Padarūpasiddhi

Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa

Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Fully Awakened One.

Note

The Padarūpasiddhi (“the formation of word forms”) was written by Buddhappiya, a Coḻa monk of the thirteenth century who calls himself a pupil of Ānanda. It takes over practically every sutta of Kaccāyana but replaces the old vutti with Buddhappiya’s own commentary and rearranges the rules into a teaching order: all the masculine stems in a together, with their full paradigm and the derivation of every form, then the other stems, and so on through the seven sections. It became the standard textbook of the Kaccāyana school, and the Bālāvatāra follows its arrangement.

Each sutta on these pages carries two numbers: its place in the Padarūpasiddhi (1–684, the number the Kaccāyana pages cite in parentheses) and, after §, the Kaccāyana sutta it is. A card under each heading leads to the Kaccāyana page, where the rule’s own analysis, examples and counter-examples are; the Rūpasiddhi page gives what Buddhappiya adds — where he places the rule and why, his gloss, his step-by-step derivations, his paradigms and memory verses, and his reading of each option marker, which follows the account in Ruiz-Falqués, Boundaries and Domains.

The text is the Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition, whose file has one block of the Nāmakaṇḍa out of place and a few misprinted numbers; the pages restore the order and number the suttas by their position.

Ganthārambha (Opening verses)

Ka

Visuddhasaddhammasahassadīdhitiṃ,
Subuddhasambodhiyugandharoditaṃ;
Tibuddhakhettekadivākaraṃ jinaṃ,
Sadhammasaṅghaṃ sirasā’bhivandiya.

The Conqueror, with the thousand rays of his pure true Dhamma,
risen over the Yugandhara mountain of a perfect awakening well understood,
the one sun of the threefold field of a Buddha —
him, with his Dhamma and his Saṅgha, I salute with bowed head,

Kha

Kaccāyanañcācariyaṃ namitvā,
Nissāya kaccāyanavaṇṇanādiṃ;
Bālappabodhatthamujuṃ karissaṃ,
Byattaṃ sukaṇḍaṃ padarūpasiddhiṃ.

and, having bowed to the teacher Kaccāyana,
relying on the commentaries on Kaccāyana and the rest,
I shall compose, to awaken beginners, a straightforward
Padarūpasiddhi, clear and well divided into sections.

Additional

Byattaṃ (“clear”) and sukaṇḍaṃ (“well divided into sections”) state the two aims Buddhappiya sets against the old vutti: a commentary that explains, and an order that teaches. Ruiz-Falqués (Boundaries and Domains, §1.4) reads the verse as the author’s programme.

Reading the option markers

Buddhappiya’s two levels of optionality

The Analysis of every sutta reads its option marker in these terms, after Ruiz-Falqués, Boundaries and Domains, §2.3.

flowchart LR
  O(["an option marker in the sutta"]) --> VA["vā, or"]
  O --> KV["kvaci, in some places"]
  O --> NV["navā, or not"]
  O --> VB["vibhāsā, optionally"]
  O --> CA["ca, tu, api, niccaṃ also control options"]
  VA --> VK["vikappa: an open option<br/>both forms are good Pāli"]
  VA --> VV["vavatthitavibhāsā: a restricted option<br/>Buddhappiya states its domain"]
  VV --> N1["nicca: obligatory for these words"]
  VV --> N2["anicca: optional for those"]
  VV --> N3["asanta: never for the rest"]
  KV --> KV1["an exception to a wider rule:<br/>the form occurs only in the words named"]
  NV --> NV1["glossed as kvaci (Rūp 21)"]
  VB --> VB1["glossed as vā (Rūp 360)"]

Table of Contents

How the Rūpasiddhi rearranges Kaccāyana

Buddhappiya’s seven sections set against the Kaccāyana chapters whose rules they take; a rule may be quoted in more than one place.

flowchart LR
  subgraph K["Kaccāyana"]
    K1["Sandhikappa §1–§51"]
    K2["Nāmakappa §52–§270"]
    K3["Kārakakappa §271–§315"]
    K4["Samāsakappa §316–§343"]
    K5["Taddhitakappa §344–§405"]
    K6["Ākhyātakappa §406–§523"]
    K7["Kibbidhānakappa §524–§623<br/>Uṇādikappa §624–§673"]
  end
  subgraph R["Padarūpasiddhi"]
    R1["1. Sandhikaṇḍa 1–59"]
    R2["2. Nāmakaṇḍa 60–282<br/>by stem, with paradigms"]
    R3["3. Kārakakaṇḍa 283–329"]
    R4["4. Samāsakaṇḍa 330–360"]
    R5["5. Taddhitakaṇḍa 361–423"]
    R6["6. Ākhyātakaṇḍa 424–544"]
    R7["7. Kibbidhānakaṇḍa 545–684"]
  end
  K1 --> R1
  K2 --> R2
  K3 --> R3
  K3 -. "the form rules, where a paradigm first needs them" .-> R2
  K4 --> R4
  K5 --> R5
  K6 --> R6
  K7 --> R7

1. Sandhikaṇḍa (Sandhi section)The definitions of letters and terms, then vowel, consonant and niggahīta sandhi, every example derived step by step.

2. Nāmakaṇḍa (Noun section)The inflection of nouns, stem by stem, with full paradigms: masculine, feminine, neuter, pronouns, numerals, then the suffixes that stand for inflections, prefixes and particles.

3. Kārakakaṇḍa (Kāraka section)The seven inflection forms and the relations they express, each defined where its form is assigned.

4. Samāsakaṇḍa (Compound section)The six kinds of compound, each with its sub-kinds and the derivation of every example.

5. Taddhitakaṇḍa (Secondary derivation section)The secondary suffixes grouped by sense: descent, relation, abstraction, comparison, possession, number, adverbs.

6. Ākhyātakaṇḍa (Verb section)The endings of the eight tenses and moods, the eight conjugation classes with their model roots fully conjugated, and the derivative verbs.

7. Kibbidhānakaṇḍa (Primary derivation section)The primary suffixes by sense: gerundives, agent nouns, participles, infinitives and absolutives, the uṇādi words, and the colophon.