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Kaccāyana

6. Ākhyātakappa (Verb chapter): Dutiyakaṇḍa (Second Section) (§432–§457)

Dutiyakaṇḍa (Second Section)

Section titled “Dutiyakaṇḍa (Second Section)”

§432 (362): Dhātuliṅgehi parā paccayā (suffixes come after roots and lemmas: a governing statement) sīhagatika

Section titled “§432 (362): Dhātuliṅgehi parā paccayā (suffixes come after roots and lemmas: a governing statement) sīhagatika ”

Dhātuliṅgaiccetehi parā paccayā honti.

Karoti, gacchati. Yo koci karoti, taṃ añño ‘‘karohi karohi’’ iccevaṃ bravīti, atha vā karontaṃ payojayati = kāreti. Saṅgho pabbatamiva attānamācarati = pabbatāyati. Taḷākaṃ samuddamiva attānamācarati = samuddāyati, saddo cicciṭamiva attānamācarati = cicciṭāyati, vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ vāsiṭṭho. Evamaññepi yojetabbā.

After these, roots (dhātu) and lemmas (liṅga), come the suffixes (paccaya).1

§433 (528): Tija gupa kita mānehi kha cha sā vā (optionally kha, cha, sa after tija, gupa, kita, māna) apavada

Section titled “§433 (528): Tija gupa kita mānehi kha cha sā vā (optionally kha, cha, sa after tija, gupa, kita, māna) apavada ”

Tija gupa kita māna2 iccetehi dhātūhi kha cha sa iccete paccayā honti vā.

Titikkhati, jigucchati, tikicchati, vīmaṃsati.

Vāti kimatthaṃ? Tejati, gopati, māneti.

Optionally, after these roots — tija (to endure), gupa (to be disgusted), kita (to cure), māna (to investigate) — come these suffixes: kha, cha and sa.

§434 (534): Bhuja ghasa hara su pādīhi tumicchatthesu ([kha, cha, sa] after bhuja, ghasa, hara, su, pā and the like, in the sense of wishing to) apavada

Section titled “§434 (534): Bhuja ghasa hara su pādīhi tumicchatthesu ([kha, cha, sa] after bhuja, ghasa, hara, su, pā and the like, in the sense of wishing to) apavada ”

Bhuja ghasa hara su pāiccevamādīhi dhātūhi tumicchatthesu kha cha sa iccete paccayā honti vā.

Bhottumicchati=bubhukkhati, ghasitumicchati=jighacchati, haritumicchati=jigīsati, sotumicchati=sussusati, pātumicchati=pivāsati.

Vāti kimatthaṃ? Bhottumicchati.

Tumicchatthesūti kimatthaṃ? Bhuñjati.

Optionally, after the roots bhuja (to eat), ghasa (to eat), hara (to take), su (to hear), pā (to drink) and the like, in the senses of wishing to [do], come these suffixes, kha, cha and sa.34

§435 (536): Āya nāmato kattūpamānādācāre (āya after a noun to which the agent is likened, in the sense of behaving) apavada

Section titled “§435 (536): Āya nāmato kattūpamānādācāre (āya after a noun to which the agent is likened, in the sense of behaving) apavada ”

Nāmato kattūpamānā ācāratthe āyapaccayo hoti.

Saṅgho pabbatamiva attānamācarati = pabbatāyati, taḷākaṃ samuddamiva attānamācarati = samuddāyati5, saddo cicciṭamiva attānamācarati = cicciṭāyati. Evamaññepi yojetabbā.

After a noun that is the agent’s standard of comparison, in the sense of behaving, comes the suffix āya.

§436 (537): Īyūpamānā ca (and īya after a noun that is a standard of comparison) apavada

Section titled “§436 (537): Īyūpamānā ca (and īya after a noun that is a standard of comparison) apavada ”

Nāmato upamānā ācāratthe ca īyapaccayo hoti.

Achattaṃ chattamiva ācarati =chattīyati, aputtaṃ puttamiva ācarati=puttīyati.

Upamānāti kimatthaṃ? Dhammaṃ ācarati.

Ācāreti kimatthaṃ? Achattaṃ chattamiva rakkhati6. Evamaññepi yojetabbā.

After a noun that is a standard of comparison, in the sense of behaving, the suffix īya also comes.

§437 (538): Nāmamhā’tticchatthe ([īya] after a noun in the sense of wishing [it] for oneself) apavada

Section titled “§437 (538): Nāmamhā’tticchatthe ([īya] after a noun in the sense of wishing [it] for oneself) apavada ”

Nāmamhā attano icchatthe īyapaccayo hoti.

Attano pattamicchati = pattīyati. Evaṃ vatthīyati, parikkhārīyati, cīvarīyati, dhanīyati, ghaṭīyati7.

Atticchattheti kimatthaṃ? Aññassa pattamicchati. Evamaññepi yojetabbā.

After a noun, in the sense of wishing for oneself, comes the suffix īya.

§438 (540): Dhātūhi ṇe ṇaya ṇāpe ṇāpayā kāritāni hetvatthe (the causative suffixes ṇe, ṇaya, ṇāpe, ṇāpaya after roots, named kārita) utsarga

Section titled “§438 (540): Dhātūhi ṇe ṇaya ṇāpe ṇāpayā kāritāni hetvatthe (the causative suffixes ṇe, ṇaya, ṇāpe, ṇāpaya after roots, named kārita) utsarga ”

Sabbehi dhātūhi ṇeṇaya ṇāpe ṇāpaya iccete paccayā honti kāritasaññā ca hetvatthe.

Yo koci karoti, taṃ añño ‘‘karohi karohi’’ iccevaṃ bravīti, atha vā karontaṃ payojayati = kāreti, kārayati, kārāpeti, kārāpayati. Ye keci karonti, te aññe ‘‘karotha karotha’’ iccevaṃ bruvanti = kārenti, kārayanti, kārāpenti, kārāpayanti. Yo koci pacati, taṃ añño ‘‘pacāhi pacāhi’’iccevaṃ bravīti, atha vā pacantaṃ payojayati = pāceti, pācayati, pācāpeti, pācāpayati. Ye keci pacanti, te aññe ‘‘pacatha pacatha’’ iccevaṃ bruvanti = pācenti, pācayanti, pācāpenti. Pācāpayanti. Evaṃ bhaṇeti, bhaṇayati, bhaṇāpeti, bhaṇāpayati. Bhaṇenti, bhaṇayanti, bhaṇāpenti, bhaṇāpayanti. Tathariva aññepi yojetabbā.

Hetvattheti kimatthaṃ? Karoti, pacati.

Atthaggahaṇena alapaccayo hoti, jotalati.

After all roots come these suffixes, ṇe, ṇaya, ṇāpe, ṇāpaya, and they are named kārita, in the sense of the causative agent (hetu).

Atthaggahaṇena alapaccayo hoti, jotalati: by the word attha the suffix ala also occurs: jotalati.8

§439 (539): Dhāturūpe nāmasmā ṇayo ca (and ṇaya after a noun when it is to take the form of a root) apavada

Section titled “§439 (539): Dhāturūpe nāmasmā ṇayo ca (and ṇaya after a noun when it is to take the form of a root) apavada ”

Tasmā nāmasmā ṇayapaccayo hoti kāritasañño ca dhāturūpe sati.

Hatthinā atikkamati maggaṃ = atihatthayati, vīṇāya upagāyati gītaṃ = upavīṇayati, daḷhaṃ karoti vīriyaṃ9 = daḷhayati, visuddhā hoti ratti = visuddhayati10.

Caggahaṇena āra āla iccete paccayā honti. Santaṃ karoti = santārati11, upakkamaṃ karoti = upakkamālati.

After that noun comes the suffix ṇaya, and it is named kārita, when there is the form of a root.

Caggahaṇena āra āla iccete paccayā honti: by the word ca these suffixes, āra and āla, also occur.

§440 (445): Bhāvakammesu yo (ya [after all roots] in the impersonal and the passive) utsarga

Section titled “§440 (445): Bhāvakammesu yo (ya [after all roots] in the impersonal and the passive) utsarga ”

Sabbehi dhātūhi bhāvakammesu yapaccayo hoti.

Ṭhīyate, bujjhate, paccate, labbhate, karīyate, yujjate, uccate.

Bhāvakammesūti kimatthaṃ? Karoti, pacati, paṭhati.

After all roots, in the impersonal (bhāva) and the passive (kamma), comes the suffix ya.12

§441 (447): Tassa cavaggayakāravakārattaṃ sadhātvantassa (that ya, with the root’s final, becomes a c-group letter, y or v) apavada

Section titled “§441 (447): Tassa cavaggayakāravakārattaṃ sadhātvantassa (that ya, with the root’s final, becomes a c-group letter, y or v) apavada ”

Tassa yapaccayassa cavaggayakāravakārattaṃ hoti dhātūnaṃ antena saha yathāsambhavaṃ.

Vuccate, vuccante, uccate, uccante, paccate, paccante. Majjate, majjante, yujjate, yujjante13. Bujjhate, bujjhante, kujjhate, kujjhante, ujjhate, ujjhante. Haññate, haññante. Kayyate, kayyante. Dibbate, dibbante.

That suffix ya becomes a letter of the c group, or y, or v, together with the final [consonant] of the root, as the case allows.

§442 (448): Ivaṇṇāgamo vā (optionally an i-vowel is inserted [before ya]) apavada

Section titled “§442 (448): Ivaṇṇāgamo vā (optionally an i-vowel is inserted [before ya]) apavada ”

Sabbehi dhātūhi yamhi paccaye, pare ivaṇṇāgamo hoti vā.

Karīyate, karīyati, gacchīyate, gacchīyati.

Vāti kimatthaṃ? Kayyate.

Optionally, after all roots, when the suffix ya follows, an i-vowel is inserted.14

§443 (449): Pubbarūpañca (and [ya] takes the form of the preceding [consonant]) apavada

Section titled “§443 (449): Pubbarūpañca (and [ya] takes the form of the preceding [consonant]) apavada ”

Sabbehi dhātūhi yapaccayo pubbarūpamāpajjate vā.

Vuḍḍhate, phallate, dammate, sakkate, labbhate, dissate.

Vāti kimatthaṃ? Damyate.15

Optionally, after all roots the suffix ya takes the form of the preceding [consonant].

§444 (511): Tathā kattari ca (likewise in the active too [ya is so replaced]) apavada

Section titled “§444 (511): Tathā kattari ca (likewise in the active too [ya is so replaced]) apavada ”

Yathā heṭṭhā bhāvakammesu yapaccayassa ādeso hoti tathā kattaripi yapaccayassa ādeso kātabbo.

Bujjhati, vijjhati, maññati, sibbati.

Just as earlier (heṭṭhā), in the impersonal and the passive, the suffix ya is replaced, so in the active too the replacement of the suffix ya is to be made.16

§445 (433): Bhūvādito a (a after the bhū class [in the active]) apavada

Section titled “§445 (433): Bhūvādito a (a after the bhū class [in the active]) apavada ”

Bhūiccevamādito dhātugaṇato apaccayo hoti kattari.

Bhavati, paṭhati, pacati, jayati17.

After the root-group beginning with bhū (to be), the suffix a comes in the active.

§446 (509): Rudhādito niggahitapubbañca ([a] after the rudha class, with a niggahīta before [the root’s final]; and i, ī, e, o) apavada

Section titled “§446 (509): Rudhādito niggahitapubbañca ([a] after the rudha class, with a niggahīta before [the root’s final]; and i, ī, e, o) apavada ”

Rudhaiccevamādito dhātugaṇato apaccayo hoti kattari, pubbe niggahitāgamo hoti.

Rundhati, chindati, bhindati.

Caggahaṇena i ī e o iccete paccayā honti niggahitapubbañca.

Rundhiti, rundhīti, rundheti, rundhoti, sumbhoti, parisumbhoti.

After the root-group beginning with rudha (to obstruct), the suffix a comes in the active, and before [it] a niggahīta is inserted.18

Caggahaṇena i ī e o iccete paccayā honti niggahitapubbañca: by the word ca these suffixes, i, ī, e, o, also occur, and with a niggahīta before.

§447 (510): Divādito yo (ya after the divu class [in the active]) apavada

Section titled “§447 (510): Divādito yo (ya after the divu class [in the active]) apavada ”

Divuiccevamādito dhātugaṇato yapaccayo hoti kattari.

Dibbati, sibbati19, yujjhati, vijjhati, bujjhati.

After the root-group beginning with divu (to play; to shine), the suffix ya comes in the active.

§448 (512): Svādito ṇu ṇā uṇā ca (ṇu, ṇā and uṇā after the su class [in the active]) apavada

Section titled “§448 (512): Svādito ṇu ṇā uṇā ca (ṇu, ṇā and uṇā after the su class [in the active]) apavada ”

Suiccevamādito dhātugaṇato ṇu ṇā uṇā iccete paccayā honti kattari.

Abhisuṇoti, abhisuṇāti, saṃvuṇoti, saṃvuṇāti, āvuṇoti, āvuṇāti, pāpuṇoti, pāpuṇāti.

After the root-group beginning with su (to hear), the suffixes ṇu, ṇā and uṇā come in the active.20

§449 (513): Kiyādito nā (nā after the kī class [in the active]) apavada

Section titled “§449 (513): Kiyādito nā (nā after the kī class [in the active]) apavada ”

Kīiccevamādito dhātugaṇato nāpaccayo hoti kattari.

Kiṇāti, jināti, dhunāti, munāti, lunāti, punāti.

After the root-group beginning with kī (to buy), the suffix nā comes in the active.21

§450 (517): Gahādito ppa ṇhā (ppa and ṇhā after the gaha class [in the active]) apavada

Section titled “§450 (517): Gahādito ppa ṇhā (ppa and ṇhā after the gaha class [in the active]) apavada ”

Gahaiccevamādito dhātugaṇato ppaṇhā iccete paccayā honti kattari.

Gheppati, gaṇhāti.

After the root-group beginning with gaha (to take), the suffixes ppa and ṇhā come in the active.22

§451 (520): Tanādito oyirā (o and yira after the tanu class [in the active]) apavada

Section titled “§451 (520): Tanādito oyirā (o and yira after the tanu class [in the active]) apavada ”

Tanuiccevamādito dhātugaṇato o yira iccete paccayā honti kattari.

Tanoti, tanohi, karoti, karohi, kayirati, kayirāhi.

After the root-group beginning with tanu (to stretch), the suffixes o and yira come in the active.

§452 (525): Curādito, ṇe ṇayā (ṇe and ṇaya after the cura class [in the active], named kārita) apavada

Section titled “§452 (525): Curādito, ṇe ṇayā (ṇe and ṇaya after the cura class [in the active], named kārita) apavada ”

Curaiccevamādito dhātugaṇato ṇe ṇaya iccete paccayā honti kattari, kāritasaññā ca.

Coreti, corayati, cinteti, cintayati, manteti, mantayati.

After the root-group beginning with cura (to steal), the suffixes ṇe and ṇaya come in the active, and they are named kārita.23

§453 (444): Attanopadāni bhāve ca kammani (the attanopada endings in the impersonal and the passive) utsarga

Section titled “§453 (444): Attanopadāni bhāve ca kammani (the attanopada endings in the impersonal and the passive) utsarga ”

Bhāve ca kammani ca attanopadāni honti.

Uccate, uccante, majjate24, majjante, yujjate, yujjante, kujjhate, kujjhante, labbhate, labbhante, kayyate, kayyante.

In the sense of the action (bhāva) and in the sense of the object (kamma), the attanopada endings are used.25

§454 (440): Kattari ca (and [the attanopada endings] in the active) utsarga

Section titled “§454 (440): Kattari ca (and [the attanopada endings] in the active) utsarga ”

Kattari ca attanopadāni honti.

Maññate, rocate, socate, bujjhate, jāyate.

In the active (kattari) too, the attanopada endings are used.2627

§455 (530): Dhātuppaccayehi vibhattiyo (the endings come after the root-suffixes) utsarga

Section titled “§455 (530): Dhātuppaccayehi vibhattiyo (the endings come after the root-suffixes) utsarga ”

Dhātuniddiṭṭhehi paccayehi khādikāritantehi vibhattiyo honti.

Titikkhati, jigucchati, vīmaṃsati, samuddāyati, puttīyati, kāreti, pāceti.

After the suffixes designated after a root (dhātuniddiṭṭha), from kha to the kārita, the endings (vibhatti) come.28

§456 (430): Kattari parassapadaṃ (the parassapada endings in the active) utsarga

Section titled “§456 (430): Kattari parassapadaṃ (the parassapada endings in the active) utsarga ”

Kattari parassapadaṃ hoti.

Karoti, pacati, paṭhati, gacchati.

In the active (kattari), the parassapada endings are used.

§457 (424): Bhūvādayo dhātavo (bhū and the rest are dhātu, roots) anvattha

Section titled “§457 (424): Bhūvādayo dhātavo (bhū and the rest are dhātu, roots) anvattha ”

Bhūiccevamādayo ye saddagaṇā, te dhātusaññā honti.

Bhavati, bhavanti, carati, caranti, pacati, pacanti, cintayati, cintayanti, hoti, honti, gacchati, gacchanti29.

Those groups of words that begin with bhū (to be) are named dhātu (root).

Iti ākhyātakappe dutiyo kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the second section of the verb chapter.

Footnotes

Section titled “Footnotes”

  1. Malai (1997) translates dhātuliṅgehi “roots and genders”; liṅga here is the nominal lemma. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read samuddo cicciṭāyati for the CST’s saddo cicciṭāyati and paraphrase the causative taṃ kubbantaṃ añño karohi iccevaṃ bravīti. ↩

  2. CST4 prints mānu; the Rūpasiddhi and the vuttis of §463 (532): Mānakitānaṃ vatattaṃ vā and §467 (533): Tato pāmānānaṃ vā maṃ sesu read māna. ↩

  3. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition, with T, S1 and S2, read the sutta Tumicchatthesu ca; the CST’s text without ca is kept. D’Alwis reads jigiṃsati for jigīsati, and both print sussūsati for the CST’s sussusati. ↩

  4. Nandisena (2005) translates tumicchatthesu “in the meanings of wanting and to do”; the compound is tuṃ-icchā, a wish expressed with the infinitive. ↩

  5. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition give two examples only, pabbatāyati and cicciṭāyati, without the CST’s taḷākaṃ samuddamiva attānamācarati = samuddāyati. ↩

  6. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read the counter-example chattamiva rakkhati, without the CST’s achattaṃ. ↩

  7. D’Alwis (1863), Senart’s edition and the Rūpasiddhi read paṭīyati for the CST’s ghaṭīyati. ↩

  8. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read lappaccayo, the suffix la, for the CST’s alapaccayo, and add haneti, hanayati, hanāpeti, hanāpayati between the paca and the bhaṇa examples. ↩

  9. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read daḷhaṃ karoti vinayaṃ for the CST’s vīriyaṃ, and vīṇāya upagāyati without the object gītaṃ. ↩

  10. Nandisena (2005) renders visuddhā hoti ratti “(it) is pure as the night”; the Pāḷi says the night becomes clear. ↩

  11. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition print antarārati for the CST’s santārati; T, S1 and S2 have santarārati. ↩

  12. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read bujjhiyate and ijjate for the CST’s bujjhate and yujjate. D’Alwis and the manuscript T add Yogahaṇena abhāvakammesu pi yappaccayo hoti. Daddallati, which the CST lacks. ↩

  13. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read yujjhate, yujjhante for the CST’s yujjate, yujjante; Malai (1997) corrects to yujjate. ↩

  14. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read the examples kariyyate, kariyyanti, gacchiyyate, gacchiyyanti for the CST’s karīyate, karīyati, gacchīyate, gacchīyati. ↩

  15. The CST’s vutti ends at dissate; the counter-example Vāti kimatthaṃ? Damyate is printed from D’Alwis (1863), Senart’s edition and the manuscripts Malai (1997) cites. ↩

  16. Senart’s edition reads the sutta Yathā kattari ca, with T, S1 and S2, and Malai (1997) argues for it; the CST’s Tathā, which Nandisena (2005) and the Rūpasiddhi print, is kept. ↩

  17. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read yajati for the CST’s fourth example jayati. ↩

  18. Malai (1997) writes that the niggahīta “is augmented to the first consonant of the root”; the Pāḷi says pubbe, before [the suffix]. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition lack rundhoti and parisumbhoti, and D’Alwis glosses sumbhoti “shines”. ↩

  19. CST4 prints thibbati; D’Alwis (1863), Senart’s edition, the manuscripts Malai cites, Nandisena (2005) and the Rūpasiddhi read sibbati. ↩

  20. Malai (1997) suggests that the ca stands for the kattari carried down from §444. ↩

  21. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition lack munāti, which the CST has; the manuscript T reads kīnāti for kiṇāti. ↩

  22. Senart’s edition and D’Alwis (1863) read the sutta Gahādito ppa-ṇhā ca, with a final ca; the CST has none and is kept. ↩

  23. Nandisena (2005) renders the vutti without kāritasaññā ca, which D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition also lack; the CST’s clause is kept. ↩

  24. Nandisena (2005) glosses majjate “(it) is rubbed”, from the root majja; it is taken here from mada, “is intoxicated”. ↩

  25. Senart’s edition reads sujjhate, sujjhante for the CST’s yujjate, yujjante and lacks kujjhate, kujjhante, and D’Alwis (1863) reads yujjhate, yujjhante; the CST is kept. ↩

  26. D’Alwis (1863) glosses the examples reflexively, maññate “he respects [himself]”, rocate “it brightens [of itself]”, jāyate “he produces [by his own effort]”; the table has “he thinks”, “it pleases”, “he is born”. ↩

  27. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition add sobhate between socate and bujjhate; the CST’s five examples are kept. ↩

  28. Nandisena (2005) renders “after roots, whose meanings are indicated by the suffixes beginning with kha and ending with kārita”, and Malai (1997) “after the roots and suffixes”; in the Pāḷi dhātuniddiṭṭhehi agrees with paccayehi. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read pācayati for the CST’s kāreti, pāceti. ↩

  29. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition give seven examples, bhavati, bhavanti, pacati, pacanti, carati, cintayati, gacchati; the CST’s twelve are kept. ↩