Skip to content
Kaccāyana

6. Ākhyātakappa (Verb chapter): Tatiyakaṇḍa (Third Section) (§458–§481)

Tatiyakaṇḍa (Third Section)

Section titled “Tatiyakaṇḍa (Third Section)”

§458 (461): Kvacādivaṇṇānamekassarānaṃ dvebhāvo (Sometimes the root’s first syllable is doubled) apavada

Section titled “§458 (461): Kvacādivaṇṇānamekassarānaṃ dvebhāvo (Sometimes the root’s first syllable is doubled) apavada ”

Ādibhūtānaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ ekassarānaṃ kvaci dvebhāvo hoti.

Titikkhati, jigucchati1, tikicchati, vīmaṃsati, bubhukkhati, pivāsati, daddallati, dadāti2, jahāti, caṅkamati.

Kvacīti kimatthaṃ?

Kampati, calati.

Sometimes (kvaci) the initial letters [of a root] that have a single vowel are doubled (dvebhāvo).

§459 (462): Pubbo’bbhāso (The first [of the two] is called abbhāsa) rūḷhī

Section titled “§459 (462): Pubbo’bbhāso (The first [of the two] is called abbhāsa) rūḷhī ”

Dvebhūtassa dhātussa yo pubbo, so abbhāsasañño hoti.

Dadhāti, dadāti, babhūva.

Of a root that has become two, that which stands first has the name abbhāsa.

§460 (506): Rasso ([The vowel of the abbhāsa is] short) apavada

Section titled “§460 (506): Rasso ([The vowel of the abbhāsa is] short) apavada ”

Abbhāse vattamānassa sarassa rasso hoti.

Dadhāti4, jahāti.

The vowel standing in the abbhāsa becomes short (rasso).

§461 (464): Dutiyacatutthānaṃ paṭhamatatiyā (Second and fourth [letters in the abbhāsa] become first and third) apavada

Section titled “§461 (464): Dutiyacatutthānaṃ paṭhamatatiyā (Second and fourth [letters in the abbhāsa] become first and third) apavada ”

Abbhāsagatānaṃ dutiyacatutthānaṃ paṭhamatatiyā honti.

Ciccheda, bubhukkhati, babhūva, dadhāti.

The second and fourth [letters of a group] that stand in the abbhāsa become the first and third.

§462 (467): Kavaggassa cavaggo (k group [in the abbhāsa] becomes c group) apavada

Section titled “§462 (467): Kavaggassa cavaggo (k group [in the abbhāsa] becomes c group) apavada ”

Abbhāse vattamānassa kavaggassa cavaggo hoti.

Cikicchati5, jigucchati, jighacchati, jigīsati, jaṅgamati, caṅkamati.

The k group standing in the abbhāsa becomes the c group.

§463 (532): Mānakitānaṃ vatattaṃ vā (Optionally v, t for [the abbhāsa of] māna, kita) apavada

Section titled “§463 (532): Mānakitānaṃ vatattaṃ vā (Optionally v, t for [the abbhāsa of] māna, kita) apavada ”

Mānakita iccetesaṃ dhātūnaṃ abbhāsagatānaṃ vakāra takārattaṃ hoti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Vīmaṃsati, tikicchati.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Cikicchati.

Optionally, [the initial consonant] of the roots māna and kita, when it stands in the abbhāsa, becomes v and t respectively.

§464 (504): Hassa jo (h [in the abbhāsa] becomes j) apavada

Section titled “§464 (504): Hassa jo (h [in the abbhāsa] becomes j) apavada ”

Abbhāse vattamānassa hakārassa jo hoti.

Jahāti, juhvati6, juhoti, jahāra.

The letter h standing in the abbhāsa becomes j.

§465 (463): Antassivaṇṇākāro vā (The final [vowel of the abbhāsa] optionally becomes an i-vowel or a) apavada

Section titled “§465 (463): Antassivaṇṇākāro vā (The final [vowel of the abbhāsa] optionally becomes an i-vowel or a) apavada ”

Abbhāsassa antassa ivaṇṇo hoti, akāro vā.

Jigucchati, pivāsati, vīmaṃsati, jighacchati, babhūva, dadhāti.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Bubhukkhati.

The final [vowel] of the abbhāsa becomes an i-vowel (ivaṇṇa), or optionally a.

§466 (489): Niggahitañca (And [optionally] a niggahīta [at the end of the abbhāsa]) apavada

Section titled “§466 (489): Niggahitañca (And [optionally] a niggahīta [at the end of the abbhāsa]) apavada ”

Abbhāsassa ante niggahitāgamo hoti vā.

Caṅkamati, cañcalati, jaṅgamati.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Pivāsati, daddallati.

Optionally, a niggahīta is inserted at the end of the abbhāsa.

§467 (533): Tato pāmānānaṃ vā maṃ sesu (After it, vā, maṃ for pā, māna before sa) apavada

Section titled “§467 (533): Tato pāmānānaṃ vā maṃ sesu (After it, vā, maṃ for pā, māna before sa) apavada ”

Tato abbhāsato pāmāna iccetesaṃ dhātūnaṃ vāmaṃ iccete ādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ sapaccaye pare.

Pivāsati, vīmaṃsati.

After it, the abbhāsa, the roots pā and māna are replaced by vā and maṃ respectively when the suffix sa follows.7

§468 (492): Ṭhā tiṭṭho ([Optionally] tiṭṭha for ṭhā) apavada

Section titled “§468 (492): Ṭhā tiṭṭho ([Optionally] tiṭṭha for ṭhā) apavada ”

Ṭhā iccetassa dhātussa tiṭṭhādeso hoti vā.

Tiṭṭhati, tiṭṭhatu, tiṭṭheyya, tiṭṭheyyuṃ.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Ṭhāti.

Optionally, the root ṭhā is replaced by tiṭṭha.

§469 (494): Pā pivo ([Optionally] piva for pā) apavada

Section titled “§469 (494): Pā pivo ([Optionally] piva for pā) apavada ”

Pā iccetassa dhātussa pivādeso hoti vā.

Pivati, pivatu, piveyya, piveyyuṃ.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Pāti.

Optionally, the root pā is replaced by piva.8

§470 (514): Ñāssa jā jaṃ nā ([Optionally] jā, jaṃ, nā for ñā) apavada

Section titled “§470 (514): Ñāssa jā jaṃ nā ([Optionally] jā, jaṃ, nā for ñā) apavada ”

Ñā iccetassa dhātussa jā jaṃ nā ādesā honti vā.

Jānāti, jāneyya, jāniyā, jaññā, nāyati.

Optionally, the root ñā is replaced by jā, jaṃ and nā.9

§471 (483): Disassa passa dissa dakkhā vā (Optionally passa, dissa, dakkha for disa) apavada

Section titled “§471 (483): Disassa passa dissa dakkhā vā (Optionally passa, dissa, dakkha for disa) apavada ”

Disa iccetassa dhātussa passa dissa dakkha iccete ādesā honti vā.

Passati, dissati, dakkhati, adakkha.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Addasa.

Optionally, the root disa is replaced by passa, dissa and dakkha.1112

§472 (531): Byañjanantassa co chappaccayesu ca (And a final consonant becomes c before cha) apavada

Section titled “§472 (531): Byañjanantassa co chappaccayesu ca (And a final consonant becomes c before cha) apavada ”

Byañjanantassa dhātussa co hoti chapaccayesu paresu.

Jigucchati, tikicchati, jighacchati.

[The final consonant] of a root ending in a consonant becomes c when the suffix cha follows.13

§473 (529): Ko khe ca (And k before kha) apavada

Section titled “§473 (529): Ko khe ca (And k before kha) apavada ”

Byañjanantassa dhātussa ko hoti khapaccaye pare.

Titikkhati, bubhukkhati.

[The final consonant] of a root ending in a consonant becomes k when the suffix kha follows.

§474 (535): Harassa gīse (gī for hara before sa) apavada

Section titled “§474 (535): Harassa gīse (gī for hara before sa) apavada ”

Hara iccetassa dhātussa sabbasseva gī ādeso hoti sapaccaye pare.

Jigīsati.

Precisely the whole of the root hara is replaced by gī when the suffix sa follows.14

§475 (465): Brūbhūnamāhabhūvā parokkhāyaṃ (āha, bhūva for brū, bhū in the parokkhā) apavada

Section titled “§475 (465): Brūbhūnamāhabhūvā parokkhāyaṃ (āha, bhūva for brū, bhū in the parokkhā) apavada ”

Brūbhū iccetesaṃ dhātūnaṃ āhabhūva iccete ādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ parokkhāyaṃ vibhattiyaṃ.

Āha, āhu, babhūva, babhūvu.

Parokkhāyamiti kimatthaṃ?

Abravuṃ15.

The roots brū and bhū are replaced by āha and bhūva respectively when a parokkhā inflection follows.

§476 (442): Gamissanto ccho vā sabbāsu (Optionally ccha for the final of gamu in all [suffixes and inflections]) apavada

Section titled “§476 (442): Gamissanto ccho vā sabbāsu (Optionally ccha for the final of gamu in all [suffixes and inflections]) apavada ”

Gamu iccetassa dhātussa anto makāro ccho hoti vā sabbāsu paccayavibhattīsu.

Gacchamāno, gacchanto.

Gacchati, gameti.

Gacchatu, gametu.

Gaccheyya. Gameyya.

Agacchā, agamā.

Agacchī, agamī.

Gacchissati, gamissati.

Agacchissā, agamissā.

Gamisseti kimatthaṃ?

Icchati.

Optionally, the final of the root gamu, the letter m, becomes ccha in all suffixes and inflections.16

§477 (479): Vacassajjatanimhi makāro o (The a of vaca becomes o in the ajjatanī) apavada

Section titled “§477 (479): Vacassajjatanimhi makāro o (The a of vaca becomes o in the ajjatanī) apavada ”

Vaca iccetassa dhātussa akāro ottamāpajjate ajjatanimhi vibhattimhi.

Avoca.

Avocuṃ.

Ajjatanimhīti kimatthaṃ?

Avaca, avacū.

The a of the root vaca becomes o when an ajjatanī inflection follows.17

§478 (438): Akāro dīghaṃ hi mi mesu (a is lengthened before hi, mi, ma) utsarga

Section titled “§478 (438): Akāro dīghaṃ hi mi mesu (a is lengthened before hi, mi, ma) utsarga ”

Akāro dīghamāpajjate himima iccetesu vibhattīsu.

Gacchāhi, gacchāmi, gacchāma, gacchāmhe.

Mikāraggahaṇena hivibhattimhi akāro kvaci na dīghamāpajjate.

Gacchahi.

The letter a becomes long before the inflections hi, mi and ma.

By the mention of the letter mi (mikāraggahaṇa), before the inflection hi the a sometimes (kvaci) does not become long.

§479 (452): Hi lopaṃ vā (Optionally hi is elided) apavada

Section titled “§479 (452): Hi lopaṃ vā (Optionally hi is elided) apavada ”

Hivibhatti lopamāpajjate vā.

Gaccha, gacchāhi, gama, gamāhi, gamaya, gamayāhi.

Hīti kimatthaṃ?

Gacchati, gamayati.

Optionally, the inflection hi is elided.

§480 (490): Hotissarehohe bhavissantimhissassa ca (eha, oha, e for the vowel of hū in the bhavissantī; ssa elided) apavada

Section titled “§480 (490): Hotissarehohe bhavissantimhissassa ca (eha, oha, e for the vowel of hū in the bhavissantī; ssa elided) apavada ”

Hū iccetassa dhātussa saro eha oha ettamāpajjate bhavissantimhi, ssassa ca lopo hoti vā.

Hehiti, hehinti, hohiti, hohinti, heti, henti, hehissati, hehissanti, hohissati, hohissanti, hessati, hessanti.

Hūti kimatthaṃ?

Bhavissati, bhavissanti.

Bhavissantimhīti kimatthaṃ?

Hoti19.

The vowel of the root hū becomes eha, oha or e when a bhavissantī inflection follows, and optionally the ssa is elided.

§481 (524): Karassa sappaccayassa kāho ([Optionally] kāha for kara with its sa [in the bhavissantī]) apavada

Section titled “§481 (524): Karassa sappaccayassa kāho ([Optionally] kāha for kara with its sa [in the bhavissantī]) apavada ”

Kara iccetassa dhātussa sapaccayassa kāhādeso hoti vā bhavissantimhi vibhattimhi, sassa ca niccaṃ lopo hoti.

Kāhati, kāhiti, kāhasi, kāhisi, kāhāmi, kāhāma.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Karissati, karissanti.

Sapaccayaggahaṇena aññehipi bhavissantiyā vibhattiyā khāmi khāma chāmi chāmaiccādayo ādesā honti.

Vakkhāmi, vakkhāma, vacchāmi, vacchāma.

Optionally, the root kara together with its suffix sa is replaced by kāha when a bhavissantī inflection follows, and the sa is always elided.

By the mention of the suffix sa (sapaccayaggahaṇa), after other roots too the bhavissantī inflection takes the replacements khāmi, khāma, chāmi, chāma and the like.

Iti ākhyātakappe tatiyo kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the third section of the verb chapter.

Footnotes

Section titled “Footnotes”

  1. D’Alwis (1863) glosses jigucchati ‘reproaches’; the table has ‘he is disgusted’. ↩

  2. D’Alwis (1863) has nine examples here, without dadāti, which his text gives under §460 (506): Rasso instead. ↩

  3. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read the counter-example kamati for the CST’s kampati; the CST is kept. ↩

  4. D’Alwis (1863) reads three examples, dadāti, dadhāti, jahāti; the CST has dadhāti, jahāti. ↩

  5. Nandisena (2005) and D’Alwis (1863) gloss cikicchati “he cures”, as one with tikicchati; the table has “he is in doubt”, the sense of vicikicchati. ↩

  6. D’Alwis (1863) reads juvhati for the CST’s juhvati; the CST is kept. ↩

  7. Senart’s edition reads ādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ in the vutti, and D’Alwis (1863) and Malai (1997) translate “optionally”; the CST’s vutti has no vā and is kept. ↩

  8. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read Pā pibo and pibati, pibatu, pibeyya in sutta and vutti, as the Rūpasiddhi does; the CST’s pivo and its four examples are kept. ↩

  9. D’Alwis (1863) glosses nāyati ‘he knows’; the table has ‘he knows; it is known, is evident’. ↩

  10. The CST’s vutti ends at nāyati; D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition continue it Vāti kimatthaṃ? Viññāyati (Senart Viññāti), the source of this counter-example. ↩

  11. Nandisena (2005) and D’Alwis (1863) gloss dissati “he sees”; the table has “it is seen, appears”. ↩

  12. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition give three examples, passati, dissati, dakkhati, without the CST’s adakkha. ↩

  13. D’Alwis (1863) renders the ca “&c.”, as widening the rule to other suffixes; it is taken here, with the Nyāsa, as closing the carried vā. ↩

  14. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read the sutta Giṃ se and the example jigiṃsati, here and at §462; the CST’s gī se, jigīsati are kept. ↩

  15. CST4 prints abracuṃ; abravuṃ is printed with the Rūpasiddhi’s abravi, abravuṃ, and D’Alwis (1863) reads abruvuṃ. ↩

  16. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition add agacchīyati, agamīyati after the CST’s last pair and read agaccha, agacchi, agami for its agacchā, agacchī, agamī; the CST is kept. ↩

  17. Senart’s edition reads the sutta Vacass'ajjatanismiṃ akāro o and the counter-example avacā, avacuṃ for the CST’s avaca, avacū, and D’Alwis (1863) has avacā, avacu; the CST is kept. ↩

  18. D’Alwis (1863) and Senart’s edition read gamehi for the CST’s gamāhi and the counter-example gamīyati for gamayati; the CST is kept. ↩

  19. D’Alwis (1863) gives the pair hoti, honti where the CST has hoti alone. ↩