyā, yāguyā, vadhuyā.

Nādīnam iti kimatthaṃ? Rattī, rattiṃ; itthī, itthiṃ.

Pato ti kimatthaṃ? Kaññāya, vīṇāya, gaṅgāya, pabhāya, sobhāya.

Ekavacanānam iti kimatthaṃ? Rattīnaṃ, itthīnaṃ.

After “pa”, the group of singular inflections beginning with “nā” is changed to “yā”.

Examples: rattiyā = ratti + nā (“i” of “ratti” is named “pa”; “nā” is changed to “yā”).

Why it is said “‘nā’, etc.”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are no “nā”, etc., such as in “ratti…”

Why it is said “after ‘pa’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “pa” such as in “kaññāya…”

Why it is said “singular”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no singular inflection such as in “rattīnaṃ…”

113. 132. Sakhato gass’ e vā (285-6).

Tasmā sakhato gassa akāra-ākāra-ikāra-īkāra-ekārādesā honti vā.

Bho sakha, bho sakhā, bho sakhi, bho sakhī, bho sakhe.

Optionally, “ga” after “sakha” is changed to “a”, “ā”, “i”, “ī”, and “e”.

Examples: sakha = sakha + si (“si” is named “ga”; “ga” is changed to “a”; by Kac. 83 “a” is elided).

114. 178. Ghat’ e ca (288).

Tasmā ghato gassa ekārādeso hoti.

Bhoti ayye, bhoti kaññe, bhoti Kharādiye (Khu. v, 4).

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ. Sanniṭṭhānaṃ.²¹

“Ga” after “gha” is changed to “e”.

Examples: ayye = ayyā + si (“ā” is named “gha”; “si” is named “ga”; “ga” is changed to “e”; “ā” is elided by Kac. 83).

“Ca” is for fixedness.

115. 181. Na ammādito (290).

Tato ammādito gassa ekārattaṃ na hoti.

Bhoti ammā, bhoti annā, bhoti ambā, bhoti tātā.

Ammādito ti kimatthaṃ? Bhoti kaññe.

“Ga” after “ammā”, etc., is not changed to “e”.

Examples: ammā = ammā + si (“si” is named “ga” and elided; here “ga” is not changed to “e” because there is “ammā”).

Why it is said “after ‘ammā’, etc.”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “ammā”, etc., such as in “bhoti kaññe”, etc.

116. 197. Akatarassā lato yv ālapanassa ve-vo (291).

Tasmā akatarassā lato yvālapanassa ve-voādesā honti.

Bhikkhave, bhikkhavo; hetave, hetavo.

Akatarassā ti kimatthaṃ? Sayambhuvo.

Lato ti kimatthaṃ? Nāgiyo, dhenuyo, yāguyo.

Ālapanasse ti kimatthaṃ? Te hetavo, te bhikkhavo.

After “la”, that is not shortened, vocative “yo” is changed to “ve” and “vo”.

Example: bhikkhave = bhikkhu + yo (“u” is named “la”; “yo” is changed to “ve”; by Kac. 97 “u” is changed to “a”).

Why it is said “that is not shortened”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “la” is shortened such as in “sayambhuvo”, etc. Sayambhuvo = sayambhū + yo (“u” is named “la”; “ū” is changed to “u” by Kac. 84; because “ū” is shortened, there is no operation of this rule; “yo” is changed to “vo” by Kac. 119).

Why it is said “after ‘la’”? To prevent the operation of this rule where there is no “la” such as in “nāgiyo”, “dhenuyo”, “yāguyo”, etc.

Why it is said “of vocative”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no vocative such as in “te hetavo”, “te bhikkhavo”, etc.

117. 124. Jha-lato sassa no vā (292).

Tasmā jha-lato sassa vibhattissa noādeso hoti vā.

Aggino, aggissa; sakhino, sakhissa; daṇḍino, daṇḍissa; bhikkhuno, bhikkhussa; sayambhuno, sayambhussa.

Sasse ti kimatthaṃ? Isinā, bhikkhunā.

Jha-lato ti kimatthaṃ? Purisassa.

Optionally, after “jha” and “la”, the inflection “sa” is changed to “no”.

Examples: aggino = aggi + sa (“i” is named “jha”; “sa” is changed to “no”); bhikkhuno = bhikkhu + sa (“u” is named “la”; “sa” is changed to “no”).

Why it is said “of ‘sa’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “sa” such as in “isinā”, “bhikkhunā”, etc.

Why it is said “after ‘jha’ and ‘la’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “jha” or “la” such as in “purisassa”, etc.

118. 146. Gha-pato ca yonaṃ lopo (293).

Tehi gha pa jha la icc’ etehi yonaṃ lopo hoti vā.

Kaññā, kaññāyo; rattī, rattiyo; itthī, itthiyo; yāgū, yāguyo; vadhū, vadhuyo. Aggī, aggayo; bhikkhū, bhikkhavo; sayambhū, sayambhuvo; aṭṭhī, aṭthīni; āyū, āyūni.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

Optionally, after “gha”, “pa”, “jha”, and “la”, there elision of “yo”.

Examples: kaññā = kaññā + yo (“ā” is named “gha”; “yo” is elided).

“Ca” is for dragging.²²

119. 155. Lato vokāro ca (294).

Tasmā lato yonaṃ vokāro hoti vā.

Bhikkhavo, bhikkhū; sayambhuvo, sayambhū.

Kāraggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Yonaṃ no ca hoti. Jantuno.

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ. Amū purisā tiṭṭhanti. Amū purise passatha.

Optionally, after “la”, yo is changed to “vo”.

Examples: bhikkhavo = bhikkhu + yo (“u” is named “la”; “u” is changed to “a” by Kac. 97; “yo” is changed to “vo”).

What is the purpose of taking “kāra” (in the sutta)? Also “yo” is changed to “no” such as in “jantuno”, etc.

“Ca” for preventing. Examples: amū = amu + yo (“u” is named “la”; because of “ca”, “yo” is not changed to “no”; “yo” is elided by Kac. 118; “u” is lengthened by Kac. 88).

Iti nāma-kappe paṭhamo kaṇḍo

DUTIYA-KAṆḌA

Dutiyo kaṇḍo (Second Section) (120–160)

120. 243. Amhassa mamaṃ savibhattissa se (295).

Sabbass’ eva amhasaddassa savibhattissa mamaṃādeso hoti se vibhattimhi.

Mamaṃ dīyate purisena. Mamaṃ pariggaho.

When the inflection “sa” follows, all of the word “amha” together with the inflection is changed to “mamaṃ”.

Examples: mamaṃ = amha + sa (“amha” together with the inflection “sa” is changed to “mamaṃ).

121. 233. Mayaṃ yomhi paṭhame (296).

Sabbass’ eva amhasaddassa savibhattissa mayaṃādeso hoti yomhi paṭhame.

Mayaṃ gacchāma. Mayaṃ dema.

Amhasse ti kimatthaṃ? Purisā tiṭṭhanti.

Yomhi kimatthaṃ? Ahaṃ gacchāmi.

Paṭhame ti kimatthaṃ? Amhākaṃ passasi tvaṃ.

When the first (inflection) “yo” follows, all of the word “amha” together with the inflection is changed to “mayaṃ”.

Examples: mayaṃ = amha + yo (“amha” together with the inflection “yo” is changed to “mayaṃ).

Why it is said “of ‘amha’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “amha” such as in “purisā tiṭṭhanti”, etc.

Why it is said “when ‘yo’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “yo” does not follow such as in “ahaṃ gacchāmi”, etc.

Why it is said “when the first (inflection) follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “yo” is not the first inflection such as in “amhākaṃ passasi tvaṃ”, etc.

122. 99. Ntussa nto (297).

Sabbass’ eva ntupaccayassa savibhattissa ntoādeso hoti yomhi paṭhame.

Guṇavanto tiṭṭhanti.

Ntusse ti kimatthaṃ? Sabbe sattā gacchanti.

Paṭhame ti kimatthaṃ? Guṇavante passanti janā.

When the first (inflection) “yo” follows, all of suffix “ntu” together with the inflection is changed to “nto”.

Examples: guṇavanto = gunavantu + yo (“ntu” together with the inflection “yo” is changed to “nto”).

Why it is said “of ‘ntu’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “ntu” such as in “sabbe sattā gacchanti”, etc.

Why it is said “when the first (inflection) follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when the first inflection does not follow such as in “guṇavante passanti janā”, etc.

123. 103. Ntassa se vā (298).

Sabbass’ eva ntupaccayassa savibhattissa ntassādeso hoti vā se vibhattimhi.

Sīlavantassa jhāyino (Khu. i, 29), sīlavato jhāyino vā.

Se ti kimatthaṃ? Sīlavā tiṭṭhati.

Optionally, when the inflection “sa” follows, all of suffix “ntu” together with the inflection is changed to “ntassa”.

Examples: sīlavantassa = sīlavantu + sa (“ntu” together with the inflection “sa” is changed to “ntassa”).

Why it is said “when ‘sa’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “sa” does not follow such as in “sīlavā tiṭṭhati”, etc.

124. 98. Ā simhi (299).

Sabbass’ eva ntupaccayassa savibhattissa āādeso hoti simhi vibhattimhi.

Guṇavā, paññavā, sīlavā, balavā, dhanavā, mahimā, satimā (M. i, 70), dhitimā (S. i, 170).

Ntusse ti kimatthaṃ? Puriso tiṭṭhati.

Simhī ti kimatthaṃ? Sīlavanto tiṭṭhanti.

When the inflection “si” follows, all the suffix “ntu” together with the inflection is changed to “ā”.

Examples: guṇavā = guṇavantu + si (“ntu” together with the inflection “si” is changed to “ā”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “of ‘ntu’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “ntu” such as in “puriso tiṭṭhati”, etc.

Why it is said “when (the inflection) “si” follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “si” does not follow such as in “sīlavanto tiṭṭhanti”, etc.

125. 198. Aṃ napuṃsake (300-1).

Sabbass’ eva ntupaccayassa savibhattissa aṃādeso hoti simhi vibhattimhi napuṃsake vattamānassa²³.

Guṇavaṃ cittaṃ tiṭṭhati; rucimaṃ pupphaṃ virocati.

Simhi ti kimatthaṃ? Vaṇṇavantaṃ agandhakaṃ virūḷhapupphaṃ passasi tvaṃ.

When the inflection “si” follows, all the suffix “ntu”, which is in the neuter, together with the inflection is changed to “aṃ”.

Example: guṇavaṃ = guṇavantu + si (“ntu” together with the inflection “si” is changed to “aṃ”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘si’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “si” does not follow such as in “vaṇṇavantaṃ…”

126. 101. Avaṇṇā ca ge (301-2).

Sabbass’ eva ntupaccayassa savibhattissa aṃ-avaṇṇā ca honti ge pare.

Bho guṇavaṃ, bho guṇava, bho guṇavā.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

When “ga” follows, all the suffix “ntu” together with the inflection is changed to “aṃ”, “a”, and “ā”.

Examples: guṇavaṃ = guṇavantu + si (“si” is named “ga”; “ntu” together with the inflection “si” is changed to “aṃ”; “a” is elided is by Kac. 83).

“Ca” is for dragging.²⁴

127. 102. To-ti-tā sa smiṃ-nāsu (303).

Sabbass’ eva ntupaccayassa savibhattissa to-ti-tādesā honti vā sa smiṃ nā icc’ etesu yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Guṇavato, guṇavantassa; guṇavati, guṇavantasmiṃ; guṇavatā, guṇavantena; satimato, satimantassa; satimati, satimantasmiṃ; satimatā, satimantena.

Etesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Guṇavā. Satimā (M. i, 70).

Optionally, when “sa”, “smiṃ”, and “nā” follows, all the suffix “ntu” together with the inflection is changed to “to”, “ti”, and “tā” respectively.

Examples: guṇavato = guṇavantu + sa (“ntu” together with the inflection “sa” is changed to “to”).

Why it is said “when these follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when these do not follow such as in “guṇavā”, “satimā”, etc.

128. 104. Naṃmhi taṃ vā (304).

Sabbass’ eva ntupaccayassa savibhattissa taṃādeso hoti vā naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Guṇavataṃ, guṇavantānaṃ; satimataṃ, satimantānaṃ.

Naṃmhi ti kimatthaṃ? Guṇavanto tiṭṭhanti. Satimanto tiṭṭhanti.

Optionally, when the inflection “naṃ” follows, all the suffix “ntu” together with the inflection is changed to “taṃ”.

Examples: guṇavataṃ = guṇavantu + naṃ (“ntu” together with inflection “naṃ” is changed to “taṃ”).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘naṃ’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “naṃ” does not follow such as in “guṇavanto tiṭṭhanti…”

129. 222. Imass’ idam aṃ-sisu napuṃsake (305).

Sabbass’ eva imasaddassa savibhattissa idaṃādeso hoti vā aṃ-sisu napuṃsake vattamānassa²⁵.

Idaṃ cittaṃ passasi; idaṃ cittaṃ tiṭṭhati; imaṃ cittaṃ passasi; imaṃ cittaṃ tiṭṭhati.

Napuṃsake ti kimatthaṃ? Imaṃ purisaṃ passasi. Ayaṃ puriso tiṭṭhati.

Optionally, when “aṃ” and “si” follow, all the stem “ima”, that is in the neuter,²⁶ together with the inflection is changed to “idaṃ”.

Examples: idaṃ = ima + aṃ (“ima” together with the inflection “aṃ” is changed to “idaṃ”).

Why it is said “in the neuter”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it is not neuter such as in “imaṃ purisaṃ passasi”; “ayaṃ puriso tiṭṭhati”, etc.

130. 225. Amuss’ āduṃ (308).

Sabbass’ eva amusaddassa savibhattissa aduṃādeso hoti aṃ-sisu napuṃsake vattamānassa²⁷.

Aduṃ (Khu. v, 34) pupphaṃ passasi; aduṃ (Khu. v, 34) pupphaṃ virocati.

Napuṃsake ti kimatthaṃ? Amuṃ (M. i, 210) rājānaṃ passasi; asu (D. ii, 162) rājā tiṭṭhati.

When “aṃ” and “si” follow, all the stem “amu”, that is in the neuter, together with the inflection is changed to “aduṃ”.

Examples: aduṃ = amu + aṃ (“amu” together with the inflection “aṃ” is changed to “aduṃ”).

Why it is said “in the neuter”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it is not neuter sucha as in “amuṃ rājānaṃ passasi”; “asu rājā tiṭṭhati”, etc.

131. 0. Itthi-puma-napuṃsaka-saṅkhyaṃ.

“Itthi-puma-napuṃsaka-saṅkhyaṃ” icc’ etaṃ adhikāratthaṃ²⁸ veditabbaṃ.

(This sutta) “itthi-puma-napuṃsaka-saṅkhyaṃ” is for dragging.²⁹

132. 228. Yosu dvinnaṃ dve ca (310).

Dvinnaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ itthi-puma-napuṃsake vattamānānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ dve hoti yo icc’ etesu.

Dve itthiyo, dve dhammā, dve rūpani.

Yosvī ti kimatthaṃ? Dvīsu.

Caggahaṇena duve dvaya ubha ubhaya duvi ca honti yo nā aṃ nam icc’ etesu. Duve (DA. i, 58) samaṇā. Duve (DA. i, 58) brāhamaṇā. Duve (DA. i, 58) janā. Dvayena, dvayaṃ (Vin. i, 24; VinA. i, 105). Ubhinnaṃ (Khu. v, 18). Ubhayesaṃ duvinnaṃ.

When “yo” follows, the number “dvi”, that is femenine, masculine, and neuter, together with the inflection is changed to “dve”.

Examples: dve = dvi + yo (“dvi” together with the inflection “yo” is changed to “dve”).

Why it is said “when ‘yo’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “yo” does not follow such as in “dvīsu”, etc.

By taking “ca”, when “yo”, “nā”, “aṃ”, and “naṃ” follow, there are also (substitutions by) “duve”, “dvaya”, “ubha”, “ubhaya”, and “duvi”. Examples: duve = dvi + yo (“dvi” together with the inflection “yo” is changed to “duve”).

133. 230. Ti-catunnaṃ tisso catasso tayo cattāro tīṇi cattāri (311).

Ti-catunnaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ itthi-puma-napuṃsake vattamānānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ tisso catasso tayo cattāro tīṇī cattāriattāri icc’ ete ādesā honti yathāsaṅkyaṃ yo icc’ etesu.

Tisso vedanā (D. iii, 181); catasso disā; tayo janā (Khu. v, 196), jane; cattāro purisā, purise; tīṇi āyatanāni; cattāri ariyasaccāni (Khu. i, 3).

Yosvī ti kimatthaṃ? Tīsu, catūsu.

When “yo” follows, the numbers “ti” and “catu”, that are femenine, masculine, and neuter, together with the inflections are changed to “tisso”, “catasso”, “tayo”, “cattāro”, “tīṇī”, “cattāri” respectively.

Examples: tisso = ti + yo (“ti”, that is femenine, together with the inflection “yo” is changed to “tisso”).

Why it is said “when ‘yo’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “yo” does not follow such as in “tīsu”, “catūsu”, etc.

134. 251. Pañcādīnam akāro (247).

Pañcādīnaṃ saṅkyānaṃ itthi-puma-napuṃsake vattamānānaṃ savibhattissa antassa sarassa akāro hoti yo icc’ etesu.

Pañca, pañca; cha, cha; satta, satta; aṭṭha, aṭṭha; nava, nava; dasa, dasa.

Pañcadīnam iti kimatthaṃ? Dve, tayo.

When “yo” follows, the last vowel together with the inflection of the the numbers “pañca”, etc., that are femenine, masculine, and neuter, is changed to “a”.³⁰

Examples: pañca = pañca + yo (“a” of “pañca” together with the inflection “yo” is changed to “a”).

Why it is said “of the numbers ‘pañca’, etc.”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there no “pañca”, etc., such as in “dve”, “tayo”, etc.

135. 118. Rājassa rañño rājino se (314).

Sabbass’ eva rājasaddassa savibhattissa rañño rājino icc’ ete ādesā honti se vibhattimhi.

Rañño, rājino (Khu. i, 324).

Se ti kimatthaṃ? Raññā.

When the inflection “sa” follows, all the stem “rāja” together with the inflection is changed to “rañño” and “rājino”.

Examples: rañño = rāja + sa (“rāja” together with the inflection “sa” is changed to “rañño”).

Why it is said “when ‘sa’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “sa” does not follow such as in “raññā”, etc.

136. 119. Raññaṃ naṃmhi vā (315).

Sabbass’ eva rājasaddassa savibhattissa raññaṃādeso hoti vā naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Raññaṃ, rājūnaṃ (Khu. i, 88) idaṃ raṭṭhaṃ.

Optionally, when the inflection “naṃ” follows, all the stem “rāja” together with the inflection is changed to “raññaṃ”.

Examples: raññaṃ = rāja + naṃ (“rāja” together with the inflection “naṃ” is changed to “raññaṃ”).

137. 116. Nāmhi raññā vā (316).

Sabbass’ eva rājasaddassa savibhattissa raññāādeso hoti vā nāmhi vibhattimhi.

Tena raññā kataṃ, rājena vā kataṃ.

Nāmhi ti kimatthaṃ? Rañño santakaṃ.

Optionally, when the inflection “nā” follows, all the stem “rāja” together with the inflection is changed to “raññā”.

Examples: raññā = rāja + nā (“rāja” together with the inflection “nā” is changed to “raññā”).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘nā’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “nā” does not follow such as in “rañño santakaṃ”, etc.

138. 121. Smiṃmhi raññe rājini (317).

Sabbass’ eva rājasaddassa savibhattissa raññe-rājini icc’ ete ādesā honti smiṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Raññe, rājini sīlaṃ tiṭṭhati.

When the inflection “smiṃ” follows, all the stem “rāja” together with the inflection is changed to “raññe”, and “rājini”.

Examples: raññe = rāja + smiṃ (“rāja” together with the inflection “smiṃ” is changed to “raññe”).

139. 245. Tumh’-āmhākaṃ³¹ tayi mayi (318).

Sabbessaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ tayi mayi icc’ ete ādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ smiṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Tayi, mayi.

Smiṃmhī ti kimatthaṃ? Tvaṃ bhavasi. Ahaṃ bhavāmi.

When the inflection “smiṃ” follows, all the stems “tumha” and “amha” together with the inflections are changed to “tayi” and “mayi” respectively.

Examples: tayi = tumha + smiṃ (“tumha” together with “smiṃ” is changed to “tayi”).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘smiṃ’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “smiṃ” does not follow such as in “tvaṃ bhavasi”, “ahaṃ bhavāmi”, etc.

140. 232. Tvam-ahaṃ simhi ca (319-20).

Sabbesaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ tvaṃ-ahaṃ icc’ ete ādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ simhi vibhattimhi.

Tvaṃ, ahaṃ.

Simhi ti kimatthaṃ? Tayi, mayi.

Caggahaṇena tuvaṃ ca hoti. Tuvaṃ satthā (M. ii, 354).

When the inflection “si” follows, all the stems “tumha” and “amha” together with the inflections are changed to “tvaṃ” and “ahaṃ” respectively.

Examples: tvaṃ = tumha + si (“tumha” together with the inflection “si” is changed to “tvaṃ”).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘si’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “si” does not follow such as in “tayi”, “mayi”, etc.

By taking “ca”, there is also “tuvaṃ”. Example: tuvaṃ = tumha + si (“tumha” together with inflection “si” is changed to “tuvaṃ”).

141. 241. Tava-mama se.

Sabbesaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ tava mama icc’ ete ādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ se vibhattimhi.

Tava, mama.

Se ti kimatthaṃ? Tayi, mayi.

When the inflection “sa” follows, all the stems “tumha” and “amha” together with the inflections are changed to “tava” and “mama” respectively.

Examples: tava = tumha + sa (“tumha” together with the inflection “sa” is changed to “tava”).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘sa’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “sa” does not follow such as in “tayi”, “mayi”, etc.

142. 242. Tuyhaṃ mayhañ ca (321).

Sabbesaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ tuyhaṃ mayhaṃ icc’ ete ādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ se vibhattimhi.

Tuyhaṃ, mayhaṃ dhanaṃ dīyate.

Se ti kimatthaṃ? Tayā, mayā.

When the inflection “sa” follows, all the stems “tumha” and “amha” together with the inflections are changed to “tuyhaṃ” and “mayhaṃ” respectively.

Examples: tuyhaṃ = tumha + sa (“tumha” together the inflection “sa” is changed to “tuyhaṃ”).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘sa’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “sa” does not follow such as in “tayā”, “mayā”, etc.

143. 235. Taṃ-mam aṃmhi (322).

Sabbesaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ taṃ maṃ icc’ ete ādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ aṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Taṃ, maṃ.

Aṃmhi ti kimatthaṃ? Tayā, mayā.

When the inflection “aṃ” follows, all the stems “tumha” and “amha” together with the inflections are changed to “taṃ” and “maṃ” respectively.

Examples: taṃ = tumha + aṃ (“tumha” together with the inflection “aṃ” is changed to “taṃ”)

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘aṃ’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when the inflection “aṃ” does not follow such as in “tayā”, “mayā”, etc.

144. 234. Tavaṃ mamañ ca navā (322).

Sabbesaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ tavaṃ-mamaṃ icc’ ete ādesā honti navā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ aṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Tavaṃ, mamaṃ passati.

Navā ti kimatthaṃ? Taṃ, maṃ passati.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

Optionally, when the inflection “aṃ” follows, all the stems “tumha” and “amha” together with the inflection are changed to “tavaṃ” and “mamaṃ” respectively.

Examples: tavaṃ = tumha + aṃ (“tumha” together with the inflection “aṃ” is changed to “tavaṃ”).

Why it is said “optionally”? To allow exceptions to this rule such as in “taṃ, maṃ passati”, etc.

145. 238. Nāmhi tayā mayā (323).

Sabbessaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ tayā mayā icc’ ete ādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ nāmhi vibhattimhi.

Tayā, mayā kataṃ.

Nāmhī ti kimatthaṃ? Tumhehi, amhehi.

When the inflection “nā” follows, all the stems “tumha” and “amha” together with the inflections are changed to “tayā” and “mayā” respectively.

Examples: tayā = tumha + nā (“tumha” together with the inflection “nā” is changed to “tayā”).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘nā’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “nā” does not follow such as in “tumhehi”, “amhehi”, etc.

146. 236. Tumhassa tuvaṃ-tvaṃ ’ṃhi (324).

Sabbassa tumhasaddassa savibhattissa tuvaṃ tvaṃaṃ icc’ ete ādesā honti aṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Kaliṅgarassa³² tuvaṃ maññe, kaṭṭhassa tvaṃ maññe.

When the inflection “aṃ” follows, all the stem “tumha” together with the inflection is changed to “tuvaṃ” and “tvaṃ”.

Examples: tuvaṃ = tumha + aṃ (“tumha” together with the inflection “aṃ” is changed to “aṃ”).

147. 246. Padato dutiyā-datutthī-chaṭṭhīsu vo-no (325).

Sabbesaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ yadā padasmā paresaṃ vo-no ādesā honti navā yathāsaṅkyaṃ dutiyā catutthī caṭṭhī icc’ etesu bahuvacanesu.

Pahāya vo bhikkhave gamissāmi (Khu. iv, 265); mā no ajja vikantiṃsu (Khu. vi, 93) rañño sūdā mahānase. Evaṃ dutiyatthe. Dhammaṃ vo bhikkhave desessāmi (M. iii, 86); saṃvibhajetha no rajjena (D. ii, 188). Evaṃ catutthyatthe.

Tuṭṭho ’smi vo bhikkhave pakatiyā (Khu. vi, 89); satthā no Bhagavā anuppatto (M. i, 266). Evaṃ caṭṭhyatthe.

Navā ti kimatthaṃ? Eso amhākaṃ satthā.

Tumha-mhākam iti kimatthaṃ? Ete isayo passasi.

Padato ti kimatthaṃ? Tumhākaṃ satthā.

Etevī ti kimatthaṃ? Gacchatha tumhe.

Optionally, when the second, fourth, and sixth (inflections) in the plural follow, all the stems “tumha” and “amha”, that are after the word, together with the inflections are changed to “vo” and “no” respectively.

Examples: vo = tumha + yo (“tumha” togeher with the second plural inflection “yo” is changed to “vo”). Examples: vo = tumha + naṃ (“tumha” together with the fourth plural inflection “naṃ” is changed to “vo”)

Examples: vo = tumha + naṃ (“tumha” together with the sixth plural inflection “naṃ” is changed to “vo”).

Why it is said “optionally”? To allow exceptions to this rule such as in “eso amhākaṃ satthā”, etc.

Why it is said “of ‘tumha’ and ‘amha’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are no “tumha” and “amha” such as in “ete isayo passasi”, etc.

Why it is said “after the word”? To prevent the operation of this rule when they are not after the word such as in “tumhākaṃ satthā”, etc.

Why it is said “second, fourth, and sixth (inflection) follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when the second, fourth, and sixth inflections do not follow such as in “gacchatha tumhe”, etc.

148. 247. Te-me ’kavacanesu ca (326).

Sabbesaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ yadā padasmā paresaṃ te me ādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ catutthī caṭṭhī icc’ etesu ekavacanesu.

Dadāmi te gāmavarāni pañca (Khu. v, 229); dadāhi me gāmavaraṃ (Khu, v, 227); idaṃ te raṭṭhaṃ (Khu. vi, 66, 131); ayaṃ me putto.

Padato ti kimatthaṃ? Tava ñāti, mama ñāti.

When the fourth and sixth (inflections) in the singular follow, all the stems “tumha” and “amha”, that are after the word, together with the inflecions are changed to “te” and “me” respectively.

Examples: te = tumha + sa (“tumha” together with the fourth singular inflection “sa” is changed to “te”).

Why it is said “after the word”? To prevent the operation of this rule when they are not after the word such as in “tava ñāti”, “mama ñāti”, etc.

149. 248. Na aṃmhi (327).

Sabbesaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ yadā padasmā paresaṃ te-me ādesā na honti aṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Passeyya taṃ vassasataṃ arogaṃ³³ (Khu. vi, 14); so maṃ bravīti³⁴

When the inflection “aṃ” follows, all the stems “tumha” and “amha”, that are after the word, together with the inflections are not changed to “te” and “me”.

Examples: taṃ = tumha + aṃ (here “tumha” together with the inflection “aṃ” is not changed to “te”, but it is changed to “taṃ” by Kac. 143).

150. 249. Vā tatiye ca (328).

Sabbesaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ yadā padasmā paresaṃ te- meādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ tatiy’-ekavacane pare.

Kataṃ te pāpaṃ, kataṃ me pāpaṃ, kataṃ tayā pāpaṃ, kataṃ mayā pāpaṃ.

Padato ti kimatthaṃ? Tayā kataṃ, mayā kataṃ.

Optionally, when the third singular inflection follows, all the stems “tumha” and “amha”, that are after the word, together with the inflections are changed to “te” and “me” respectively.

Examples: te = tumha + nā (“tumha” together with the third singular inflection “nā” is changed to “te”).

Why it is said “after the word”? To prevent the operation of this rule when they are not after the word such as in “tayā kataṃ”, “mayā kataṃ”, etc.

151. 250. Bahuvacanesu vo no (329).

Sabbesaṃ tumha-amhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ yadā padasmā paresaṃ vo- noādesā honti yathāsaṅkyaṃ tatiyābahuvacanesu paresu.

Kataṃ vo kammaṃ, kataṃ no kammaṃ.

Padato ti kimatthaṃ? Tumhehi kataṃ, amhehi kataṃ.

Bahuvacanaggahaṇena yomhi paṭhame vo-noādesā honti. Gāmaṃ vo gaccheyyātha. Gāmaṃ no gaccheyyāma.

When the third plural inflection follows, all the stems “tumha” and “amha”, that are after the word, together with the inflections are changed to “vo” and “no” respectively.

Examples: vo = tumha + hi (“tumha” together with the third plural inflection “hi” is changed to “vo”).

Why it is said “after the word”? To prevent the operation of this rule when they are not after the word such as in “tumhehi kataṃ”, “amhehi kataṃ”, etc.

By taking “bahuvacana”, when the first inflection “yo” follows, there are substitution by “vo” and “no”. Examples: vo = tumha + yo (by taking “bahuvacana” in this sutta, “tumha” together with the first inflection “yo” is changed to “vo”).

152. 136. Pumantass’ ā simhi (331-2).

Puma icc’ evam antassa savibhattissa ā-ādeso hoti simhi vibhattimhi.

Pumā tiṭṭhati.

Simhī ti kimatthaṃ? Pumāno tiṭṭhanti.

Antaggahaṇena maghava yuvaa yuva icc’ evamādīnam antassa³⁵ savibhattissa ā- ādeso hoti. Maghavā, yuvā.

When the inflection “si” follows, the end (vowel) of “puma” together with the inflection becomes “ā”.

Examples: pumā = puma + si (“si” together with “a” of “puma” becomes “ā”).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘si’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “si” does not follow such as in “pumāno tiṭṭhanti”, etc. Example: pumāno = puma + yo (“a” of “puma” together with “yo” becomes “āno” by Kac. 155).

By taking “anta”, the end of “maghava” and “yuva” together with the inflections is changed to “ā”. Examples: maghavā = maghava + si (“si” together with “a” of “maghava” is changed to “ā”).

153. 138. Am ālapanekavacane (333).

Puma icc’ evam antassa savibhattissa aṃ-ādeso hoti ālapan’-ekavacane pare.

He pumaṃ.

Ālapane ti kimatthaṃ? Pumā.

Ekavacane ti kimatthaṃ? He pumāno.

When the vocative singular (inflection) follows, the end (vowel) of “puma” together with the inflection becomes “aṃ”.

Examples: pumaṃ = puma + si (“si” together with “a” of “puma” is changed to “aṃ”).

Why it is said “when the vocative (singular) follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when the vocative does not follow such as in “pumā”, etc.

Why it is said “when the (vocative) singular follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when the (vocative) singular does not follow such as “he pumāno”, etc.

154. 0. Samāse ca vibhāsā (334).

Puma icc’ evam antassa samāse ca aṃādeso hoti vibhāsā samāse kate.

Itthī ca pumā ca napuṃsakaṃ ca itthipumannapuṃsakāni. Itthipumannapuṃsakānaṃ samūho itthipumannapuṃsakasamūho.

Vibhasā ti kimatthaṃ? Itthipumanapuṃsakāni.

Optionally, when a compound is made, the end (vowel) of “puma” becomes “aṃ”.

Examples: itthipumannapuṃsakāni (“ā” of “puma” becomes “aṃ”; “ṃ” becomes “n” by Kac. 31).

Why it is said “optionally”? To allow exceptions to this rule such as in “itthipumanapuṃsakāni”.

155. 137. Yos vāno (335).

Puma icc’ evam antassa savibhattissa āno-ādeso hoti yosu vibhattīsu.

Pumāno, he pumāno.

Yosvī ti kimatthaṃ? Pumā.

When the inflection “yo” follows, the end (vowel) of “puma” together with the inflection becomes “āno”.

Examples: pumāno = puma + yo (“a” of “puma” together with “yo” becomes “āno”).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘yo’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “yo” does not follow such as in “pumā”.

156. 142. Āne smiṃmhi vā.

Puma icc’ evam antassa savibhattissa āne-ādeso hoti vā smiṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Pumāne, pume vā.

Optionally, when the inflection “smiṃ” follows, the end (vowel) of “puma” together with the inflection becomes “āne”.

Examples: pumāne = puma + smiṃ (“a” of “puma” together with the inflection “smiṃ” becomes “āne”).

157. 140. Hi-vibhattimhi ca (337-8).

Puma icc’ evam antassa hi vibhattimhi ca āne-ādeso hoti.

Pumānehi, pumānebhi.

Puna vibhattiggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Savibhattiggahaṇa-nivattanatthaṃ. Pumānehi.

Caggahaṇena maghava yuva icc’ evamādīnam antassa³⁶ āna-ādeso hoti si yo aṃ yo icc’ etesu³⁷ vibhattīsu. Puma-kamma-thāmantassa c’ ukāro hoti sa-smāsu vibhattīsu. Maghavāno. Maghavānā, maghavānaṃ, maghavāne. Yuvāno, yuvānā, yuvānaṃ, yuvāne; pumuno, pumunā. Kammuno, kammunā. Thāmuno, thāmunā.

When the inflection “hi” follows, the end (vowel) of “puma” becomes “āne”.

Examples: pumānehi = puma + hi (“a” of “puma” becomes “āne”).

Why (the word) “vibhatti” is taken again? To prevent the following of “savibhatti” to this sutta such as in “pumānehi”.

By taking “ca”, when the inflections “si”, “yo”, “aṃ”, “yo” follow, the end (vowel) of “maghava”, “yuva”, etc., becomes “āna”. And when the inflections “sa” and “smā” follow, the end (vowel) of “puma”, “kamma”, and “thāma” becomes “u”. Examples: maghavāno = maghava + si (by “ca”, “a” of “maghava” becomes “āna”; “si” is changed to “o” by Kac. 104).

158. 143. Susmim ā vā (339).

Puma icc’ evam antassa su icc’ etasmiṃ vibhattimhi ā-ādeso hoti vā.

Pumāsu, pumesu vā.

Optionally, when the inflection “su” follows, the end (vowel) of “puma” becomes “ā”.

Examples: pumāsu = puma + su (“a” of “puma” is changed to “ā”).

159. 139. U nāmhi ca (340).

Puma icc’ evam antassa ā-u-ādesā honti vā nāmhi vibhattimhi.

Pumānā, pumunā, pumena vā.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

Optionally, when the inflection “nā” follows, the end (vowel) of “puma” becomes “ā” or “u”.

Examples: pumānā = puma + nā (“a” of “puma” is changed to “ā”).

“Ca” is for dragging.³⁸

160. 197. A kammantassa ca (341).

Kamma icc’ evam antassa ca u-a-ādesā honti vā nāmhi vibhattimhi.

Kammunā (Khu. i, 299), kammanā (M. ii, 408), kammena vā.

Caggahaṇena maghava yuva icc’ evam antassa ā-ādeso hoti kvaci nā su icc’ etesu vibhattīsu. Maghavānā, maghavāsu, maghavesu, maghavena vā. Yuvānā, yuvāsu, yuvesu, yuvena vā.

Optionally, when the inflection “nā” follows, the end (vowel) of “kamma” becomes “u” or “a”.

Examples: kammunā = kamma + nā (“a” of “kamma” is changed to “u”).

By taking “ca”, optionally, when the inflections “nā” and “su” follow, the end (vowel) of “maghava”, “yuva”, etc., becomes “ā”. Examples: maghavānā = maghava + nā (“a” of “maghava” is changed to “ā”).

Iti nāma-kappe dutiyo kaṇḍo

TATIYA-KAṆḌA

Tatiyo kaṇḍo (Third Section) (161–210)

161. 244. Tumh’-amhehi nam ākaṃ (344).

Tehi tumha-amhehi naṃvacanassa ākaṃ hoti.

Tumhākaṃ, amhākaṃ.

Naṃ iti kimatthaṃ? Tumhehi, amhehi.

After (the stems) “tumha” and “amha”, the inflection “naṃ” becomes “ākaṃ”.

Examples: tumhākaṃ = tumha + naṃ (“naṃ” becomes “ākaṃ”; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

Why it is said “of ‘naṃ’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “naṃ such as in “tumhehi”, “amhehi”, etc.

162. 237. Vā yv appaṭhamo (345).

Tehi tumha-amhehi yo appaṭhamo ākaṃ hoti vā.

Tumhākaṃ passāmi, tumhe passāmi vā. Amhākaṃ passasi, amhe passasi vā.

Yo ti kimatthaṃ? Tumhehi, amhehi.

Appaṭhamo ti kimatthaṃ? Gacchatha tumhe, gacchāma mayaṃ.

Vā ti vikappanatthena yonaṃ aṃ ānaṃ honti. Tumhaṃ, tumhānaṃ. Amhaṃ, amhānaṃ.

Optionally, after (the stems) “tumha” and “amha”, “yo”, that is not the first (inflection), becomes “ākaṃ”.

Examples: tumhākaṃ = tumha + yo (“yo” is changed to “ākaṃ”).

Why it is said “yo”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “yo” such as in “tumhehi”, “amhehi”, etc.

Why it is said “that is not the first (inflection)”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is the first inflection such as in “gacchatha tumhe” and “gacchāma mayaṃ”.

By “vā”, showing alternative meaning, “yo” becomes “aṃ” or “ānaṃ”. Examples: tumhaṃ = tumha + yo (“yo” becomes “aṃ”); tumhānaṃ = tumha + yo (“yo” becomes “ānaṃ”).

163. 240. Sass’ aṃ (346).

Tehi tumha-amhehi sassa vibhattissa aṃādeso hoti vā.

Tumhaṃ dīyate, tava dīyate. Tumhaṃ pariggaho, tava pariggaho. Amhaṃ dīyate, mama dīyate. Amhaṃ pariggaho, mama pariggaho.

Sasse ti kimatthaṃ? Tumhesu, amhesu.

Optionally, after (the stems) “tumha” and “amha”, the inflection “sa” becomes “aṃ”.

Examples: tumhaṃ = tumha + sa (“sa” becomes “aṃ”).

Why it is said “of ‘sa’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “sa” such as in “tumhesu”, “amhesu”, etc.

164. 200. Sabbanāmakārat’ e paṭhamo (347).

Sabbesaṃ sabbanāmānaṃ akārato³⁹ yo paṭhamo ettam āpajjate.

Sabbe, ye, te, ke, tumhe, amhe, ime.

Sabbanāmā ti⁴⁰ kimatthaṃ? Devā, asurā, nāgā, gandhabbā, manussā.

Akārato ti kimatthaṃ? Amū purisā tiṭṭhanti.

Yo ti kimatthaṃ? Sabbo, yo, so, ko, ayaṃ.

Paṭhamaggahaṇaṃ uttarasuttatthaṃ.

After “a” of all pronouns, (the inflection) “yo”, that is the first one, becomes “e”.

Examples: sabbe = sabba + yo (“yo” is changed to “e”).

Why it is said “of (all) pronouns”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not pronouns such as in “devā”, etc.

Why it is said “after ‘a’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “a” such as in “amū purisa tiṭṭhanti”.

Why it is said “yo”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “yo” such as in “sabbo”, etc.

Taking “paṭhama” is to follow to the next sutta.

165. 208. Dvandaṭṭhā vā (348).

Tasmā sabbanām’-akārato dvandaṭṭhā yo paṭhamo ettam āpajjate vā.

Katarakatame, katarakatamā vā.

Sabbanāmā ti⁴¹ kimatthaṃ? Devāsuranāgagandhabbamanussā.

Dvandaṭṭhā ti kimatthaṃ? Te, sabbe.

Optionally, in a dvanda compound, after (the last) “a” of pronouns, “yo”, that is the first (inflection), becomes “e”.

Examples: katarakatame = katarakatama + yo (“yo”, that is the first inflection, is changed to “e”).

Why it is said “pronouns”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not pronouns such as in “devā-sura-nāga-gandhabba-manussā”.

Why it is said “in a dvanda compound”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no dvanda compound such as in “te” and “sabbe”.

166. 209. Nāññaṃ sabbanāmikaṃ (349).

Sabbanāmikānaṃ dvandaṭṭhe nāññaṃ kāriyaṃ hoti.

Pubbāparānaṃ, pubbuttarānaṃ, adharuttarānaṃ.

In a dvanda compound of pronouns, except the substitution “e” of the first inflection “yo”, the other substitutions (“saṃ”, “sānaṃ”, etc.) are not done.

Examples: pubbāparānaṃ = pubbāpara + naṃ (here “naṃ” is not changed to “saṃ”, “sānaṃ”, etc.).

167. 210. Bahubbīhimhi ca (351-2).

Bahubbīhimhi ca samāse sabbanāmavidhānañ ca nāññaṃ kāriyaṃ hoti.

Piyapubbāya, piyapubbānaṃ, piyapubbe, piyapubbassa.

Ce ti kimatthaṃ? Sabbanāmavidhānaṃ⁴² hoti. Dakkhiṇapubbassaṃ, dakkhiṇapubbassā, uttarapubbassaṃ, uttarapubbassā.

Optionally, also in an adjectival compound (bahubbīhi), the substitution regarding pronouns, other than “e” of the first inflection “yo”, does not operate.

Example: piyapubbāya = piyapubbā + smiṃ (here “smiṃ” is not changed to “saṃ” or “sā”; “smiṃ” is changed to “ya” by Kac. 101).

Why it is said “ca”? There is substitution regarding pronouns. Examples:⁴³ dakkhiṇapubbassaṃ = dakkhiṇapubba + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed “saṃ”; “s” is inserted by Kac. 63).

168. 203. Sabbato naṃ saṃ-sānaṃ (353, 368).

Sabbato sabbanāmato naṃvacanassa saṃ sānaṃ icc’ ete ādesā honti.

Sabbesaṃ, sabbesānaṃ, sabbāsaṃ, sabbāsānaṃ. Yesaṃ, yesānaṃ, yāsaṃ, yāsānaṃ. Tesaṃ, tesānaṃ, tāsaṃ, tāsānaṃ. Kesaṃ, kesānaṃ, kāsaṃ, kāsānaṃ. Imesaṃ, imesānaṃ, imāsaṃ, imāsānaṃ. Amūsaṃ, amūsānaṃ.

Nam iti kimatthaṃ? Sabbassa, yassa, tassa, kassa. Evaṃ sabbattha.

After all pronouns, the inflection “naṃ” becomes “saṃ” or “sānaṃ”.

Examples: sabbesaṃ = sabba + naṃ (“naṃ” is changed to “saṃ”; “a” is changed to “e” by Kac. 109).

Why it is said “naṃ”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “naṃ” such as in “sabbassa”, etc. Everywhere is like this.

169. 117. Rājassa rāju su-naṃ-hisu ca (354).

Sabbass’ eva rājasaddassa rāju-ādeso hoti su naṃ hi icc’ etesu.

Rājūsu, rājūnaṃ, rājūhi, rājūbhi.

Su-naṃ-hi-sū ti kimatthaṃ? Rājā.

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ. Rājesu, rājānaṃ, rājehi, rājebhi.

When (the inflections) “su”, “naṃ”, and “hi” follow, all the stem “rāja” becomes “rāju”.

Examples: rājūsu = rāja + su (“rāja” becomes “rāju”, “u” becomes “ū” by Kac. 89).

Why it is said “when (the inflections) ‘su’, ‘naṃ’, and ‘hi’ follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “su”, “naṃ”, and “hi” do not follow such as in “rājā”.

“Ca” is for prevention.⁴⁴

170. 220. Sabbass’ imass e vā (356).

Sabbass’ eva imasaddassa ekāro hoti vā su naṃ hi icc’ etesu.

Esu, imesu; esaṃ, imesaṃ; ehi, ebhi, imehi, imebhi.

Imasse ti kimatthaṃ? Etesu, etesaṃ, etehi, etebhi.

Optionally, when (the inflections) “su”, “naṃ”, and “hi” follow, all the stem “ima” becomes “e”.

Examples: esu = ima + su (“ima” becomes “e”).

Why it is said “of ‘ima’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “ima” such as in “etesu”, etc.

171. 219. An’-imi nāmhi ca (357).

Imasaddassa sabbass’ eva ana imi icc’ ete ādesā honti nāmhi vibhattimhi.

Anena dhammadānena. Sukhitā hotu sā pajā.

Iminā Buddhapūjena patvā amataṃ padaṃ.

Nāmhī ti kimatthaṃ? Imesu, imesaṃ, imehi, imebhi.

When the inflection “nā” follows, all the stem “ima” becomes “ana” or “imi”.

Examples: anena = ima + nā (“ima” becomes “ana”).

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘nā’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when the inflection “nā” does not follow such as in “imesu”, etc.

172. 218. Anapuṃsakass’ āyaṃ simhi (306-7, 358).

Imasaddassa sabbass’ eva anapuṃsakassa ayaṃ-ādeso hoti simhi vibhattimhi.

Ayaṃ puriso, ayaṃ itthī.

Anapuṃsakasse ti kimatthaṃ? Idaṃ cittaṃ tiṭṭhati.

Simhī ti kimatthaṃ? Imaṃ purisaṃ passasi tvaṃ.

When the inflection “si” follows, all the stem “ima”, that is not neuter, becomes “ayaṃ”.

Examples: ayaṃ = ima + si (“ima” becomes “ayaṃ”; “si” is elided by Kac. 220).

Why it is said “that is not neuter”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it is neuter such as in “idaṃ cittaṃ tiṭṭhati”.

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘si’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “si” does not follow such as in “imaṃ purisaṃ passasi tvaṃ”.

173. 223. Amussa mo saṃ (359).

Amusaddassa anapuṃsakassa makāro sakāram āpajjate vā simhi vibhattimhi.

Asu (M. ii, 175) rājā; asu itthī; amuko rājā; amukā itthī.

Anapuṃsakasse ti kimatthaṃ? Aduṃ (Khu. v, 34) pupphaṃ virocati.

Amhasse ti kimatthaṃ? Ayaṃ puriso tiṭṭhati.

Simhī ti kimatthaṃ? Amhaṃ (M. i, 211) purisaṃ passasi.

Optionally, when the inflection “si” follows, “m” of the stem “amu”, that is not neuter, becomes “s”.

Examples: asu = amu + si (“m” of “amu” is changed to “s”; “si” is elided by Kac. 220).

Why it is said “that is not neuter”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it is neuter such as in “aduṃ pupphaṃ virocati”.

Why it is said “of ‘amha’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “amha” such as in “ayaṃ puriso tiṭṭhati”.

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘si’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when the inflection “si” does not follow such as in “amhaṃ purisaṃ passasi”.

174. 211. Eta-tesaṃ to (360).

Eta ta icc’ etesaṃ anapuṃsakānaṃ takāro sakāram āpajjate simhi vibhattimhi.

Eso puriso, esā itthī; so puriso, sā itthī.

Eta-tesam iti kimatthaṃ? Itaro puriso, itarā itthī.

Anapuṃsakānam iti kimatthaṃ? Etaṃ cittaṃ, etaṃ rūpaṃ; taṃ cittaṃ, taṃ rūpaṃ.

When the inflection “si” follows, “t” of “eta” and “ta”, that is not neuter, becomes “s”.

Examples: eso = eta + si (“t” of “eta” becomes “s”; “si” is elided by Kac. 220).

Why it is said “of ‘eta’ and ‘ta’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not “eta” or “ta” such as in “itaro puriso”, etc.

Why it is said “of not neuter”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it is neuter such as in “etaṃ cittaṃ”, etc.

175. 212. Tassa vā nattaṃ sabbattha (361).

Tassa⁴⁵ sabbanāmassa takārassa nattaṃ hoti vā sabbattha liṅgesu.

Nāya, tāya; naṃ (Khu. i, 308), taṃ; ne (DhA. i, 6), te; nesu, tesu; namhhi, tamhi; nāhi, tāhi; nābhi, tābhi.

Optionally, in all genders, “t” of the pronoun “ta” becomes “n”.

Examples: nāya = tā + nā (“t” of “tā” becomes “n”; “nā” is changed to “ya” by Kac. 101).

176. 213. Sa-smā-smiṃ-saṃ-sāsv attaṃ (362, 368).

Tassa sabbanāmassa takārassa sabbass’ eva attaṃ hoti vā sa smā smiṃ saṃ sā icc’ etesu sabbattha liṅgesu.

Assa, tassa; asmā, tasmā; asmiṃ, tasmiṃ; assaṃ, tassaṃ; assā, tassā.

Takārasse ti kimatthaṃ? Amussaṃ, amussā.

Etesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Nesu, tesu.

Optionally, in the genders, when (the inflections) “sa”, “smā”, “smiṃ”, “saṃ”, and “sā” follow, all the “ta” of the pronoun “ta” becomes “a”.

Examples: assa = ta + sa (“ta” becomes “a”; “s” is inserted by Kac. 63).

Why it is said “of the letter ‘ta’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “ta” such as in “amussaṃ” and “amussā”.

Why it is said “when the inflections ‘sa’, ‘smā’, ‘smiṃ’, ‘saṃ’, and ‘sā’ follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when these inflections do not follow such as in “nesu” and “tesu”.

177. 221. Imasaddassa ca (363).

Imasaddassa ca sabbass’ eva attaṃ hoti vā sa smā smiṃ saṃ sā icc’ etesu sabbattha liṅgesu.

Assa, imassa; asmā, imasmā; asmiṃ, imasmiṃ; assaṃ, imissaṃ; assā, imissā.

Imasaddasse ti kimatthaṃ? Etissaṃ, etissā.

Optionally, in all genders, when (the inflections) “sa”, “smā”, “smiṃ”, “saṃ”, and “sā” follow, all the stem “ima” becomes “a”.

Examples: assa = ima + sa (“ima” becomes “a”; “s” is inserted by Kac. 63).

Why it is said “of the stem ‘ima’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is not “ima” such as in “etissaṃ” and “etissā”.

178. 224. Sabbato ko (364).

Sabbato sabbanāmato kakārāgamo hoti vā simhi vibhattimhi.

Sabbako, yako, sako, amuko, asuko (A. i, 73).

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Sabbo, yo, so, ko.

Sabbanāmato ti kimatthaṃ? Puriso.

Puna sabbatoggahaṇena aññasmā pi kakārāgamo hoti. Hīnako, potako.

Optionally, when the inflection “si” follows, after all pronouns, “ka” is inserted.

Examples: sabbako = sabba + si (“ka” is inserted; “si” is changed to “o”; “a” is elided)

Why it is said “optionally”? To allow exceptions to this rule such as in “sabbo”, etc.

Why it is said “after (all) pronouns”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not pronouns such as in “puriso”, etc.

By taking “sabbato” again, also “ka” is inserted in other places such as in “hīnako”, etc.

179. 204. Gha-pato smiṃ-sānaṃ saṃ-sā (365).

Sabbato sabbanāmato gha-pasaññato smiṃ sa icc’ etesaṃ saṃ-sā-ādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Sabbassaṃ, sabbassā; sabbāyaṃ, sabbāya. Imissaṃ, imissā (Abhi. ii, 254); imāyaṃ, imāya. Amussaṃ, amussā (M. iii, 10); amuyaṃ, amuyā.

Sabbanāmato ti kimatthaṃ? Itthiyaṃ, itthiyā.

Smiṃ-sānam iti kimatthaṃ? Amuyo.

Optionally, after all pronouns, that have “gha” and “pa”, “smiṃ” and “sa” are changed to “saṃ” and “sā” respectively.

Examples: sabbasaṃ = sabbā + smiṃ (“ā” is named “gha”; “smiṃ” is changed to “saṃ”; “s” is inserted by Kac. 63).

Why it is said “after (all) pronouns”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not pronouns such as in “itthiyaṃ”, etc.

Why it is said “of ‘smiṃ’ and ‘sa’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not “smiṃ” and “sa” such as in “amuyo”.

180. 207. N’ etāhi smim āya-yā (369-70).

Etehi sabbanāmehi gha-pasaññehi smiṃvacanassa n’ eva āya-yādesā honti.

Etissaṃ, etāyaṃ; imissaṃ, imāyaṃ; amussaṃ, amuyaṃ.

Smin ti kimatthaṃ? Tāya itthiyā mukhaṃ.

Etahī ti kimatthaṃ? Kaññāya, vīṇāya, gaṅgāya, kapālikāya.

The inflection “smiṃ”, that follows the pronouns that have “gha” and “pa”, is not changed to “āya” or “yā”.

Examples: etissaṃ = etā + smiṃ (“ā” of “etā” is named “gha”; “smiṃ” is not changed to “āya” or “yā”; “smiṃ” is changed to “ssaṃ” by Kac. 179; “ā” is changed to “i” by Kac. 63).

Why it is said “smiṃ”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is not “smiṃ” such as in “tāya itthiyā mukhaṃ”.

Why it is said “that follows the pronouns”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “smiṃ” does not follows the pronouns such as in “kaññāya”, etc.

181. 95. Manogaṇādito smiṃ-nānam i ā (373).

Tasmā manogaṇādito smiṃ nā icc’ etesaṃ ikāra-ākārādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkyaṃ.

Manasi (D. i, 12), manasmiṃ; sirasi, sirasmiṃ (VinA. i, 6); manasā (Khu. i, 13), manena; vacasā (A. i, 504), vacena; sirasā (M. ii, 406), sirena; sarasā, sarena; tapasā (Khu. ii, 128), tapena; vayasā (D. ii, 125), vayena; yasasā (Khu. ii, 73), yasena; tejasā (Khu. ii, 135), tejena; urasā (M. ii, 409), urena; thāmasā (i, 323), thāmena.

Smiṃ-nānam iti kimatthaṃ? Mano, siro, tamo, tapo, tejo.

Ādiggahaṇena aññāsmā pi smiṃ-nānaṃ ikāra-ākārādesā honti. Bilasi, bilasā; padasi, padasā.

Optionally, after the group “mano”, etc., “smiṃ” and “nā” are changed to “i” and “ā” respectively.

Examples: manasi = mana + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “i”; “s” is inserted by Kac. 184).

Why it is said “of ‘smiṃ’ and ‘nā’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not “smiṃ” and “nā” such as in “mano”, etc.

By taking “ādi”, in other places, “smiṃ” and “nā” are changed to “i” and “ā” such as in “bilasi”, etc. Examples: bilasi = bila + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “i”; “s” is inserted by Kac. 184).

182. 97. Sassa c’ o (374).

Tasmā manogaṇādito sassa ca okāro hoti.

Manaso (Khu. ii, 14), thāmaso, tapaso.

After the group “mano”, etc., “sa” is changed to “o”.

Examples: manaso = mana + sa (“sa” is changed to ‘o”; “s” is inserted by Kac. 184).

183. 48. Etesam o lope (375).

Etesaṃ manogaṇādīnaṃ anto ottam āpajjate vibhattilope kate.

Manomayaṃ (D. i, 73), ayomayaṃ (Khu. i, 383), tejosamena, tapoguṇena, siroruhena.

Ādiggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Aññesam anto ottam āpajjate. Āposamena, vāyosamena.

Lope ti kimatthaṃ? Padasā, tapasā (Khu. ii, 121), yasasā (Khu. ii, 73), vacasā (A. i, 504), manasā (Khu. i, 13). Evaṃ aññe pi yojetabbā.

When the inflection is elided, the (end) vowel of the group “mano”, etc., becomes “o”.

Examples⁴⁶

What is the purpose of taking “ādi”? The (vowel) of other words becomes “o” such as in “āposamena”, etc.

Why it is said “when (the inflection) is elided”? To prevent the operation of this rule when the inflection is not elided such as in “padasā”, etc.

184. 96. Sa sare v’ āgamo (376).

Eteh’ eva manogaṇādīhi vibhattādese sare pare sakārāgamo hoti vā.

Manasā, vacasā; manasi, vacasi.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Manena, tejena, yasena.

Sare ti kimatthaṃ? Mano, tejo, yaso.

Puna ādiggahaṇena aññasmim pi paccaye pare sakārāgamo hoti. Mānasikaṃ, vācasikaṃ (Abhi. ii, 255).

Optionally, when the vowel substitution of the inflection occurs, after the group “mano”, etc., there is insertion of “s”.

Examples: manasā = mana + nā (“nā” is changed to “ā”; “s” is inserted).

Why it is said “optionally”? To allow exceptions to this rule such as in “manena”, etc.

Why it is said “vowel occurs”? To prevent the operation of this rule when the vowel⁴⁷ substitution of the inflection does not occur such as “mano”, etc.

By taking “ādi’ again, also, when a other suffixs follow, there is insertion of “s” such as “mānasikaṃ”, etc.

185. 112. Santasaddassa so bhe bo c’ ante (378).

Sabbassa santasaddassa sakārādeso hoti bhakāre pare, ante ca bakārāgamo hoti.

Sabbhir eva samāsetha. Sabbhi kubbetha santhavaṃ. Sataṃ saddhammam aññāya, seyyo hoti na pāpiyo (S. i, 16). Jīranti ve rājaratha sucittā. Atho sarīram pi rajaṃ upeti. Satañ ca dhammo na rajaṃ upeti, santo have sabbhi pavedayanti (Khu. i, 36). Sabbhūto, sabbhāvo.

Bhe ti kimatthaṃ? Santehi pūjito Bhagavā.

Caggahaṇaṃ kvaci sakārass’ eva pasiddhatthaṃ. Sakkāro, sakkato.

When “bha” follows, all the word “santa” is changed to “sa”, and at the end there is the insertion of “b”.

Examples: sabbhi = santa + hi (“hi” is changed to “bhi”; “santa” is changed to “sa”; “b” is inserted).

Why it is said “when ‘bhi’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “bhi” does not follow such as in “santehi”, etc.

Taking “ca” is for sometimes the substitution by “s” to be accomplished.⁴⁸

186. 107. Simhi gacchantādīnaṃ ntasaddo aṃ (382-4).

Simhi gachantādīnaṃ ntasaddo am āpajjate vā.

Gacchaṃ, gacchanto; mahaṃ, mahanto; caraṃ, caranto; khādaṃ, khādanto.

Gacchantādīnam iti kimatthaṃ? Anto, danto, vanto, santo.

Optionally, when (the inflection) “si” follows, the word “nta” of “gacchanta”, etc., becomes “am”.

Examples: gacchaṃ = gacchanta + si (“nta” is changed to “am”; “si” is elided; “a” is elided).

Why it is said “of ‘gacchanta’, etc.”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “gacchanta”, etc., such as in “anto”, etc.

187. 108. Sesesu ntu ’va (385-8).

Gacchantādīnaṃ ntasaddo ntuppaccayo ’va daṭṭhabbo sesesu vibhattippaccayesu.

Gacchato, mahato; gacchati, mahati, gacchatā, mahatā.

Sesesū ti kimatthaṃ? Gacchaṃ, mahaṃ, caraṃ, khādaṃ.

When the remaining inflections follow, the suffix “nta” of “gacchanta” and others, should be regarded as “ntu”.

Examples: gacchato = gacchanta + sa (“nta” is regarded as “ntu”; the end vowel of “ntu” together with the inflection “sa” is changed to “to”).

Why it is said “when the remaining (inflections) follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “si” follows such as in “gacchaṃ”, etc.

188. 115. Brahm’-atta-sakha-rājādito am ānaṃ (393).

Brahma atta sakha rāja icc’ evamādito aṃvacanassa ānaṃ hoti vā.

Brahmānaṃ, brahmaṃ; attānaṃ, attaṃ; sakhānaṃ, sakhaṃ; rājānaṃ, rājaṃ.

Am iti kimatthaṃ? Rājā.

Optionally, after “brahma”, “atta”, “sakha”, “rāja’, etc., the inflection “aṃ” is changed to “ānaṃ”.

Examples: brahmānaṃ = brahma + aṃ (“aṃ” is changed to “ānaṃ”; “a” is elided).

Why it is said “aṃ”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “aṃ” does not follow such as in “rāja”, etc.

189. 113. Sy ā ca (390-1).

Brahma atta sakha rāja icc’ evamādito sivacanassa ā ca hoti.

Brahmā, attā, sakhā, rājā, ātumā.

After “brahma”, “atta”, “sakha”, “rāja”, etc., the inflection “si” becomes “ā”.

190. 114. Yonam āno (392).

Brahma atta sakha rāja icc’ evamādīto yonaṃ āno-ādeso hoti.

Brahmāno, attāno, sakhāno, rājāno, ātumāno.

After “brahma”, “atta”, “sakha”, “rāja”, etc., the inflection “yo” becomes “āno”.

Examples: brahmāno = brahma + yo (“yo” becomes “āno”; “a” is elided).

191. 130. Sakhato⁴⁹ c’ āyo no (394).

Tasmā sakhato ca yonaṃ āyo-no-ādesā honti.

Sakhāyo, sakhino.

Yonam iti kimatthaṃ? Sakhā.

After “sakha”, (the inflection) “yo” becomes “āyo” and “no”.

Examples: sakhāyo = sakha + yo (“yo” becomes “āyo”; “a” is elided).

Why it is said “of ‘yo’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “yo” does not follow such as in “sakhā”.

192. 135. Smim e.

Tasmā sakhato smiṃvacanassa ekāro hoti.

Sakhe.

After “sakha”, the inflection “smiṃ” becomes “e”.

Examples: sakhe = sakha + smiṃ (“smiṃ” becomes “e”; “a” is elided).

193. 122. Brahmato gassa ca (287).

Tasmā brahmato gassa ca ekāro hoti.

He brahme.

After “brahma”, “ga” becomes “e”.

Examples: brahme = brahma + si (“si” is named “ga”; “si” is changed to “e”; “a” is elided).

194. 131. Sakhantass i no-nā-naṃ-sesu (407).

Tassa sakhantassa ikāro hoti no nā naṃ sa icc’ etesu.

Sakhino, sakhinā, sakhīnaṃ, sakhissa.

Etesvī ti kimattham? Sakhārehi.

When “no”, “nā”, “naṃ”, and “sa” follow, the end (vowel) of “sakha” becomes “i”.

Examples: sakhino = sakha + yo (“yo” is changed to “no” by Kac. 191; “a” of “sakha” is changed to “i”).

Why it is said “when ‘no’, ‘nā’, ‘naṃ’, and ‘sa’ follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when these do not follow such as in “sakhārehi”.

195. 134. Āro himhi vā (408).

Tassa sakhantassa āro hoti vā himhi vibhattimhi.

Sakhārehi, sakhehi.

Optionally, when the inflection “hi” follows, the end (vowel) of “sakha” becomes “āra”.

Examples: sakhārehi = sakha + hi (“a” of “sakha” is changed to “āra”; “a” is changed to “e” by Kac. 101).

196. 133. Su-nam-aṃsu vā (409).

Tassa sakhantassa āro hoti vā su saṃ aṃ icc’ etesu.

Sakhāresu, sakhesu; sakhārānaṃ, sakhīnaṃ; sakhāraṃ, sakhaṃ.

Optionally, when “su”, “saṃ”, and “aṃ” follow, the end (vowel) of “sakha” is changed to “āra”.

Examples: sakhāresu = sakha + su (“a” of “sakha” is changed to “āra”; “a” is changed to “e” by Kac. 101).

197. 125. Brahmato tu smiṃ ni (405).

Tasmā brahmato smiṃvacanassa ni-ādeso hoti.

Brahmani.

Tuggahaṇena abrahmato pi smiṃvacanassa ni hoti. Kammani, cammani, muddhani.

After “brahma”, the inflection “smiṃ” becomes “ni”.

Examples: brahmani = brahma + smiṃ (“smiṃ” becomes “ni”).

By taking “tu”, also after words other than “brahma”, the inflection “smiṃ” becomes “ni” such as in “kammani”, etc. Examples: kammani = kamma + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “ni”).

198. 123. Uttaṃ sa-nāsu (410).

Tassa brahma saddassa anto uttam āpajjate sa nā icc’ etesu.

Brahmuno, brahmunā.

Sa-nāsū ti kimatthaṃ? Brahmā⁵⁰.

When “sa” and “nā” follow, the end (vowel) of the word “brahma” becomes “u”.

Examples: brahmuno = brahma + sa (“a” of “brahma” becomes “u”; “u” is named “jha”; “sa” is changed to “no” by Kac. 117).⁵¹

199. 158. Satthu-pitādīnam ā sismiṃ silopo ca (411).

Satthu-pituādīnam anto āttam āpajjate sismiṃ, silopo ca hoti.

Satthā, pitā, mātā, bhātā, kattā.

Sismim iti kimatthaṃ? Satthussa, pitussa, mātussa, bhātussa, kattussa.

When “si” follows, the end (vowel) of “satthu”, “pitu”, etc., becomes “ā”; and also “si” is elided.

Examples: satthā = satthu + si (“u” becomes “a”; “si” is elided).

Why it is said “when ‘si’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “si” does not follow such as in “satthussa”, etc.

200. 159. Aññesv ārattaṃ (412).

Satthu-pituādīnam anto aññesu vacanesu ārattam āpajjate.

Satthāraṃ, pitaraṃ, mātaraṃ, bhātaraṃ, kattāraṃ, satthārehi, pitarehi, mātarehi, bhātarehi, kattārehi.

Aññesvī ti kimatthaṃ? Satthā, pitā, mātā, bhātā, kattā⁵².

When other inflections follows, the end (vowel) of “satthu” and “pitu” becomes “āra”.

Examples: satthāraṃ = satthu + aṃ (“u” becomes “āra”; “a” is elided).

Why it is said “when other (inflections) follow”? To prevent the operation of this rule when others do not follow such as in “satthā”, etc.

201. 163. Vā naṃhi (416).

Satthu-pituādīnam anto ārattam āpajjate vā naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Satthārānaṃ, pitarānaṃ, mātarānaṃ, bhātarānaṃ.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Satthānaṃ, pitūnaṃ, mātūnaṃ, bhātūnaṃ.

Optionally, when the inflection “naṃ” follows, the end (vowel) of “satthu” and “pitu” becomes “āra”.

Examples: satthārānaṃ = satthu + naṃ (“u” of “satthu” is changed to “āra”; “a” of “āra” becomes “ā” by Kac. 89).

Why it is said “optionally”? To allow exceptions to this rule such as in “satthānaṃ”, etc.

202. 164. Satthun attañ ca (417).

Tassa satthusaddassa anto attam āpajjate vā naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Satthānaṃ, pitānaṃ, mātānaṃ, bhātānaṃ, kattānaṃ.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Satthārānaṃ, pitarānaṃ, mātarānaṃ, bhātarānaṃ, dhītarānaṃ.

Caggahaṇam aññesam pi saṅgahaṇatthaṃ.

Optionally, when the inflection “naṃ” follows, the end (vowel) of the word “satthu” becomes “a”.

Examples: satthānaṃ = satthu + naṃ (“u” of “satthu” is changed “a”; “a” becomes “ā” by Kac. 89).

Why it is said “optionally”? To allow exceptions to this rule such as in “satthārānaṃ”, etc.

“Ca” is for including others too.

203. 162. U sasmiṃ salopo ca (418).

Satthu pituitu icc’ evamādīnam antassa uttaṃ hoti vā sasmiṃ salopo ca.

Satthu, satthussa, satthuno dīyate, pariggaho vā. Pitu, pitussa, pituno dīyate, pariggaho vā. Bhātu, bhātussa, bhātuno dīyate, pariggaho vā.

Caggahaṇaṃ dutiyasampiṇḍanatthaṃ.

Optionally, when (the inflection) “sa” follows, the end (vowel) of “satthu”, “pitu”, etc., becomes “u”; and also “sa” is elided.

Examples: satthu = satthu + sa (“u” is changed to “u” and “sa” is elided).

“Ca” is for including the second (meaning).⁵³

204. 167. Sakkamandhātādīnañ ca (419).

Sakkamandhātu icc’ evamādīnam anto uttam āpajjate sasmiṃ, salopo ca hoti.

Sakkamandhātu iva assa rājino vibhavo. Evaṃ kattu, gantu, dātu icc’ evamādī.

Pun’ ārambhaggahaṇam kimatthaṃ? Niccadīpanatthaṃ. Sakkamandhātu.

Caggahaṇaṃ dutiyasampiṇḍanatthaṃ.

When (the inflection) “sa” follows, the end (vowel) of “sakkamandhātu” becomes “u”; and also “sa” is elided.

Example: sakkamandhātu = sakkamandhātu + sa (“u” is changed to “u”; “sa” is elided).

What is the purpose of the repetition of this sutta? For fixing the change of “u” to “u”.⁵⁴

“Ca” is for including the second (meaning).⁵⁵

205. 160. Tato yonam o tu (421).

Tato ārādesato sabbesaṃ yonaṃ okārādeso hoti.

Satthāro, pitaro, mātaro, bhātaro, kattāro, vattāro.

Tuggahaṇena aññasmā pi yonaṃ okāro hoti. Caturo janā (Khu. i, 336), gāvo, ubho, purisā⁵⁶.

After substitution “āra”, “yo” becomes “o”.

Examples: satthāro = satthu + yo (“u” of “satthu” is changed to “āra”; “yo” is⁵⁷ changed to “o”).

By taking “tu”, after other words also “yo” is changed to “o” such as in “caturo”, etc.

206. 165. Tato smim i (422).

Tato ārādesato smiṃvacanassa ikārādeso hoti.

Satthari, pitari, mātari, dhītari, bhātari, kattari, vattari.

Puna tatogahaṇena aññasmā pi smiṃvacanassa ikāro hoti. Bhuvi.

After the substitution “āra”, the infection “smiṃ” is changed to “i”.

Examples: satthari = satthu + smiṃ (“u” is changed to “āra”; “smiṃ” is changed to “i”).

Again by taking “tato”, after other words also, the inflection “smiṃ” becomes “i”, such as in “bhuvi”.

207. 161. Nā ā (423).

Tato ārādesato nāvacanassa ā-ādeso hoti.

Satthārā, pitarā, mātarā, bhātarā, dhītarā, kattārā, vattārā.

After the substitution “āra”, the inflection “nā” becomes “ā”.

Examples: satthārā = satthu + nā (“u” of “satthu” is changed to “āra”; “na” is changed to “ā”; “a” is elided).

208. 166. Āro rassam ikāre (424).

Ārādeso rassam āpajjate ikāre pare.

Satthari, pitari, mātari, dhītari, kattari, vattari.

When “i” follows, the substitution “āra” is shortened.

Examples: satthari = satthu + smiṃ (“u” is changed to “āra”; “smiṃ” is changed to “i”; “ā” of “āra” is shortened; “a” is elided).

209. 168. Pitādīnam asimhi (425).

Pitādīnam ārādeso rassam āpajjate asimhi vibhattimhi.

Pitarā, mātarā, bhātarā, dhītarā, pitaro, mātaro, bhātaro, dhītaro.

Asimhiggahaṇam tomhi pare ikārādesañāpanatthaṃ. Mātito (D. i, 106), pitito (D. i, 106), bhātito, duhitito.

When the inflections other than “si” follow, the substitution “āra” of “pitu”, etc., becomes short.

Examples: pitarā = pitu + nā (“u” is changed to “āra”; “nā” is changed to “ā”; “ā” of “āra” is shortened; “a” is elided).

Taking the inflections other than “si”, when “to” follows, is for showing the substitution “i”. Examples: mātito = mātu + to (“u” of “mātu” is changed to ‘i”).

210. 239. Tayā-tayīnaṃ takāro tvattaṃ vā (435).

Tayā tayi icc’ etesaṃ takāro tvattam āpajjate vā.

Tvayā, tayā; tvayi, tayi.

Etesam iti kimatthaṃ? Tuvaṃ, tavaṃ.

Optionally, “ta” of (the substitutions) “tayā” and “tayi” becomes “tva”.

Examples: tvayā = tumha + nā (“tumha” is changed to “tayā” together with the inflection by Kac. 245; “ta” is changed to “tva”).

Why it is said “of (the substitutions ‘tayā’ and ‘tayi’)”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not “tayā” and “tayi” such as in “tuvaṃ”, etc.

Iti nāma-kappe tatiyo kaṇḍo

CATUTTHA-KAṆḌA

Catuttho kaṇḍo (Fourth Section) (211–246)

211. 126. Attanto hismim anattaṃ (439).

Tassa attano anto anattam āpajjate himhi vibhattimhi.

Attanehi, attanebhi.

Attanto ti kimatthaṃ? Rājehi, rājebhi.

Hismin iti kimatthaṃ? Attano⁵⁸.

Anattam iti bhāvaniddesena attasaddassa sakādeso⁵⁹ hoti sabbāsu vibhattīsu. Sako, sakā, sakaṃ, sake.

When the inflection “hi” follows, the end (vowel) of “atta” becomes “ana”.

Examples: attanehi = atta + hi (“a” of “atta” becomes “ana”; “a” is changed to “e”).⁶⁰

Why it is said “the end (vowel) of ‘atta’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “atta” such as in “rājehi”, etc.

Why it is said “when (the inflection) ‘hi’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “hi” does not follow such as in “attano”.

By showing the state as “anatta”, when all inflections follow, the word “atta” becomes “saka” such as in “sako”, etc.

212. 129. Tato smiṃ ni (405).

Tato attato smiṃvacanassa ni hoti.

Attani.

After “atta”, the inflection “smiṃ” becomes “ni”.

Examples: attani = atta + smiṃ (“smiṃ” is changed to “ni”).

213. 127. Sassa no (440).

Tato attato sasssa vibhattissa no hoti.

Attano.

After “atta”, the inflection “sa” becomes “no”.

Examples: attano = atta + sa (“sa” becomes “no”).

214. 128. Smā nā (441).

Tato attato smāvacanassa nā hoti.

Attanā.

Puna tatogahaṇena tassa attano takārass’ eva rakāro hoti sabbesu vacanesu. Atrajo, atrajaṃ.

After “atta”, the inflection “smā” becomes “nā”.

Examples: attanā = atta + smā (“smā” becomes “nā”).

By taking “tato” again, when all inflections follow, “ta” of “atta” becomes “ra”. Examples: atrajo = atta + jo (“ta” of “atta” becomes “ra”).

215. 141. Jha-lato ca⁶¹ (442).

Jha la icc’ etehi smāvacanassa nā hoti.

Agginā, daṇḍinā, bhikkhunā, sayambhunā.

Smā ti kimatthaṃ? Aggayo, munayo, isayo.

After “jha” and “la”, the inflection “smā” becomes “nā”.

Examples: agginā = aggi + smā (“i” is named “jha”; “smā” is changed to “nā”).

Why it is said “smā”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “smā” does not follow such as in “aggayo”, etc.

216. 180. Gha-pato smiṃ yaṃ vā (443).

Tasmā gha-pato smiṃvacanassa yaṃ hoti vā.

Kaññāyaṃ, kaññāya; rattiyaṃ, rattiyā; itthiyaṃ, itthiyā; yāguyaṃ, yāguyā; vadhuyaṃ, vadhuyā.

Optionally, after “gha” and “pa”, the inflection “smiṃ” becomes “yaṃ”.

Examples: kaññāyaṃ = kaññā + smiṃ (“ā” is named “gha”; “smiṃ” becomes “yaṃ”).

217. 199. Yonaṃ ni napuṃsakehi (444).

Sabbesaṃ yonaṃ ni hoti vā napuṃsakehi liṅgehi.

Aṭṭhīni, aṭṭhī; āyūni, āyū.

Napuṃsakehī ti kimatthaṃ? Itthiyo.

Optionally, after neuter stems, all of “yo” becomes “ni”.

Examples: aṭṭhīṇi = aṭṭhi + yo (“yo” becomes “ni”; “i” becomes “ī” by Kac. 88).

Why it is said “after the neuter (stems)”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not neuter stems such as in “itthiyo”.

218. 196. Ato niccaṃ (445).

Akārantehi napuṃsakaliṅgehi yonaṃ ni hoti niccaṃ.

Yāni, yāni; tāni, tāni; kāni, kāni; bhayāni, bhayāni; rūpāni, rūpāni.

After neuter stems that end in “a”, always “yo” becomes “ni”.

Examples: yāni = ya + yo (“yo” becomes “ni”; “a” becomes “ā” by Kac. 88).

219. 195. Si ‘ṃ (446).

Akārantehi napuṃsakaliṅgehi sivacanassa aṃ hoti niccaṃ.

Sabbaṃ, yaṃ, taṃ, kaṃ, rūpaṃ.

After neuter stems that end in “a”, always the inflection “si” becomes “aṃ”.

Examples: sabbaṃ = sabba + si (“si” becomes “aṃ”; “a” is elided).

220. 74. Sesato lopaṃ ga si pi (447).

Tato niddiṭṭhehi liṅgehi sesato ga si icc’ ete lopam āpajjante.

Bhoti itthi, sā itthī. Bho daṇḍi, bho daṇḍī. Bho sattha, bho satthā. Bho rāja, bho rājā.

Sesato ti kimatthaṃ? Puriso gacchati.

Ga-sī ti kimatthaṃ? Itthiyā; satthussa.

After the remaining stems that are shown, “ga” and “si” are elided.⁶²

Examples: itthi = itthi + si (“si” is named “ga”; “ga” is elided).

Why it is said “after the remaining”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are no remaining stems such as “puriso…”

Why it is said “‘ga’ and ‘si’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “ga” and “si” do not follow such as in “itthiyā”, etc.

221. 282. Sabbāsam āvuso-’pasagga-nipātādīhi ca (448).

Sabbāsaṃ vibhattīnaṃ ekavacanabahuvacanānaṃ paṭhamā-dutiyā-tatiyā- catutthī-pañcamī-chaṭṭhī-sattamīnaṃ lopo hoti āvuso upasagga nipāta icc’ evamādīhi ca.

Tvaṃ pan’ āvuso (Vin. ii, 1); tumhe pan’ āvuso (Vin. ii, 161); padaso dhammaṃ vāceyya (Vin. ii, 25); vihāraṃ sve upagaccheyya.

Pa, parā, ni, nī, u, du, saṃ, vi, ava, anu, pari, adhi, abhi, pati, su, ā, ati, api, apa, upa. Pahāro, parābhavo, nihāro, nīhāro, uhāro, duhāro, saṃhāro, vihāro, avahāro, anuhāro, parihāro, adhihāro, abhihāro, patihāro, suhāro, āhāro, athihāro,

apihāro, apahāro, upahāro. Evaṃ vīsati upasaggehi ca, yathā, tathā, evaṃ, khalu, kho, tatra, atho, atha, hi, tu, ca, vā, vo, haṃ, ahaṃ, alaṃ, eva, ho, aho, he, ahe, re, are. Evamādīhi nipātehi ca yojetabbāni.

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ.

After “āvuso”, prefixes and particles, etc., all the inflections, singular and plural, namely, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, are elided.

Examples: āvuso = āvuso + si (“si” is elided).

This rule should employed after the twenty prefixes, “pa”, etc., and particles, “yathā”, etc.

“Ca” is for emphasis.

222. 342. Pumassa liṅgādīsu samāsesu (449).

Puma icc’ etassa anto lopam āpajjate liṅgādīsu parapadesu⁶³ samāsesu.

Pulliṅgaṃ, pumbhāvo, puṅkokilo.

Pumasse ti kimatthaṃ? Itthiliṅgaṃ, napuṃsakaliṅgaṃ.

Liṅgādīsū ti kimatthaṃ? Pumittthī.

Samāsesu ti kimatthaṃ? Pumassa liṅgaṃ.

In compounds, when (the word) “liṅga”, etc., are the last member, the end (vowel) of “puma” is elided.

Examples: pulliṅgaṃ = puma + liṅgaṃ (“a” of “puma” is elided; “m” becomes “ṃ” by Kac. 82; “ṃ” becomes “l” by “vā” in Kac. 31).

Why it is said “of ‘puma’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is not “puma” such as in “itthiliṅgaṃ”, etc.

Why it is said “when ‘liṅga’, etc., (are the last member)”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “liṅga”, etc., are not the last member such as in “pumitthī”.

Why it is said “in compounds”? To prevent the operation of this rule where there are not compounds such as in “pumassa liṅgaṃ”.

223. 188. Aṃ yam īto pasaññato (450).

Aṃvacanassa yaṃ hoti vā īto pasaññato.

Itthiyaṃ, itthiṃ.

Pasaññato ti kimatthaṃ? Daṇḍinaṃ, bhoginaṃ.

Am iti kimatthaṃ? Itthīhi.

Optionally, after “ī” that is named “pa”, “aṃ” becomes “yaṃ”.

Examples: itthiyaṃ = itthī + aṃ (“ī” is named “pa”; “aṃ” becomes “yaṃ”; “ī” is shortened by Kac. 84).

Why it is said “that is named ‘pa’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is no “pa” such as in “daṇḍinaṃ”, etc.

Why it is said “aṃ”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is not “aṃ” such as in “itthīhi”.

224. 153. Naṃ jhato katarassā (451).

Tasmā jhato katarassā aṃvacanassa naṃ hoti.

Daṇḍinaṃ, bhoginaṃ.

Jhato ti kimatthaṃ? Vessabhuṃ.

Katarassā ti kimatthaṃ? Kucchiṃ.

After “jha” that has been made short, the inflection “aṃ” becomes “naṃ”.

Examples: daṇḍinaṃ = daṇḍī + aṃ (“ī” is named “jha”; “ī” is shortened by Kac. 84; “aṃ” becomes “naṃ”).

Why it is said “after ‘jha’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is not “jha” such as in “vessabhuṃ”.

Why it is said “that has been made short”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it has not been made short such as in “kucchiṃ”.

225. 151. Yonaṃ no (452).

Sabessaṃ yonaṃ jhato katarassā no hoti.

Daṇḍino bhogino; he daṇḍino, he bhogino.

Katarassā ti kimatthaṃ? Aggayo, munayo, isayo.

Jhato ti kimatthaṃ? Sayambhuno.

Yonan ti kimatthaṃ? Daṇḍinā, bhoginā.

After “jha’ that has been made short, “yo” becomes “no”.

Examples: daṇḍino = daṇḍī + yo (“ī” is named “jha”; “ī” is shortened by Kac. 84; “yo” becomes “no”).

Why it is said “that has been made short”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it has not been made short such as in “aggayo”, etc.

Why it is said “after ‘jha’”? To prevent the operation of this rule where there is not “jha” such as in “sayambhuno”.

Why it is said “of ‘yo’”? To prevent the operation of this rule where there is not “yo” such as in “daṇḍinā”, etc.

226. 154. Smiṃ ni (406).

Tasmā jhahato katarassā smiṃvacanassa ni-ādeso hoti.

Daṇḍini, bhogini.

Katarassā ti kimatthaṃ? Byādhimhi.

After “jha” that has been made short, the inflection “smiṃ” becomes “ni”.

Examples: daṇḍini = daṇḍī + smiṃ (“ī” is named “jha”; “ī” is shortened by Kac. 84; “smiṃ” is changed to “ni”).

Why it is said “that has been made short”? To prevent the operation of this rule when it has not been made short such as in “byādhimhi”.

227. 270. Kissa ka ve ca (456).

Kim icc’ etassa ko ca hoti vapaccaye pare.

Kva gato ’si tvaṃ Devānaṃpiyatissa.

Caggahaṇena avavapaccaye pare pi ko ca hoti. Ko taṃ ninditum arahati (Khu. i, 47); kathaṃ bodhayituṃ⁶⁴ dhammaṃ.

Ve ti kimatthaṃ? Kuto āgato ’si tvaṃ.

When the suffix “va” follows too, “kiṃ” becomes “ka”.

Examples: kva = kiṃ + va (“kiṃ” becomes “ka”; “a” is elided by Kac. 404).

By taking ‘ca”, when others suffixes that are not “va” follow, there is also “ka”. Examples: ko = kiṃ + si (“kiṃ” becomes “ka”; “si” is changed to “o” by Kac. 104).

Why it is said “va”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “va” does not follow such as in “kuto…”

228. 272. Ku hiṃ-haṃsu ca (460).

Kim icc’ etassa ku hoti hiṃ haṃ icc’ etesu ca.

Kuhiṃ gacchasi, kuhaṃ gacchasi.

Caggahaṇena hiñcanaṃ-dācanaṃpaccayesu paresu aññatthāpi ku hoti. Kuhiñcanaṃ, kudācanaṃ.

Also when “hiṃ” and “haṃ” follow, “kiṃ” becomes “ku”.

Examples: kuhiṃ = kiṃ + hiṃ (“kiṃ” becomes “ku”).

By taking “ca”, when “hiñcanaṃ” and “dācanaṃ” follow, in other places too, there is substitution by “ku”. Examples: kuhiñcanaṃ = kiṃ + hiñcanaṃ (“kiṃ” is changed to “ku”).

229. 226. Sesesu ca (457).

Kim icc’ etassa ko hoti sesesu vibhattipaccayesu paresu.

Ko pakāro, kathaṃ, kaṃ pakāraṃ, kathaṃ.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

When the remaining inflections and suffixes follow, “kiṃ” becomes “ka”.

Examples: ko = kiṃ + si (“kiṃ” becomes “ka”; “si” becomes “o” by Kac. 104).

“Ca” is for dragging.⁶⁵

230. 262. Tra-to-thesu ca (460).

Kim icc’ etassa ku hoti tra to tha icc’ etesu ca.

Kutra, kuto, kuttha.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

When “tra”, “to”, and “tha” follow, “kiṃ” becomes “ku”.

Examples: kutra = kiṃ + tra (“kiṃ” becomes “ku”).

“Ca” is for dragging.⁶⁶

231. 263. Sabbass’ etass’ ākāro vā (461).

Sabbassa etasaddassa akāro hoti vā to tha icc’ etesu.

Ato, attha; etto, ettha.

Optionally, when “to” and “tha” follow, all the word “eta” becomes “a”.

Examples: ato = eta + to (“eta” becomes “a”).

232. 267. Tre niccaṃ (462).

Sabbassa etasaddassa akāro hoti niccaṃ tra-paccaye pare.

Atra.

When the suffix “tra” follows, always all the word “eta” becomes “a”.

Examples: atra = eta + tra (“eta” becomes “a”).

233. 264. E to-thesu ca⁶⁷

Sabbassa etasaddassa ekāro hoti vā to tha icc’ etesu.

Etto, ato; ettha, attha.

Optionally, when “to” and “tha” follow, all the word “eta” becomes “e”.

Examples: etto = eta + to (“eta” becomes “e”; “t” is doubled by Kac. 28).

234. 265. Imass’ i thaṃ-dāni-ha-to-dhesu ca (463).

Imasaddassa sabbass’ eva ikāro hoti thaṃ dāni ha tho dha icc’ etesu.

Itthaṃ, idāni, iha, ito, idha⁶⁸.

When “thaṃ”, “dāni”, “ha”, “tho”, and “dha” follow, all the word “ima” becomes ‘i”.

Examples: itthaṃ = ima + thaṃ (“ima” becomes “i”; “t” is doubled by Kac. 28).

235. 281. A dhunāmhi ca (464).

Imasaddassa sabbass’ eva akāro hoti dhunāmhi paccaye pare.

Adhunā.

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ.

When the suffix “dhunā” follows, all the word “ima” becomes “a”.

Examples: adhunā = ima + dhunā (“ima” becomes “a”).

“Ca” for emphasis.

236. 280. Eta rahimhi (465).

Sabbass’ eva imasaddassa etādeso hoti rahimhi paccaye pare.

Etarahi.

When the suffix “rahi” follows, all the word “ima” becomes “eta”.

Examples: etarahi = ima + rahi (“ima” becomes “eta”).

237. 176. Itthiyam ato āpaccayo (466).

Itthiyaṃ vattamānāya akārato āpaccayo hoti.

Sabbā, yā, sā, kā, katarā.

In the femenine after “a”, there is the suffix “ā”.

Examples: sabbā = sabba + si (“ā” is inserted after “sabba”; “si” is elided; “a” is elided)⁶⁹

238. 187. Nadādito vā ī (467).

Nadādito vā anadānadādito vā itthiyaṃ vattamānāya ī-paccayo hoti.

Nadī, mahī, kumārī, taruṇī, sakhī, itthī⁷⁰.

In the femenine, after “nada” and the like, and after words that are not “nadādi”, that end in “u” and “o”, there is the suffix “ī”.⁷¹

Examples: nadī = nada + si (“ī” is inserted after “nada”; “si” is elided; “a” is elided).

239. 190. Ṇava-ṇika-ṇeyya-ṇa-ntūhi (468).

Ṇava ṇika ṇeyya ṇa ntu icc’ etehi⁷² itthiyaṃ vattamānehi ī-paccayo hoti.

Māṇavī, paṇḍavī, nāvikī, venateyyī, kunteyyī, gotamī, guṇavatī, sāmāvatī.

In the femenine, after (words ending in) “ṇava”, “ṇika”, “ṇeyya”, “ṇa”, “ntu”, there is the suffix “ī”.

Examples: māṇavī = māṇava + si (“ī” is inserted after “māṇava”; “si” is elided; “a” is elided).

240. 193. Pati-bhikkhu-rājīkārantehi inī (469-70).

Pati-bhikkhuhu-rāj’-īkārantehi itthiyaṃ vattamānehi inī-paccayo hoti.

Gahapatānī, bhikkhunī, rājinī, hatthinī, daṇḍinī, medhāvinī, tapassinī.

In the femenine, after “pati”, “bhikkhu”, “rāja”, and (words ending in) “ī”, there is the suffix “inī”.

Examples: gahapatānī = gahapati + si (“inī” is inserted after “gahapati”; “i” of “pati” is changed to “a” by Kac. 91; “i” of “inī” is elided by Kac. 13; “a” is lengthened by Kac. 16; “si” is elided).

241. 191. Ntussa tam īkāre (471).

Sabbass’ eva ntupaccayassa takāro⁷³ hoti vā īkāre pare.

Guṇavatī, guṇavantī; kulavatī, kulavantī; satimatī, satimantī; mahatī, mahantī; gottamatī, gottamantī.

Optionally, when “ī” follows, all of the suffix “ntu” becomes “ta”.

Examples: guṇavatī = guṇavantu + si (“ī” is inserted after “guṇavantu” by Kac. 239; “ntu” becomes “ta”; “si” is elided; “a” is elided).

242. 192. Bhavato bhoto (472).

Sabbass’ eva bhavantasaddassa bhotādeso hoti īkāre itthigate⁷⁴ pare.

Bhoti ayye (Vin. ii, 280), bhoti kaññe, bhoti Kharādiye (Khu. v, 4).

In the femenine ehen “ī” follows, all the word “bhavanta” is changed to “bhota”.

Examples: bhoti = bhavanta + si (“ī” is inserted after “bhavanta” by Kac. 239; “bhavanta” is changed to “bhota”; “si” is elided; “a” is elided; “ī” is shortened by Kac. 245).

243. 110. Bho ge tu (473-84).

Sabbass’ eva bhavantasaddassa bho-ādeso hoti ge pare.

Bho purisa, bho aggi, bho rāja, bho sattha, bho daṇḍi, bho sayambhu.

Ge ti kimatthaṃ? Bhavatā⁷⁵, bhavaṃ.

Tuggahaṇena aññasmim pi vacane sabbassa bhavantasaddassa bhonta bhante bhonto bhadde bhotā bhoto icc’ ete ādesā honti. Bhonta, bhante, bhonto, bhadde, bhotā, bhoto.

When “ga” follows, all the word “bhavanta” becomes “bho”.

Examples: bho = bhavanta + si (“si” is named “ga”; “bhavanta” is changed to “bho”; “si” is elided).

Why it is said “when ‘ga’ follows”? To prevent the operation of this rule when “ga” does not follow such as in “bhavatā”, etc.

By taking “tu”, also when other inflections follow, all the word “bhavanta” becomes “bhonta”, “bhante”, “bhonto”, “bhadde”, “bhotā”, and “bhoto”.

244. 72. Akārapitādyantānam ā (475).

Akāro ca pitādīnam anto ca āttam āpajjate ge pare.

Bho purisā, bho rājā, bho pitā, bho mātā, bho satthā.

When “ga” follows, the letter ‘a” and the end (vowel) of “pitu”, etc., becomes “ā”.

Examples: purisā = purisa + si (“si” is named “ga”; “a” becomes “ā”; “si” is elided).

245. 152. Jha-la-pā rassaṃ (477).

Jha la pa icc’ ete rassam āpajjante ge pare.

Bho daṇḍi, bho sayambhu, bhoti itthi, bhoti vadhu.

When “ga” follows, “jha”, “la”, and “pa” become short.

Examples: daṇḍi = daṇḍī + si (“si” is named “ga”; “ī” is named “jha”; “ī” is shortened; “si” is elided).

246. 73. Ākāro vā (476, 478-9).

Ākāro rassam āpajjate vā ge pare.

Bho rāja, bho rājā; bho atta, bho attā; bho sakha, bho sakhā; bho sattha, bho satthā.

Optionally, when “ga” follows, “ā” becomes short.

Examples: rāja = rāja + si (“si” is named “ga”; “a” becomes “ā” by Kac. 244; by this sutta “a” is shortened; “si” is elided).

Iti nāma-kappe catuttho kaṇḍo

PAÑCAMA-KAṆḌA

Pañcamo kaṇḍo (Fifth Section) (247–270)

247. 261. Tvādayo vibhattisaññāyo (492).

To ādi yesaṃ paccayānaṃ, te honti tvādayo. Te paccayā tvā vibhattisaññā va daṭṭhabbā.

Sabbato, yato, tato, kuto, ato, ito, sabbadā, yadā, tadā, kadā, idha, idāni.

Those suffixes that begin with “to” are called “tvādi”. These “tvādi” suffixes are named inflections.

248. 260. Kvaci to pañcamyatthe (493).

Kvaci topaccayo hoti pañcamyatthe

Sabbato, yato, tato, kuto, ato, ito.

Kvacī ti kimatthaṃ? Sabbasmā, imasmā.

Optionally, in the meaning of the fifth (inflection) there is the suffix “to”.

Examples: sabbato = sabba + to (“to” is named the fifth inflection).

Why it is said “optionally”? To allow exceptions to this rule such as in “sabbasmā”, etc.

249. 266. Tra-tha sattamiyā sabbanāmehi (494).

Tra tha icc’ ete paccayā honti sattamyatthe sabbanāmehi.

Sabbatra, sabbattha; yatra, yattha; tatra, tattha.

After pronouns, in the the meaning of the seventh (inflection), there are the suffixes “tra” and “tha”.

Examples: sabbatra = sabba + tra (“tra” is named the seventh inflection).

250. 268. Sabbato dhi (502).

Sabba icc’ etasmā dhi-paccayo hoti kvaci sattamyatthe.

Sabbadhi, sabbasmiṃ.

Optionally, in the meaning of the seventh (inflection), after “sabba” there is the suffix “dhi”.

Examples: sabbadhi = sabba + dhi (“dhi” is named the seventh inflection).

251. 269. Kiṃsmā vo (499).

Kim icc’ etasmā va-paccayo hoti sattamyatthe.

Kva gato ’si tvaṃ devānaṃ piyatissa.

In the meaning of the seventh (inflection), after “kim” there is the suffix “va”.

Examples: kva = kiṃ + va (“va” is named the seventh inflection; “kiṃ” is changed to “ka” by Kac. 227; “a” is elided by Kac. 83).

252. 271. Hiṃ-haṃ-hiñcanaṃ (500)⁷⁶

Kim icc’ etasmā hiṃ haṃ hiñcanaṃ icc’ ete paccayā honti sattamyatthe.

Kuhiṃ, kuhaṃ, kuhiñcanaṃ.

In the meaning of the seventh (inflection), after “kiṃ” there are the suffixes “hiṃ”, “haṃ”, and “hiñcanaṃ”.

Examples: kuhim = kiṃ + hiṃ (“hiṃ” is named the seventh inflection; “kiṃ” is changed to “ku” by Kac. 228).

253. 273. Tamhā ca (501).

Tamhā ca hiṃ haṃ icc’ ete paccayā honti sattamyatthe.

Tahiṃ, tahaṃ.

Caggahaṇaṃ hiñcanaggahaṇa-nivattanatthaṃ.

In the meaning of the seventh inflection, after “ta” there are the suffixes “hiṃ” and “haṃ”.

Examples: tahiṃ = ta + hiṃ (“hiṃ” is named the seventh inflection).

“Ca” is to prevent “hiñcana” to be dragged here.

254. 274. Imasmā ha-dhā ca (503).

Imasmā ha dha icc’ ete paccayā honti sattamyatthe.

Iha, idha.

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ.

In the meaning of the seventh (inflection), after “ima” there are the suffixes “ha” and “dha”.

Examples: iha = ima + ha (“ha” is named the seventh inflection; “ima” becomes “i” by Kac. 234).

“Ca” is for preventing other words rather than “ima”.

255. 275. Yato hiṃ (504).

Tasmā yato hiṃ-paccayo hoti sattamyatthe.

Yahiṃ.

In the meaning of the seventh inflection, after “ya” there is the suffix “hiṃ”.

Examples: yahiṃ = ya + hiṃ (“hiṃ” is named the seventh inflection)

256. 0. Kāle.

“Kāle” icc’ etaṃ adhikāratthaṃ veditabbaṃ.

(The word) “kāle” is for dragging.

257. 276. Kiṃ-sabb’-aññ’-eka-ya-kuhi dā-dācanaṃ (503).

Kiṃ sabba añña eka ya ku icc’ etehi dā dācanaṃ icc’ ete paccayā honti kāle sattamyatthe.

Kadā, sabbadā, aññadā, ekadā, yadā, kudācanaṃ.

In time, in the meaning of the seventh (inflection), after “kiṃ”, “sabba”, “añña”, “eka”, “ya”, and “ku” there are the suffixes “dā” and “dācanaṃ”.

Examples: kadā = kiṃ + dā (“dā” is named the seventh inflection in time; “kiṃ” is changed to “ka” by Kac. 227).

258. 278. Tamhā dāni ca (506).

Ta icc’ etasmā dāni dā icc’ ete paccayā honti kāle sattamyatthe.

Tadāni, tadā.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

In time, in the meaning of the seventh inflection, after “ta” there are the suffixes “dāni” and “dā”.

Examples: tadāni = ta + dāni (“dāni” is named the seventh inflection in time).

“Ca” is for dragging “dā”.

259. 279. Imasmā rahi-dhunā-dāni ca (507).

Imasmā rahi dhunā dāni icc’ ete paccayā honti kāle sattamyatthe.

Etarahi, adhunā, idāni.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

In time, in the meaning of the seventh (inflection), after “ima” there are the suffixes “rahi”, “dhunā”, and “dāni”.

Examples: etarahi = ima + rahi (“rahi” is named the seventh inflection in time; “ima” is changed to “eta” by Kac. 236).

“Ca” is for dragging “dāni”.

260. 277. Sabbassa so dāmhi vā (508).

Sabba icc’ etassa sakārādeso hoti vā dāmhi paccaye pare.

Sadā, sabbadā.

Optionally, when the suffix “dā” follows, “sabba” becomes “sa”.

Examples: sadā = sabba + dā (“dā” is named seventh inflection in time; “sabba” is changed to “sa”).

261. 369. Avaṇṇo ye lopañ ca (509).

Avaṇṇo ye paccaye pare lopam āpajjate.

Bāhussaccaṃ (Khu. i, 4); paṇḍiccaṃ (Abhi. iii, 128); vepullaṃ (Abhi. iii, 128); kāruññaṃ; kosallaṃ (Abhi. iii, 128); sāmaññaṃ (Khu. vi, 177); sohajjaṃ.

When the suffix “ya” follows, the letter “a” and “ā” are elided.

Examples⁷⁷

262. 391. Vuḍḍhassa jo iy’-iṭṭhesu (513).

Sabbass’ eva vuḍḍhasaddassa jo-ādeso hoti iya iṭṭha icc’ etesu paccayesu.

Jeyyo, jeṭṭho (D. ii, 13).

When the suffixes “iya” and “iṭṭha” follow, all the word “vuḍḍha” becomes “jo”.

Examples⁷⁸

263. 392. Pasatthassa so ca (512).

Sabbass’ eva pasatthasaddassa so-ādeso hoti, jādeso ca iya iṭṭha icc’ etesu paccayesu.

Seyyo (A. i, 130), seṭṭho (D. ii, 13), jeyyo, jeṭṭho (D. ii, 13).

When the suffixes “iya” and “iṭṭha” follow, all the word “pasattha” becomes “sa”.

Examples⁷⁹

264. 393. Antikassa nedo (514).

Sabbassa antikasaddassa nedādeso hoti iya iṭṭha icc’ etesu paccayesu.

Nediyo, nediṭṭho.

When the suffixes “iya” and “iṭṭha” follow, all the word “antika” becomes “neda”.

Examples⁸⁰

265. 394. Bāḷhassa sādho (515).

Sabbassa bāḷhasaddassa sādhādeso hoti iya iṭṭha icc’ etesu paccayesu.

Sādhiyo, sādhiṭṭho.

When the suffixes “iya” and “iṭṭha” follow, all the word “bāḷha” becomes “sādha”.

Examples⁸¹

266. 395. Appassa kaṇ (516).

Sabbassa appasaddassa kaṇādeso hoti iya iṭṭha icc’ etesu paccayesu.

Kaṇiyo, kaṇiṭṭho.

When the suffixes “iya” and “iṭṭha” follow, all the word “appa” becomes “kaṇ”.

Examples⁸²

267. 396. Yuvānañ ca (517).

Sabbassa yuvasaddassa kaṇādeso hoti iya iṭṭha icc’ etesu paccayesu.

Kaniyo, kaniṭṭho.

Caggahaṇam anukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

When the suffixes “iya” and “iṭṭha” follow, all the word “yuva” becomes “kaṇ”.

Examples⁸³

“Ca” is for dragging the word “kaṇ”.

268. 397. Vantu-mantu vīnañ ca lopo (518).

Vantu mantu vī icc’ etesaṃ paccayānaṃ lopo hoti iya iṭṭha icc’ etesu paccayesu.

Guṇiyo, guṇiṭṭho, satiyo, satiṭṭho, medhiyo, medhiṭṭho.

When the suffixes “iya” and “iṭṭha” follow, the suffixes “vantu”, “mantu”, and “vī” are elided.

Examples⁸⁴

269. 401. Yavataṃ ta-la-ṇa-dakārānaṃ byañjanāni ca-la-ña-ja-kā-rattaṃ

(104, 106, 119, 121-5).

Yakāravantānaṃ ta-la-ṇa-dakārānaṃ byañjanāni ca-la-ña-ja-kārattam āpajjante yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Bāhussaccaṃ (Khu, i, 4); paṇḍiccaṃ (Abhi. iii, 128); vepullaṃ (Abhi. iii, 128); kāruññaṃ (Khu. vi, 177); kosallaṃ (Abhi. iii, 128); nepuññaṃ (Abhi. iii, 128); sāmaññaṃ (S. iii, 20); sohajjaṃ.

Yavatam ti kimatthaṃ? Tiṇadalaṃ.

Ta-la-ṇa-da-kārānam iti kimatthaṃ? Ālasyaṃ (Abhi. iii, 364); ārogyaṃ (Khu. i, 395).

Byañjanāni iti kimatthaṃ? Maccunā.

Kāraggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Yakārassa makārādesañāpanatthaṃ. Opammaṃ (M. ii, 42).

The letters “t”, “l”, “ṇ”, and “d”, which have “y”, become “c”, “l”, “ñ”, and “j” respectively.

Examples: bāhussaccaṃ = bāhussuta + ya (last “a” is elided; “t” together with “y” becomes “c”; “c” is doubled by Kac. 28; “u” becomes “a” by Kac. 404).

Why it is said “which have ‘ya’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there is not “ya” such as in “tiṇadalaṃ”.

Why it is said “the letters ‘t’, ‘l’, ‘ṇ’, and ‘d’”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not these letters such as in “ālasyaṃ”, etc.

Why it is said “letters”? To prevent the operation of this rule when there are not⁸⁵ letters such as in “maccunā”.

Why “kāra” is taken? To make known the substitution of the letter “ma” by the letter “ya” such as in “opammaṃ”.

270. 120. Amha-tumha-ntu-rāja-brahm’-atta-sakha-satthu-pitādihi smā nā ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘va

(542).

Amha tumha ntu rāja brahma atta sakha satthu pitu icc’ evamādīhi smāvacanaṃ nā ‘va daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Mayā, tayā, guṇavatā, raññā, brahmunā, attanā, sakhinā, satthārā, pitarā, mātarā, bhātarā, dhītarā, kattārā, vattārā.

Etehī ti kimatthaṃ? Purisā.

After “amha”, “tumha”, “ntu”, “rāja”, “brahma”, “atta”, “sakha”, “satthu”, “pitu”, etc., the suffix “smā” is to be recognized as “nā”.

Examples: mayā = amha + smā (“smā” is recognized as “nā”; “amha” together with “smā” is changed to “mayā” by Kac. 245).

Why it is said “after these”? To prevent the operation of this rule when they are not such as in “purisā”.

Iti nāmakappe pañcamo kaṇḍo Nāmakappo Niṭṭhito

3-KĀRAKA-KAPPA 3-Case Chapter

CHAṬṬHA-KAṆḌA Sixth Section

[This chapter deals with the different cases.]

Footnotes

1. Vuttañ ca vuttiyaṃ “yathā yathā tesaṃ jinavacanānaṃ anuparodho, tathā tathā idha liṅgañ ca nippajjate” ti (Nyāsa). “Yathā yathā tesaṃ jinavacanānaṃ uparodho na hoti, tathā tathā idha liṅgaṃ, casadden’ ākhyātañ ca nippajjate” (Rū). Anuparodhena (Ka). ca ca ca ↩

2. Aṭṭhakkhuraṃ Kharādiye (Khu. v, 4). ↩

3. Sotāya (K). ↩

4. Translator’s comment UN8 (p. 61): substitute by English word. ↩

5. Translator’s comment UN9 (p. 62): not only “jha” and “la” is changed to “iya” and “uva” by the previous sutta, but this sutta also there are “ya” and “va” substitutions. ↩

6. Translator’s comment UN10 (p. 62): find out sutta number. ↩

7. Translator’s comment UN11 (p. 65): find out the meaning of “viparīta”. ↩

8. Gavaṃ ce (Khu. vi, 46, 51) ↩

9. Translator’s comment UN12 (p. 67): check which number. ↩

10. Daṇḍinaṃ (Nyā). ↩

11. Translator’s comment UN13 (p. 69): you must do it, there is no other way. ↩

12. Translator’s comment UN14 (p. 71): making long could be done by the universal sutta (Kac. 403), but for the fixed operation this sutta is taken. ↩

13. Translator’s comment UN15 (p. 72): in the sutta it is said “pañcadīnam attaṃ” and not “pañcadīnam a”; “attam” = state of “a”, so “attam” is called “bhāvaniddesa”, shown by state; the showing by state is for the purpose of inserting (two) “ssa” and “u” is changed to “a”. Example: catassannaṃ = catu + naṃ (there is insertion of “ssa” and “u” is changed to “a”). ↩

14. Translator’s comment UN16 (p. 75): “ca” is dragging “attaṃ” from Kac. 90 and it does not go forward to the following suttas. ↩

15. Translator’s comment UN17 (p. 78): the example here is “Buddhānaṃ bhavantānaṃ”. ↩

16. Translator’s comment UN18 (p. 78): for dragging “e” from the previous sutta. ↩

17. Mog. ii, 44. Suttam pi passitabbaṃ. ↩

18. Mog. ii, 44. Suttam pi passitabbaṃ. ↩

19. Smā smiṃ sa ekavacana icc’ etesaṃ (K). ↩

20. Translator’s comment UN19 (p. 82): for draggin “ato” from “ato n’ ena” (Kac. 103). That is according to Nyāsa, but Padarūpasiddhi says differently. ↩

21. Translator’s comment UN20 (p. 83): avadhāraṇa has two meaning: (1) prevention and (2) fixedness. Here fixedness is meant (sanniṭṭhānaṃ means fixedness). ↩

22. Translator’s comment UN21 (p. 85): “ca” is for dragging “jha” and “la”. ↩

23. Vattamānassa liṅgassa (Sī). ↩

24. Translator’s comment UN22 (p. 89): For dragging “aṃ”, so it does not follow to next sutta. ↩

25. Vattamānassa liṅgassa (Sī). ↩

26. Translator’s comment UN23 (p. 90): “sadda” here is better to translate as stem. ↩

27. Vattamānassa liṅgassa (Sī). ↩

28. Adhikārattaṃ (Sī). ↩

29. Translator’s comment UN24 (p. 91): It means it will follow to other suttas. ↩

30. Translator’s comment UN25 (p. 93): This sutta is to to prevent the operation of the sutta Kac. 107. ↩

31. Tumhamhānaṃ (Sī). ↩

32. Kaḷiṅgara, kaḷaṅgara (k). ↩

33. Ārogyaṃ (K). ↩

34. Mamabravi (K), mamabravīti (Rū). ↩

35. Maghavayuva icc’ evamādīnam antass (Nyā). “Pumantassā simhi” ti ettha antaggahaṇena savibhattissa āttaṃ, atīto addhā, addhāno (Rūṭī, 197-suttaṃ). Maghavayuva icc’ evam antassa (K). ↩

36. Maghavayuva icc’ evam antassa (K). ↩

37. Sabbāsu vibhattīsu (Rū). ↩

38. Translator’s comment UN26 (p. 104): It is for dragging the “ā” ↩

39. Akārato maro (Sī). ↩

40. Sabbanāmānam īti (K). ↩

41. Sabbanāmānam īti (K). ↩

42. Sabbanāmikavidhavanañ ca (Sī), Sabbanāmikavidhānaṃ ca (Rū). ↩

43. Translator’s comment UN27 (p. 108): Here “ca” means optionally. ↩

44. Translator’s comment UN28 (p. 109): To prevent the substitution “rāju”. Also there are alternative forms such as “rājesu”, etc. ↩

45. Ta Ta icc’ etassa (Rū). Ta Ta ↩

46. Translator’s comment UN29 (p. 116): The example will be given in Taddhita. ↩

47. Translator’s comment UN30 (p. 117): This should not be here. Nyasa also does not comment on it. ↩

48. Translator’s comment UN31 (p. 117): “Ca” here is for “s” to be accomplished and not “b”. ↩

49. Sakhāto (Sī). ↩

50. Ito Paraṃ “uttam iti bhāvaniddeso katthaci abhāvaṃ dasseti, brahmassa” ti pāṭho sīhaḷapotthake dissati. ↩

51. Translator’s comment UN32 (p. 122): check number of Sutta.b ↩

52. Ito paraṃ “ārattaggahaṇena katthaci aniyamaṃ dasseti, satthussa, vitussa, mātussa, bhātussā” ti pāṭho sīhaṭṭhapotthake dissati. ↩

53. Translator’s comment UN33 (p. 124): The first meaning is changing “u” to “u” and the second meaning is the elision of “sa”. ↩

54. Translator’s comment UN34 (p. 124): There is only one example of “sakkamandhātu” with “sa”. ↩

55. Translator’s comment UN35 (p. 124): The first meaning is changing “u” to “u” and the second meaning is the elision of “sa”. ↩

56. Ubho purisā, najjo (Sī). ↩

57. Translator’s comment UN36 (p. 125): Check which sutta. ↩

58. Attanā (Sī). ↩

59. Sakārādeso (K). ↩

60. Translator’s comment UN37 (p. 127): Check Kac. Number. ↩

61. Caggahaṇaṃ kvaci nivattanatthaṃ (Rū), caggahaṇaṃ tadanukaḍḍhantthaṃ (Nyā). ↩

62. Translator’s comment UN38 (p. 130): Those that are shown by the sutta “siṃ so syāca” are called “sesa” here. ↩

63. Parapadesu pi. ↩

64. Bodhesi tvaṃ (Sī). ↩

65. Translator’s comment UN39 (p. 135): It is for dragging “ka”. ↩

66. Translator’s comment UN40 (p. 135): It is for dragging “kissa” and “ku”. ↩

67. Etothesu vā (Sī). ↩

68. Ito paraṃ “cassaddaggahaṇam avadhāraṇattha” nti pāṭo sīhaḷapotthake dissati. Padarūpasiddhiṭīkāyaṃ pana “caggahaṇaṃ sabbaggahaṇ’ ānukaḍḍhanattha” nti vuttaṃ. ↩

69. Translator’s comment UN41 (p. 137): Kac. Number? ↩

70. Ito paraṃ “hatthī” ti udāharaṇaṃ katthaci dissati, taṃ na yuttaṃ itthiyaṃ “hatthinī” ti padass’ eva diṭṭhattā. ↩

71. Translator’s comment UN42 (p. 137): “nadādi” are words ending in “a” like “nada”; “anadādi” are words ending in “u” and “o”, that do not belong to “nadādi”.b ↩

72. Ṇavaṇikaṇeyyaṇantupaccayantehi (Rū). ↩

73. To ādeso (K). ↩

74. Itthiyaṃ kate (Sī). ↩

75. Bhavato (Sī). ↩

76. Mog. 4. ↩

77. Translator’s comment UN43 (p. 145): This is a taddhita suffix “ṇya”. ↩

78. Translator’s comment UN44 (p. 145): This a taddhita suffix “iya” and “iṭṭha”. ↩

79. Translator’s comment UN45 (p. 145): This is a taddhita suffix “iya” and “iṭṭha”. ↩

80. Translator’s comment UN46 (p. 145): This is a taddhita suffix “iya” and “iṭṭha”. ↩

81. Translator’s comment UN47 (p. 146): This is a taddhita suffix “iya” and “iṭṭha ↩

82. Translator’s comment UN48 (p. 146): This is a taddhita suffix “iya” and “iṭṭha ↩

83. Translator’s comment UN49 (p. 146): This is a taddhita suffix “iya” and “iṭṭha ↩

84. Translator’s comment UN50 (p. 146): This is a taddhita suffix “iya” and “iṭṭha ↩

85. Translator’s comment UN51 (p. 147): There are two explanations here, one by Nyāsa and the other by Rūpasiddhi. Nyāsa says after “musa-paṇacāge”, “tyu” suffix, by Kac. 638 the end of the dhātu “sa” and “u” of “mu” are elided. ↩