8. Uṇādikappa (Uṇādi suffixes chapter)

13 Oct 2026 · 164 min read

The uṇādi chapter gives the remaining primary suffixes — u, ṇu, yu, tu, ta, tha, ma, ra, ṇa and the rest — with the words they form.

The chapter first states the scope of the primary suffixes (§624–§626) and then records, suffix by suffix and word by word, the formations the earlier rules do not reach.

flowchart LR
  U(["uṇādi: the remaining primary suffixes"]) --> S["scope: kita for the agent §624<br/>kicca, tta and kha for the impersonal and the object §625–§626"]
  U --> A["ṇu, ṇvu, tu, ṇa and the rest, by time §650–§652, §654–§655, §671<br/>kāru, vāyu, bhottu, hetu"]
  U --> B["mana, tha, la, ya and the rest §627–§636<br/>khemo, samatho, kalyaṃ"]
  U --> C["ta, ṇitta, tti and ti §656–§658<br/>chattaṃ, metti"]
  U --> D["words formed one by one §638–§649, §659–§673<br/>sunakho, yuvā, khandho, cīvaraṃ, manusso"]
  U --> E["counting: kkhattuṃ §646<br/>ekakkhattuṃ, dvikkhattuṃ"]

Chaṭṭhakaṇḍa (Sixth Section)

§624 (563): Kattari kita (the `kita` suffixes denote the agent) utsarga

Kattuiccetasmiṃ atthe kita paccayā honti.

Kāru, kāruko, kārako, pācako, kattā, janitā, pacitā, netā.

The kita suffixes are used in the sense of the agent (kattu).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√kara + ṇu)	kāru	a maker, an artisan
🚹①⨀(√kara + ṇuka)	kāruko	a craftsman, one given to making
🚹①⨀(√kara + ṇvu)	kārako	a doer
🚹①⨀(√paca + ṇvu)	pācako	a cook
🚹①⨀(√kara + tu)	kattā	a doer, a maker
🚹①⨀(√jana + tu)	janitā	a begetter
🚹①⨀(√paca + tu)	pacitā	one who cooks
🚹①⨀(√nī + tu)	netā	a leader

	√kara + ṇvu	rule
→	kar + a + ṇvu	§521
→	kar + ṇvu	§621, §523
→	k(a→ā)r + vu	§483
→	kār + (vu→aka)	§622
→	kāraka + si	§601, §55
→	kāraka + (si→o)	§104
→	kārako

	√kara + tu	rule
→	kar + a + tu	§521
→	ka(r→t) + tu	§619
→	kattu + si	§601, §55
→	katt + (u→ā) + si	§199
→	kattā

ayaṃ kho brahmadatto kāsirājā bahuno amhākaṃ anatthassa kārako
(3V 10.2: Dīghāvuvatthu)
🚹①⨀(ima) 🔼(kho) 🚹①⨀(brahmadatta) 🚹①⨀(kāsirāja) 🚹⑥⨀(bahu) ⚧️⑥⨂(amha) 🚹⑥⨀(anattha) 🚹①⨀(√kara + ṇvu)
this | indeed | Brahmadatta | the king of Kāsi | of much | our | harm | the doer

sarasi tvaṃ, dabba, evarūpaṃ kattā
(1V 1.2.8: Duṭṭhadosasikkhāpada)
▶️🤘⨀(sarati) ⚧️①⨀(tumha) 🚹⓪⨀(dabba) 🚻②⨀(evarūpa) 🚹①⨀(√kara + tu)
do you remember | you | Dabba | such a thing | [being] the doer

netā vinetā anunetā, tādiso labhate yasaṃ
(8D 8.13: Chaddisāpaṭicchādanakaṇḍa)
🚹①⨀(√nī + tu) 🚹①⨀(vi + √nī + tu) 🚹①⨀(anu + √nī + tu) 🚹①⨀(ta + √dusa) ▶️🤟⨀(labhati) 🚹②⨀(yasa)
a leader | a trainer | a conciliator | such a one | obtains | fame

§625 (605): Bhāvakammesu kiccattakkhatthā (the `kicca` suffixes, `tta` and the `kha`-type suffixes denote the action and the object) utsarga

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	(dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	kicca\|tta\|khatthā		bhāvakammesu
	(after a root)		(suffixes are used)	the `kicca` suffixes \| `tta` \| those with the sense of `kha`		in the senses of the action itself and of the object

The heading follows the CST sutta list and the Rūpasiddhi, kiccattakkhatthā; the CST’s vutti section prints kiccatta khatthā as two words.

Bhāvakammaiccetesvatthesu kicca tta khattha iccete paccayā honti.

Upasampādetabbaṃ upasampādanīyaṃ bhavatā, sayitabbaṃ bhavatā, kattabbaṃ bhavatā¹, bhottabbo odano bhavatā, asitabbaṃ bhojanaṃ bhavatā, asitaṃ bhavatā, sayitaṃ bhavatā, pacitaṃ bhavatā, asitaṃ asanaṃ bhavatā, sayitaṃ sayanaṃ bhavatā, pacito odano bhavatā, kiñcissayo, īsassayo, dussayo, sussayo bhavatā.

The suffixes kicca, tta and those with the sense of kha (khattha)² are used in the senses of the action (bhāva) and the object (kamma).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(upa + saṃ + √pada + ṇe + tabba)	upasampādetabbaṃ upasampādanīyaṃ bhavatā	ordination is to be conferred by you (`tabba`, `anīya`; `bhāva`)
🚻①⨀(√sī + tabba)	sayitabbaṃ bhavatā	lying down is to be done by you (`bhāva`)
🚻①⨀(√kara + tabba)	kattabbaṃ bhavatā	it is to be done by you (`bhāva`)
🚹①⨀(√bhuja + tabba)	bhottabbo odano bhavatā	the rice is to be eaten by you (`kamma`)
🚻①⨀(√asa + tabba)	asitabbaṃ bhojanaṃ bhavatā	the food is to be eaten by you (`kamma`)
🚻①⨀(√asa + tta)	asitaṃ bhavatā	eating was done by you (`bhāva`)
🚻①⨀(√sī + tta)	sayitaṃ bhavatā	lying down was done by you (`bhāva`)
🚻①⨀(√paca + tta)	pacitaṃ bhavatā	cooking was done by you (`bhāva`)
🚻①⨀(√asa + tta)	asitaṃ asanaṃ bhavatā	the food was eaten by you (`kamma`)
🚻①⨀(√sī + tta)	sayitaṃ sayanaṃ bhavatā	the bed was lain on by you (`kamma`)
🚹①⨀(√paca + tta)	pacito odano bhavatā	the rice was cooked by you (`kamma`)
🚹①⨀(kiñci + √sī + kha)	kiñcissayo	lying is somewhat [hard] (`kha`; `bhāva`)
🚹①⨀(īsaṃ + √sī + kha)	īsassayo	lying is [possible] with a little [effort]
🚹①⨀(du + √sī + kha)	dussayo	lying is hard; hard to lie on
🚹①⨀(su + √sī + kha)	sussayo bhavatā	lying is easy for you

	su + √sī + kha	rule
→	su + sī + (kh)a	§517
→	su + s + (ī→e) + a	§485
→	su + s + (e→aya) + a	§514
→	su + say + (a) + a	§83
→	su + (s→ss)aya	§28
→	sussaya + si	§601, §55
→	sussaya + (si→o)	§104
→	sussayo

	paca + ta	rule
→	pac + a + ta	§521
→	pac + (i) + ta	§605
→	pacita + si	§601, §55
→	pacita + (si→o)	§104
→	pacito

na, bhikkhave, ūnavīsativasso puggalo upasampādetabbo
(2V 1.5.8.7: Sañciccasikkhāpada)
🔼(na) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(ūnavīsativassa) 🚹①⨀(puggala) 🚹①⨀(upa + saṃ + √pada + ṇe + tabba)
not | bhikkhus | under twenty years old | a person | is to be ordained

asitaṃ pītaṃ khāyitaṃ sāyitaṃ sammā pariṇāmaṃ gacchati
(16A5 1.3.9: Caṅkamasutta)
🚻①⨀(√asa + tta) 🚻①⨀(√pā + tta) 🚻①⨀(√khāda + tta) 🚻①⨀(√sāya + tta) 🔼(sammā) 🚹②⨀(pariṇāma) ▶️🤟⨀(gacchati)
what is eaten | drunk | chewed | tasted | properly | to digestion | goes

§626 (634): Kammani dutiyāya tto (`tta` denotes the agent when the object stands in the second form) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		(dhātūhi)	(paccayo hoti)	tto		kammani dutiyāya (kattari)
		(after a root)	(a suffix is used)	`tta`		when the object is in ② (denoting the agent)

Kammani iccetasmiṃ atthe dutiyāyaṃ vibhattiyaṃ kattari ttapaccayo hoti.

Dānaṃ dinno devadatto, sīlaṃ rakkhito devadatto, bhattaṃ bhutto devadatto, garuṃ upāsito devadatto.

When the object (kamma) is in the second inflection ②, the suffix tta is used in the sense of the agent.

dānaṃ dinno devadatto
🚻②⨀(dāna) 🚹①⨀(√dā + kta) 🚹①⨀(devadatta)
a gift | has given | Devadatta

sīlaṃ rakkhito devadatto
🚻②⨀(sīla) 🚹①⨀(√rakkha + kta) 🚹①⨀(devadatta)
the precepts | has kept | Devadatta

bhattaṃ bhutto devadatto
🚻②⨀(bhatta) 🚹①⨀(√bhuja + kta) 🚹①⨀(devadatta)
the meal | has eaten | Devadatta

garuṃ upāsito devadatto
🚹②⨀(garu) 🚹①⨀(upa + √āsa + kta) 🚹①⨀(devadatta)
the teacher | has attended on | Devadatta

	√dā + kta	rule
→	dā + kta	§517
→	d + (ā + inna)	§582, §83
→	dinna + si	§601, §55
→	dinna + (si→o)	§104
→	dinno

	√bhuja + kta	rule
→	bhuj + a + kta	§521, §517
→	bhu + j + ta	§578
→	bhu + (t→tt)a	§578
→	bhutta + si	§601, §55
→	bhutta + (si→o)	§104
→	bhutto

§627 (652): Khyādīhi mana ma ca to vā (`mana` after `khi` and the like; and optionally `t` for its `m`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to
	khyādīhi	(dhātūhi)	(paccayo hoti)	mana
ca vā		massa	(ādeso)	to
	after `khi` and the like	(roots)	(a suffix is used)	`mana`
and, optionally		the `m` [of `mana`]	(replaced by)	`t`

The heading follows the CST sutta list and the Rūpasiddhi, mana; the CST’s vutti section prints māna.

Khi bhī su ru hu vā dhū hi lū pī adaiccevamādīhi dhātūhi mana paccayo hoti, massa ca to hoti vā.

Khīyanti upaddavā etthāti khemo, bhāyitabboti bhemo³, bhāyanti etasmāti vā bhemo, raṃsiyo abhissavetīti somo, ravati gacchatīti romo, huvati juhvati etenāti homo, paṭilomavasena vāti gacchatīti vāmo, lāmakavasena vāti gacchati pavattatīti vā vāmo, dhunāti kampatīti dhūmo, seṭṭhabhāvena hinoti pavattati cittaṃ etasminti hemo, lunitabboti lomo, maṃsacammāni lunāti chindatīti vā lomo, piyanaṃ pemo, piyāyitabboti vā pemo, sukhadukkhaṃ adati bhakkhatīti attā, jātijarāmaraṇādīhi adīyate bhakkhīyateti vā attā, ātumā.

After the roots khi, bhī, su, ru, hu, vā, dhū, hi, lū, pī, ada and the like, the suffix mana is used; and optionally its m becomes t.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√khi + mana)	khemo	“dangers are destroyed (`khīyanti`) here”: safety
🚹①⨀(√bhī + mana)	bhemo	“to be feared”, or “they are afraid of it”: a terror (not attested; §628 gives `bhīmo`)
🚹①⨀(√su + mana)	somo	“it pours out (`abhissaveti`) rays”: the moon
🚹①⨀(√ru + mana)	romo	“it goes (`ravati`)”: body hair
🚹①⨀(√hu + mana)	homo	“one offers (`juhvati`) with it”: an oblation
🚹①⨀(√vā + mana)	vāmo	“it goes (`vāti`) the contrary way”, or “the inferior way”: left; contrary
🚹①⨀(√dhū + mana)	dhūmo	“it shakes (`dhunāti`), it trembles”: smoke
🚹①⨀(√hi + mana)	hemo	“the mind moves (`hinoti`) towards it as the best”: gold
🚹①⨀(√lū + mana)	lomo	“to be cut (`lunitabbo`)”, or “it cuts flesh and skin”: hair
🚹①⨀(√pī + mana)	pemo	“pleasing (`piyanaṃ`)”, or “to be held dear”: love
🚹①⨀(√ada + mana)	attā	“it devours (`adati`) pleasure and pain”, or “it is devoured by birth, ageing, death and the like”: the self
🚹①⨀(√ada + mana)	ātumā	the same, with the vowel lengthened and `u` inserted (§517): the self

	khi + mana	rule
→	khi + mana	§517
→	kh(i→e) + ma	§485
→	khema + si	§601, §55
→	khema + (si→o)	§104
→	khemo

	√ada + mana (①⨀)	rule
→	ad + a + mana	§521, §517
→	ad + (m→t)a	§627
→	a(d→t)ta	§20
→	atta + si	§601, §55
→	atta + (si→ā)	§189
→	att + (a + ā)	§83
→	attā

dhajo rathassa paññāṇaṃ, dhūmo paññāṇamaggino
(12S1 1.8.2: Rathasutta)
🚹①⨀(dhaja) 🚹⑥⨀(√raha + tha) 🚻①⨀(paññāṇa) 🚹①⨀(√dhū + mana) 🚻①⨀(paññāṇa) 🚹⑥⨀(aggi)
a banner | of a chariot | the mark | smoke | the mark | of a fire

attā hi attano nātho
(18Dh 12.4: Kumārakassapamātuttherivatthu)
🚹①⨀(√ada + mana) 🔼(hi) 🚹⑥⨀(atta) 🚹①⨀(nātha)
oneself | indeed | of oneself | the protector

§628 (653): Samādīhi tha mā (`tha` and `ma` after `samu` and the like) apavada

Samu damu dara raha du hi si bhī dā yā sā ṭhābhasaiccevamādīhi dhātūhi tha ma paccayā honti.

Sametīti samatho, damatīti damatho, damanaṃ vā damatho, damitabboti vā damatho, daratīti daratho, jiṇṇabhāvaṃ rahissati gaṇhissatīti ratho, dabbasambhāre rahati gaṇhātīti vā ratho, davati gacchatīti dumo, davati vuddhi viruḷhi gacchati pavattatīti uddhaṃ vā dumo, pathavīpabbatādīsu gacchati patatīti himo, kammavācāya bandhati etthāti sīmā⁴. Bandhitabbāti vā sīmā. Bhāyanti etasmāti bhīmo, satte avakhaṇḍenti nivārenti etenāti dāmo, mūsikādīhi khādīyati avakhaṇḍīyatīti vā dāmo, yāti gacchatīti yāmo, paresaṃ cittaṃ gaṇhituṃ samatthetīti sāmo, tiṭṭhanti etenāti thāmo, bhasati bhasmīkarīyatīti bhasmā.

After the roots samu, damu, dara, raha, du, hi, si, bhī, dā, yā, sā, ṭhā, bhasa and the like, the suffixes tha and ma are used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√sama + tha)	samatho	“it calms (`sameti`)”: calm, tranquillity
🚹①⨀(√dama + tha)	damatho	“it tames (`damati`)”, “taming”, or “to be tamed”: taming, self-control
🚹①⨀(√dara + tha)	daratho	“it splits (`darati`)”: distress
🚹①⨀(√raha + tha)	ratho	“it will take on (`rahissati`) decay”, or “it holds the materials”: a chariot
🚹①⨀(√du + ma)	dumo	“it goes (`davati`)”, or “it goes upward in growth”: a tree
🚹①⨀(√hi + ma)	himo	“it goes, falls on the earth, mountains and the like”: snow, frost
🚺①⨀(√si + ma)	sīmā	“one binds (`bandhati`) here by the formal proclamation”, or “to be bound”: a boundary
🚹①⨀(√bhī + ma)	bhīmo	“they are afraid (`bhāyanti`) of it”: terrible
🚹①⨀(√dā + ma)	dāmo	“with it they restrain (`avakhaṇḍenti`) beings”, or “it is gnawed through by mice and the like”: a rope, a bond
🚹①⨀(√yā + ma)	yāmo	“it goes (`yāti`)”: a watch of the night
🚹①⨀(√sā + ma)	sāmo	“it is able (`samattheti`) to seize others’ minds”: dark, dusky
🚹①⨀(√ṭhā + ma)	thāmo	“by it they stand firm (`tiṭṭhanti`)”: strength
🚹①⨀(√bhasa + ma)	bhasmā	“it falls (`bhasati`), it is reduced to ashes”: ash

	√sama + tha	rule
→	sama + tha	§517 `kvaci` (the final `a` not elided by §521)
→	samatha + si	§601, §55
→	samatha + (si→o)	§104
→	samatho

	√raha + tha	rule
→	rah + a + tha	§521
→	ra + h + tha	§517
→	ratha + si	§601, §55
→	ratha + (si→o)	§104
→	ratho

samatho ca vipassanā ca
(8D 10.2: Duka)
🚹①⨀(√sama + tha) 🔼(ca) 🚺①⨀(vipassanā) 🔼(ca)
calm | and | insight | and

āpadāsu kho, mahārāja, thāmo veditabbo
(12S1 3.2.1: Sattajaṭilasutta)
🚺⑦⨂(āpadā) 🔼(kho) 🚹⓪⨀(mahārāja) 🚹①⨀(√ṭhā + ma) 🚹①⨀(veditabba)
in adversities | indeed | great king | strength | is to be known

abhikkantā, bhante, ratti, nikkhanto paṭhamo yāmo
(4V 9.1: Pātimokkhuddesayācana)
🚺①⨀(abhikkantā) 🚹⓪⨀(bhante) 🚺①⨀(ratti) 🚹①⨀(nikkhanta) 🚹①⨀(paṭhama) 🚹①⨀(√yā + ma)
advanced | venerable sir | the night | passed | the first | watch

§629 (569): Gahassu’padhasse vā (optionally `e` for the penultimate `a` of `gaha`) apavada

Gaha iccetassa dhātussa upadhassa akārassa etta hoti vā.

Dabbasambhāra⁵ gaṇhātīti gehaṃ, gahaṃ.

The penultimate (upadhā) letter a of the root gaha optionally becomes e.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√gaha + a)	gehaṃ	“it holds (`gaṇhāti`) the building materials”: a house (with `e`)
🚻①⨀(√gaha + a)	gahaṃ	a house (the option not taken)

	√gaha + a	rule
→	gah + a + a	§521
→	g + (a→e) + h + a	§629
→	geha + si	§601, §55
→	geha + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	gehaṃ

nanu nāma, tāta sudinna, sakaṃ gehaṃ gantabbaṃ
(1V 1.1.1.1: Sudinnabhāṇavāra)
🔼(nanu) 🔼(nāma) 🚹⓪⨀(tāta) 🚹⓪⨀(sudinna) 🚻②⨀(saka) 🚻②⨀(√gaha + a) 🚻①⨀(gantabba)
surely | indeed | dear | Sudinna | your own | house | should be gone to

§630 (654): Masussa sussa cchara ccherā (`cchara`, `cchera` for the `su` of `masu`) apavada

Masu iccetassa pāṭipadikassa sussa ccharaccherādesā honti.

Maccharatīti maccharo⁶, evaṃ macchero.

The su of the nominal base (pāṭipadika) masu is replaced by cchara and cchera.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(macchara)	maccharo	“he is stingy (`maccharati`)”: stingy; a stingy person
🚹①⨀(macchera)	macchero	the same; also stinginess, envy

	masu	rule
→	ma + su	§601, §55
→	ma + (su→cchara)	§630
→	macchara + si	§601, §55
→	macchara + (si→o)	§104
→	maccharo

saṅgāhako mittakaro, vadaññū vītamaccharo
(8D 8.13: Chaddisāpaṭicchādanakaṇḍa)
🚹①⨀(saṅgāhaka) 🚹①⨀(mittakara) 🚹①⨀(vadaññū) 🚹①⨀(vīta + macchara)
a benefactor | a maker of friends | open-handed | free from stinginess

§631 (655): Āpubbacarassa ca (and [`cchariya`, `cchara`, `cchera`] for `cara` after `ā`, the `ā` shortened) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to
ca	āpubba-	carassa	(ādesā)	(cchariya\|cchara\|cchera)
		(āpubbassa)	(rasso)	(a)
and	preceded by `ā`	the root `cara`	(replaced by)	(`cchariya` \| `cchara` \| `cchera`)
		(the preceding `ā`)	(shortened)	(`a`)

Āpubbassa cara iccetassa dhātussa cchariyaccharaccherā desā honti, āpubbassa ca rasso hoti.

Ābhuso caritabbanti acchariyaṃ. Evaṃ accharaṃ, accheraṃ.

Caggahaṇena masussa sussāpi cchariyādeso hoti, macchariyaṃ.

The root cara preceded by ā is replaced by cchariya, cchara and cchera, and the preceding ā is shortened.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(ā + √cara + kvi)	acchariyaṃ	“to be practised intensely (`ābhuso caritabbaṃ`)”: a marvel; wonderful
🚻①⨀(acchara)	accharaṃ	the same (in the Tipiṭaka `accharā`, a snap of the fingers, a moment)
🚻①⨀(acchera)	accheraṃ	the same

	ā + √cara + kvi	rule
→	ā + cara + ~~kvi~~	§639
→	ā + (cara→cchariya)	§631
→	(ā→a) + cchariya	§631
→	acchariya + si	§601, §55
→	acchariya + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	acchariyaṃ

acchariyaṃ, bhante, abbhutaṃ, bhante
(6D 1.5: Vivaṭṭakathādi)
🚻①⨀(acchariya) 🚹⓪⨀(bhante) 🚻①⨀(abbhuta) 🚹⓪⨀(bhante)
wonderful | venerable sir | marvellous | venerable sir

passa mātali accheraṃ, cittaṃ kammaphalaṃ idaṃ
(19Vv 1.4.9: Pītavimānavatthu)
⏯🤘⨀(passati) 🚹⓪⨀(mātali) 🚻②⨀(acchera) 🚻②⨀(citta) 🚻②⨀(kammaphala) 🚻②⨀(ima)
see | Mātali | the marvel | beautiful | fruit of action | this

balavā puriso appakasireneva accharaṃ pahareyya
(11M 5.10: Indriyabhāvanāsutta)
🚹①⨀(balavantu) 🚹①⨀(purisa) 🚹③⨀(appakasira) 🔼(eva) 🚺②⨀(accharā) ⏯🤟⨀(paharati)
a strong | man | with little effort | just | a finger-snap | might make

By the mention of ca, the su of masu is also replaced by cchariya: macchariyaṃ.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(macchariya)	macchariyaṃ	stinginess, selfishness

pariggahaṃ paṭicca macchariyaṃ, macchariyaṃ paṭicca ārakkho
(7D 2.1: Paṭiccasamuppāda)
🚹②⨀(pariggaha) 🔼(paṭicca) 🚻①⨀(macchariya) 🚻②⨀(macchariya) 🔼(paṭicca) 🚹①⨀(ārakkha)
possession | dependent on | stinginess | stinginess | dependent on | guarding

§632 (656): Ala kala salehi layā (`la` and `ya` after `ala`, `kala`, `sala`) apavada

Ala kala sala iccetehi dhātūhi la yapaccayā honti.

Alati samatthetīti allaṃ⁷, kalitabbaṃ saṅkhyātabbanti kallaṃ, salati gacchati pavisatīti sallaṃ. Evaṃ alyaṃ, kalyaṃ, salyaṃ.

After the roots ala, kala and sala, the suffixes la and ya are used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√ala + la)	allaṃ	“it is able (`alati samattheti`)”; or “[things] stick (`sajjati`) to it”: wet, fresh
🚻①⨀(√kala + la)	kallaṃ	“to be counted (`kalitabbaṃ saṅkhyātabbaṃ`)”: fit, proper
🚻①⨀(√sala + la)	sallaṃ	“it goes, it enters (`salati gacchati pavisati`)”: an arrow, a dart
🚻①⨀(√ala + ya)	alyaṃ	the same as `allaṃ` (not attested)
🚻①⨀(√kala + ya)	kalyaṃ	the same as `kallaṃ`: healthy, fit, ready
🚻①⨀(√sala + ya)	salyaṃ	the same as `sallaṃ` (not attested)

	sala + la	rule
→	sal + a + la	§83
→	salla + si	§601, §55
→	salla + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	sallaṃ

allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ udake nikkhittaṃ
(9M 4.6: Mahāsaccakasutta)
🚻①⨀(√ala + la) 🚻①⨀(kaṭṭha) 🚻①⨀(sasneha) 🚻⑦⨀(udaka) 🚻①⨀(nikkhitta)
a wet | log | sappy | in water | placed

kallaṃ nu taṃ samanupassituṃ
(3V 1.6: Pañcavaggiyakathā)
🚻①⨀(√kala + la) 🔼(nu) 🚻②⨀(ta) 🔼(samanupassituṃ)
fit | is it? | that | to regard

na tāvāhaṃ imaṃ sallaṃ āharissāmi
(10M 2.3: Cūḷamālukyasutta)
🔼(na) 🔼(tāva) ⚧️①⨀(amha) 🚹②⨀(ima) 🚹②⨀(√sala + la) ⏯👆⨀(āharati)
not | yet | I | this | arrow | shall remove

§633 (657): Yāṇa lāṇā (`yāṇa` and `lāṇa` after `kala` and `sala`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	(tehi kala salehi)	(dhātūhi)	(paccayā honti)	yāṇa\|lāṇā
	(after those, `kala` and `sala`)	(roots)	(suffixes are used)	`yāṇa` \| `lāṇa`

Tehi kala sala iccetehi dhātūhi yāṇa lāṇapaccayā honti.

Kalitabbaṃ saṅkhyātabbanti kalyāṇaṃ, gaṇato paṭikkamitvā salanti etthāti paṭisalyāṇaṃ. Evaṃ sallāṇo, paṭisallāṇo.

After those roots, kala and sala, the suffixes yāṇa and lāṇa are used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√kala + yāṇa)	kalyāṇaṃ	“to be counted, reckoned”: good, lovely; a good deed
🚻①⨀(paṭi + √sala + yāṇa)	paṭisalyāṇaṃ	“having withdrawn from the company they go here”: retirement, seclusion
🚹①⨀(√sala + lāṇa)	sallāṇo	the same as `salyaṃ`: going, retiring (not attested)
🚹①⨀(paṭi + √sala + lāṇa)	paṭisallāṇo	seclusion (in the Tipiṭaka `paṭisallāna`)

	kala + yāṇa	rule
→	kal + a + yāṇa	§521
→	kalyāṇa + si	§601, §55
→	kalyāṇa + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	kalyāṇaṃ

kataṃ tayā kalyāṇaṃ, akataṃ tayā pāpaṃ
(1V 1.1.3: Tatiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(kata) ⚧️③⨀(tumha) 🚻①⨀(√kala + yāṇa) 🚻①⨀(akata) ⚧️③⨀(tumha) 🚻①⨀(pāpa)
done | by you | good | not done | by you | evil

paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito
(1V 1.1.3: Tatiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
🚻⑤⨀(paṭi + √sala + lāṇa) 🚹①⨀(vuṭṭhita)
from seclusion | risen

§634 (658): Mathissa thassa lo ca (`l` for the `th` of `matha`; and the insertion of `k`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after
		mathissa thassa	(ādeso)	lo	(la)
ca	(lato)		(āgamo)	(ko)
		the `th` of `matha`	(replaced by)	`l`	(before the suffix `la`)
and	(after the `la`)		(insertion)	(`k`)

The suffix la before which the change is made is carried from §632 (656): Ala kala salehi layā.

Matha iccetassa dhātussa thassa lādesohoti. Aññamaññaṃ mathati viloḷatīti mallo, mallaṃ.

Caggahaṇena lato ko ca āgamo hoti⁸. Mallako, mallakaṃ.

The th of the root matha is replaced by l.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√matha + la)	mallo	“each churns (`mathati viloḷati`) the other”: a wrestler
🚻①⨀(√matha + la)	mallaṃ	the same, neuter

	matha + la	rule
→	ma(th→l)a + la	§634
→	mal + a + la	§521
→	malla + si	§601, §55
→	malla + (si→o)	§104
→	mallo

rojo mallo āyasmato ānandassa sahāyo hoti
(3V 6.24: Rojamallavatthu)
🚹①⨀(roja) 🚹①⨀(√matha + la) 🚹⑥⨀(āyasmantu) 🚹⑥⨀(ānanda) 🚹①⨀(sahāya) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
Roja | the Malla | of the venerable | Ānanda | a friend | is

By the mention of ca, k is also inserted (āgama) after the la: mallako, mallakaṃ.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√matha + la + ka)	mallako	a wrestler; a bowl
🚻①⨀(√matha + la + ka)	mallakaṃ	the same, neuter

	malla + ka	rule
→	malla + (k)a	§634
→	mallaka + si	§601, §55
→	mallaka + (si→o)	§104
→	mallako

§635 (559): Pesātisaggapattakālesukiccā (the `kicca` suffixes in the senses of command, permission and due time) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	(dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	kiccā		pesātisaggapattakālesu
	(after a root)		(suffixes are used)	the `kicca` suffixes		in the senses of command, permission and the time having come

Pesa atisagga pattakāla iccetesvatthesu kiccapaccayā honti.

Kattabbaṃ kammaṃ bhavatā, karaṇīyaṃ kiccaṃ bhavatā, bhottabbaṃ bhojanaṃ bhavatā, bhojanīyaṃ bhojanaṃ bhavatā, ajjhayitabbaṃ ajjheyyaṃ bhavatā, ajjhayanīyaṃ ajjheyyaṃ bhavatā.

The kicca suffixes are used in the senses of command (pesa), permission (atisagga) and the time having come (pattakāla).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√kara + tabba)	kattabbaṃ kammaṃ bhavatā	the work is to be done by you (a command)
🚻①⨀(√kara + anīya)	karaṇīyaṃ kiccaṃ bhavatā	the task is to be done by you (a command)
🚻①⨀(√bhuja + tabba)	bhottabbaṃ bhojanaṃ bhavatā	the food may be eaten by you (a permission)
🚻①⨀(√bhuja + anīya)	bhojanīyaṃ bhojanaṃ bhavatā	the food may be eaten by you (a permission)
🚻①⨀(adhi + √i + tabba)	ajjhayitabbaṃ ajjheyyaṃ bhavatā	the lesson is [now] to be studied by you (the time has come)
🚻①⨀(adhi + √i + anīya)	ajjhayanīyaṃ ajjheyyaṃ bhavatā	the lesson is [now] to be studied by you (the time has come)

	√kara + anīya	rule
→	kar + a + anīya	§521
→	kar + a(n→ṇ)īya	§549
→	karaṇīya + si	§601, §55
→	karaṇīya + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	karaṇīyaṃ

	adhi + √i + tabba	rule
→	adhi + i + (i) + tabba	§605
→	adhi + (i→e) + itabba	§485
→	adhi + (e→aya) + itabba	§514
→	adhi + ay + a + itabba	§83
→	(adhi→ajjh) + ayitabba	§45
→	ajjhayitabba + si	§601, §55
→	ajjhayitabba + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	ajjhayitabbaṃ

kattabbaṃ kusalaṃ, caritabbaṃ brahmacariyaṃ
(7D 6.6.5: Chakhattiyaāmantanā)
🚻①⨀(√kara + tabba) 🚻①⨀(kusala) 🚻①⨀(√cara + tabba) 🚻①⨀(brahmacariya)
is to be done | good | is to be lived | the holy life

natthi cassa kiñci uttari karaṇīyaṃ
(1V 1.2.8: Duṭṭhadosasikkhāpada)
🔼(na) ▶️🤟⨀(atthi) 🔼(ca) ⚧️⑥⨀(ima) 🚻①⨀(kiṃ + ci) 🔼(uttari) 🚻①⨀(√kara + anīya)
not | there is | and | for him | anything | further | to be done

§636 (659): Avassakā’dhamiṇesu ṇī ca (`ṇī`, and the `kicca` suffixes, in the senses of necessity and of a debtor) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	(dhātūhi)		(paccayo hoti)	ṇī (kiccā)		avassakā’dhamiṇesu
and	(after a root)		(a suffix is used)	`ṇī` (and the `kicca` suffixes)		in the senses of necessity and of a debtor

Avassaka adhamiṇa iccetesvatthesu ṇīpaccayo hoti, kiccā ca.

Avassake⁹ tāva – kārīsi me kammaṃ avassaṃ hārīsi me bhāraṃ avassaṃ.

Adhamiṇe – dāyīsi me sataṃ iṇaṃ, dhārīsi me sahassaṃ iṇaṃ.

Kiccā ca – dātabbaṃ me bhavatā sataṃ iṇaṃ. Dhārayitabbaṃ me bhavatā sahassaṃ iṇaṃ, kattabbaṃ me bhavatā gehaṃ, karaṇīyaṃ me bhavatā kiccaṃ, kāriyaṃ me bhavatā sayanaṃ¹⁰.

The suffix ṇī is used in the senses of necessity (avassaka) and of a debtor (adhamiṇa), and so are the kicca suffixes.

In the sense of necessity (avassake):

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√kara + ṇī)	kārīsi me kammaṃ avassaṃ	you are bound (`kārī asi`) to do my work without fail
🚹①⨀(√hara + ṇī)	hārīsi me bhāraṃ avassaṃ	you are bound to carry my load without fail

In the sense of a debtor (adhamiṇe):

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√dā + ṇī)	dāyīsi me sataṃ iṇaṃ	you are bound to pay me a hundred, a debt
🚹①⨀(√dhara + ṇī)	dhārīsi me sahassaṃ iṇaṃ	you are bound to pay me a thousand, a debt

And with the kicca suffixes:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√dā + tabba)	dātabbaṃ me bhavatā sataṃ iṇaṃ	a hundred, a debt, is to be paid me by you
🚻①⨀(√dhara + ṇe + tabba)	dhārayitabbaṃ me bhavatā sahassaṃ iṇaṃ	a thousand, a debt, is to be paid me by you
🚻①⨀(√kara + tabba)	kattabbaṃ me bhavatā gehaṃ	a house is to be built for me by you
🚻①⨀(√kara + anīya)	karaṇīyaṃ me bhavatā kiccaṃ	a task is to be done for me by you
🚻①⨀(√kara + ṇya)	kāriyaṃ me bhavatā sayanaṃ	a bed is to be made for me by you

	√kara + ṇī + asi	rule
→	kar + a + ṇī + asi	§521
→	kar + ṇī + asi	§621, §523
→	k + (a→ā) + rī + asi	§483
→	kārī + si + asi	§601, §55
→	kārī + si + asi	§220
→	kārī + (a + si)	§13
→	kārīsi

sīlesu paripūrakārī hoti samādhismiṃ mattaso kārī
(15A3 2.4.6: Paṭhamasikkhāsutta)
🚻⑦⨂(sīla) 🚹①⨀(paripūra + √kara + ṇī) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚹⑦⨀(samādhi) 🔼(mattaso) 🚹①⨀(√kara + ṇī)
in the precepts | one who acts fully | is | in concentration | to a limited extent | one who acts

sace, gahapati, bhojanaṃ dātabbaṃ detha
(1V 1.1.1.1: Sudinnabhāṇavāra)
🔼(sace) 🚹⓪⨀(gahapati) 🚻①⨀(bhojana) 🚻①⨀(√dā + tabba) ⏯🤘⨂(deti)
if | householder | food | is to be given | give

§637 (0): Arahasakkādīhi tuṃ (`tuṃ` with any root when `arahati`, `sakkā` and the like are used) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	arahasakkādīhi (payoge sati)	(sabbadhātūhi)	(paccayo hoti)	tuṃ
	in construction with `araha`, `sakka` and the like	(after any root)	(a suffix is used)	`tuṃ`

Araha sakka bhabbaiccevamādīhi payoge sati sabbadhātūhi tuṃpaccayo hoti.

Arahā bhavaṃ vattuṃ, arahā bhavaṃ kattuṃ, sakkā bhavaṃ hantuṃ¹¹, sakkā bhavaṃ janetuṃ, janituṃ, bhavituṃ, sakkā bhavaṃ dātuṃ, sakkā bhavaṃ gantuṃ, bhabbo¹² bhavaṃ janetuṃ iccevamādi.

When araha, sakka, bhabba and the like are used in the construction (payoga), the suffix tuṃ is used after every root.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🔼(√vada + tuṃ)	arahā bhavaṃ vattuṃ	you, sir, are fit to speak
🔼(√kara + tuṃ)	arahā bhavaṃ kattuṃ	you are fit to act
🔼(√hana + tuṃ)	sakkā bhavaṃ hantuṃ	you can strike
🔼(√jana + ṇe + tuṃ)	sakkā bhavaṃ janetuṃ	you can beget
🔼(√jana + tuṃ)	janituṃ	to be born
🔼(√bhū + tuṃ)	bhavituṃ	to be, to become
🔼(√dā + tuṃ)	sakkā bhavaṃ dātuṃ	you can give
🔼(√gamu + tuṃ)	sakkā bhavaṃ gantuṃ	you can go
🔼(√jana + ṇe + tuṃ)	bhabbo bhavaṃ janetuṃ	you are capable of begetting

arahā bhavaṃ vattuṃ
🚹①⨀(arahanta) 🚹①⨀(bhavanta) 🔼(√vada + tuṃ)
fit | you, sir | to speak

	√gamu + tuṃ	rule
→	gam + u + tuṃ	§521
→	ga + (m→n) + tuṃ	§596
→	gantuṃ + si	§54
→	gantuṃ + si	§221
→	gantuṃ

	√bhū + tuṃ	rule
→	bhū + (i) + tuṃ	§605
→	bh(ū→o) + ituṃ	§485
→	bh(o→ava) + ituṃ	§513
→	bhav + (a + ituṃ)	§83, §11
→	bhavituṃ + si	§54
→	bhavituṃ + si	§221
→	bhavituṃ

na hi so sakkā hantuṃ
(23J 17.1.5: Cūḷasutasomajātaka)
🔼(na) 🔼(hi) 🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(sakkā) 🔼(√hana + tuṃ)
not | indeed | he | can | be killed

§638 (660): Vajādīhipabbajjādayo nippajjante (`pabbajjā` and the like are formed from `vaja` and the like as they stand) vidhyaṅga

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	vajādīhi (dhātūhi upasaggapaccayādīhi ca)		nippajjante	pabbajjādayo
	from `vaja` and the like (roots, with prefixes, suffixes and so on)		are formed as they stand	`pabbajjā` and the like

Vajaiccevamādīhi dhātūhi, upasaggapaccayādīhi ca pabbajjādayo saddā nippajjante.

Paṭhamameva vajitabbāti pabbajjā, iñjanaṃ ejjā, samajjanaṃ samajjā, nisīdanaṃ nisajjā, vijānanaṃ vijjā visajjanaṃ visajjā, padanaṃ pajjā, hananaṃ vajjhā, esanaṃ icchā, atiesanaṃ aticchā, sadanaṃ sajjā, abhiesanaṃ abhijjhā¹³, sayanti etthāti seyyā, sammā cittaṃ nidheti etāyāti saddhā, caritabbā cariyā, karaṇaṃ kiriyā, rujanaṃ rucchā, padanaṃ pacchā¹⁴, riñcanaṃ ricchā, tikicchanaṃ tikicchā¹⁵, saṃkocanaṃ saṃkucchā, madanaṃ macchā, labhanaṃ lacchā, raditabbāti¹⁶ racchā, radanaṃ vilekhanaṃ vāracchā, adho bhāgena gacchatīti tiracchā, tiracchāno, ajanaṃ acchā, titikkhatīti titikkhā, saha āgamanaṃ sāgacchā, duṭṭhu bhakkhanaṃ dobhacchā, duṭṭhu rosanaṃ durucchā, pucchanaṃ pucchā, muhanaṃ mucchā, vasanaṃ vacchā, kacanaṃ kacchā, saha kathanaṃ sākacchā, tudanaṃ tucchā, visanaṃ vicchā, pisanaṃ picchillā, sukhadukkhaṃ mudati bhakkhatīti maccho, sattānaṃ pāṇaṃ museti cajetīti maccu, satanaṃ saccaṃ, uddhaṃ dhunāti kampatīti uddhaccaṃ, naṭanaṃ naccaṃ, nitanaṃ niccaṃ, tathanaṃ tacchaṃ iccevamādi.

The words pabbajjā and the like are formed as they stand from the roots vaja and so on, and from prefixes, suffixes and the like.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(pa + √vaja + ṇya)	pabbajjā	“to be gone into (`vajitabbā`) first of all”: the going forth
🚺①⨀(√iñja + ṇya)	ejjā	“moving (`iñjanaṃ`)”: agitation (the Tipiṭaka has `ejā`)
🚺①⨀(saṃ + √aja + ṇya)	samajjā	“assembling (`samajjanaṃ`)”: a festival
🚺①⨀(ni + √sada + ṇya)	nisajjā	“sitting down (`nisīdanaṃ`)”: sitting
🚺①⨀(√vida + ṇya)	vijjā	“knowing (`vijānanaṃ`)”: knowledge
🚺①⨀(vi + √saja + ṇya)	visajjā	“releasing (`visajjanaṃ`)”: giving out; an answer
🚺①⨀(√pada + ṇya)	pajjā	“going (`padanaṃ`)”: a way
🚺①⨀(√hana + ṇya)	vajjhā	“killing (`hananaṃ`)”: execution
🚺①⨀(√isu + a)	icchā	“seeking (`esanaṃ`)”: wish, desire
🚺①⨀(ati + √isu + a)	aticchā	“seeking beyond (`atiesanaṃ`)”: passing on [to the next house]
🚺①⨀(√sada + ṇya)	sajjā	“settling (`sadanaṃ`)”: readiness
🚺①⨀(abhi + √isu + a)	abhijjhā	“seeking after (`abhiesanaṃ`)”: covetousness
🚺①⨀(√sī + ṇya)	seyyā	“they lie (`sayanti`) here”: a bed
🚺①⨀(saṃ + √dhā + a)	saddhā	“by it one rightly settles (`nidheti`) the mind”: faith
🚺①⨀(√cara + ṇya)	cariyā	“to be practised (`caritabbā`)”: conduct
🚺①⨀(√kara + ririya)	kiriyā	“doing (`karaṇaṃ`)”: action
🚺①⨀(√ruja + cha)	rucchā	“hurting (`rujanaṃ`)”: sickness
🔼(√pada + cha)	pacchā	“going (`padanaṃ`)”: after, behind
🚺①⨀(√riñca + cha)	ricchā	“leaving out (`riñcanaṃ`)”: neglect
🚺①⨀(√tikiccha + a)	tikicchā	“curing (`tikicchanaṃ`)”: healing
🚺①⨀(saṃ + √kuca + cha)	saṃkucchā	“contracting (`saṃkocanaṃ`)”: shrinking
🚺①⨀(√mada + cha)	macchā	“intoxication (`madanaṃ`)”
🚺①⨀(√labha + cha)	lacchā	“obtaining (`labhanaṃ`)”: gain
🚺①⨀(√rada + cha)	racchā	“to be scraped (`raditabbā`)”, or “scraping, scratching (`radanaṃ vilekhanaṃ`)”: a carriage road
🚺①⨀(tiracchā)	tiracchā	“it goes (`gacchati`) with its lower part [level]”: an animal
🚹①⨀(tiracchāna)	tiracchāno	the same
🚺①⨀(√aja + cha)	acchā	“going (`ajanaṃ`)”
🚺①⨀(√titikkha + a)	titikkhā	“one endures (`titikkhati`)”: forbearance
🚺①⨀(saha + ā + √gamu + cha)	sāgacchā	“coming (`āgamanaṃ`) together”: a meeting
🚺①⨀(du + √bhakkha + cha)	dobhacchā	“eating (`bhakkhanaṃ`) badly”: bad eating
🚺①⨀(du + √rusa + cha)	durucchā	“being angered (`rosanaṃ`) badly”: ill temper
🚺①⨀(√puccha + a)	pucchā	“asking (`pucchanaṃ`)”: a question
🚺①⨀(√muha + cha)	mucchā	“being dazed (`muhanaṃ`)”: fainting; infatuation
🚺①⨀(√vasa + cha)	vacchā	“dwelling (`vasanaṃ`)”
🚺①⨀(√kaca + cha)	kacchā	“binding (`kacanaṃ`)”: a girdle; the armpit
🚺①⨀(saha + √katha + ṇya)	sākacchā	“talking (`kathanaṃ`) together”: conversation
🚺①⨀(√tuda + cha)	tucchā	“pricking (`tudanaṃ`)”
🚺①⨀(√visa + cha)	vicchā	“entering (`visanaṃ`)”
🚺①⨀(√pisa + cha)	picchillā	“crushing (`pisanaṃ`)”: slimy, slippery
🚹①⨀(√muda + cha)	maccho	“it enjoys (`mudati`), devours pleasure and pain”: a fish
🚹①⨀(√musa → maccu)	maccu	“it steals (`museti`) the life of beings, makes [them] give it up (`cajeti`)”: death
🚻①⨀(√sata + ya)	saccaṃ	“being so (`satanaṃ`)”: truth
🚻①⨀(u + √dhu → uddhacca)	uddhaccaṃ	“it shakes (`dhunāti`), trembles upward”: restlessness
🚻①⨀(√naṭa + ya)	naccaṃ	“dancing (`naṭanaṃ`)”: dance
🚻①⨀(√nita + ya)	niccaṃ	“being constant (`nitanaṃ`)”: permanent
🚻①⨀(√tatha + ya)	tacchaṃ	“being so (`tathanaṃ`)”: real, true

	pa + √vaja + ṇya	rule
→	pa + vaj + a + ṇya	§521
→	pa + vaj + ṇya	§523
→	pa + (v→vv)ajya	§28
→	pa + vva + (jya→jjha)	§441
→	pa + vva + (jjha→jjā)	§638
→	pa + (vv→bb)ajjā	§638
→	pabbajjā + si	§601, §55
→	pabbajjā + si	§220
→	pabbajjā

idheva me maraṇaṃ bhavissati pabbajjā vā
(1V 1.1.1.1: Sudinnabhāṇavāra)
🔼(idha) 🔼(eva) ⚧️⑥⨀(amha) 🚻①⨀(maraṇa) ⏯🤟⨀(bhavati) 🚺①⨀(pa + √vaja + ṇya) 🔼(vā)
here | just | my | death | will be | the going forth | or

saddhā dutiyā purisassa hoti
(12S1 1.4.6: Saddhāsutta)
🚺①⨀(saṃ + √dhā + a) 🚺①⨀(dutiya) 🚹⑥⨀(purisa) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
faith | the companion | of a person | is

§639 (585): Kvilopo ca (and the elision of `kvi`; the words again formed as they stand) utsarga

option	from	operation	to
ca	kvi	lopo	~~kvi~~
	(vibhū-ādayo)	(puna nippajjante)
and	the suffix `kvi`	elision	~~`kvi`~~
	(`vibhū` and the like)	(are again formed as they stand)

Kvilopo hoti, puna ca nippajjante.

Vividhehi sīlādiguṇehi bhavatīti vibhū, visesena vā bhavatīti vibhū, sayaṃ attanā bhavatīti sayambhū, abhibhavitvā¹⁷ bhavatīti abhibhū, saṃ suṭṭhu dhunāti kampatīti sandhū¹⁸, visesena bhāti dibbatīti vibhā, nissesena bhāti dibbatīti nibhā, pakārena bhāti dibbatīti pabhā, saha bhāsanti etthāti sabhā, ābhuso bhāti dibbatīti ābhā, bhujena kuṭilena gacchatīti bhujago, turitaturito gacchatīti turago, saṃ suṭṭhu pathaviṃ khanatīti saṅkho, visesena yamati uparamatīti viyo, suṭṭhu manati jānātīti sumo, pari samantato tanoti vitthāretīti parito iccevamādi.

kvi is elided (lopa), and the words are again formed as they stand.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(vi + √bhū + kvi)	vibhū	“he is (`bhavati`) by various virtues such as morality”, or “he is eminently”: a lord
🚹①⨀(sayaṃ + √bhū + kvi)	sayambhū	“he comes to be by himself (`sayaṃ attanā`)”: self-existent, self-awakened
🚹①⨀(abhi + √bhū + kvi)	abhibhū	“having overcome, he is”: an overlord
🚹①⨀(saṃ + √dhu + kvi)	sandhū	“he shakes (`dhunāti`) thoroughly”
🚺①⨀(vi + √bhā + kvi)	vibhā	“it shines (`bhāti`) eminently”: radiance
🚺①⨀(ni + √bhā + kvi)	nibhā	“it shines completely”: lustre
🚺①⨀(pa + √bhā + kvi)	pabhā	“it shines forth”: light
🚺①⨀(saha + √bhāsa + kvi)	sabhā	“together (`saha`) they speak (`bhāsanti`) here”: an assembly hall
🚺①⨀(ā + √bhā + kvi)	ābhā	“it shines intensely (`ābhuso`)”: radiance
🚹①⨀(bhuja + √gamu + kvi)	bhujago	“it goes (`gacchati`) with a crooked coil (`bhujena`)”: a snake
🚹①⨀(tura + √gamu + kvi)	turago	“it goes very swiftly (`turitaturito`)”: a horse
🚹①⨀(saṃ + √khanu + kvi)	saṅkho	“it digs (`khanati`) the earth thoroughly”: a conch
🚹①⨀(vi + √yamu + kvi)	viyo	“he restrains (`yamati`), desists eminently”
🚹①⨀(su + √mana + kvi)	sumo	“he knows (`manati jānāti`) well”
🔼(pari + √tanu + kvi)	parito	“it stretches (`tanoti`) all around (`samantato`)”: all around

	bhuja + nā, √gamu + kvi	rule
→	gam + u + kvi	§521
→	gam + kvi	§615
→	ga + ~~kvi~~	§639
→	bhujena + ga (compound, ③)	§103, §327, §316
→	bhuja + nā + ga	§317, §318
→	bhujaga + si	§601, §55
→	bhujaga + (si→o)	§104
→	bhujago

	saha + √bhāsa + kvi	rule
→	saha + bhās + a + kvi	§521
→	saha + bhās + kvi	§615
→	saha + bhā + ~~kvi~~	§639
→	(saha→sa) + bhā	§639
→	sabhā + si	§601, §55
→	sabhā + si	§220
→	sabhā

ahamasmi brahmā mahābrahmā abhibhū anabhibhūto
(6D 1.3.1.2: Ekaccasassatavāda)
⚧️①⨀(amha) ▶️👆⨀(atthi) 🚹①⨀(brahma) 🚹①⨀(mahābrahma) 🚹①⨀(abhi + √bhū + kvi) 🚹①⨀(anabhibhūta)
I | am | Brahmā | the Great Brahmā | the overlord | unvanquished

nesā sabhā yattha na santi santo
(12S1 7.2.12: Khomadussasutta)
🔼(na) 🚺①⨀(eta) 🚺①⨀(saha + √bhāsa + kvi) 🔼(yattha) 🔼(na) ▶️🤟⨂(atthi) 🚹①⨂(santa)
not | that | an assembly | where | not | are | the good

bhujanto gacchatīti bhujago; urena gacchatīti urago
(24Mn 1.1: Kāmasuttaniddesa)
🚹①⨀(bhujanta) ▶️🤟⨀(gacchati) 🔼(iti) 🚹①⨀(bhuja + √gamu + kvi) 🚹③⨀(ura) ▶️🤟⨀(gacchati) 🔼(iti) 🚹①⨀(ura + √gamu + kvi)
bending | it goes | thus | a snake | on its breast | it goes | thus | a serpent

§640 (0): Sacajānaṃ kagā ṇānubandhe (`k`, `g` for a root-final `c`, `j` before a `ṇ`-marked suffix) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		sacajānaṃ (dhātūnaṃ antānaṃ) cajānaṃ	(ādesā)	kagā	ṇānubandhe (paccaye)	(yathāsaṅkhyaṃ)
		the final `c`, `j` of roots having `c`, `j`	(replaced by)	`k`, `g`	before a suffix marked with `ṇ`	(respectively)

Saca jānaṃ dhātūnamantānaṃ cajānaṃ kagādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ ṇānubandhe paccaye pare.

Oko, pāko, seko, soko, viveko, cāgo, yogo, bhogo, rogo, rāgo, bhāgo, bhaṅgo, raṅgo, saṅgo.

When a suffix with ṇ as its indicatory letter (anubandha) follows, the final c and j of roots having c and j are replaced by k and g respectively.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√uca + ṇa)	oko	an abode
🚹①⨀(√paca + ṇa)	pāko	cooking; ripening
🚹①⨀(√sica + ṇa)	seko	sprinkling
🚹①⨀(√suca + ṇa)	soko	grief
🚹①⨀(vi + √vica + ṇa)	viveko	seclusion
🚹①⨀(√caja + ṇa)	cāgo	giving up; generosity
🚹①⨀(√yuja + ṇa)	yogo	a yoke; a bond; exertion
🚹①⨀(√bhuja + ṇa)	bhogo	enjoyment; wealth
🚹①⨀(√ruja + ṇa)	rogo	disease
🚹①⨀(√rañja + ṇa)	rāgo	passion; dye
🚹①⨀(√bhaja + ṇa)	bhāgo	a share
🚹①⨀(√bhañja + ṇa)	bhaṅgo	breaking; a breaker
🚹①⨀(√rañja + ṇa)	raṅgo	dye, colour; a stage
🚹①⨀(√sañja + ṇa)	saṅgo	attachment, a snare

	√paca + ṇa	rule
→	pac + a + ṇa	§521
→	pac + ṇa	§621, §523
→	p(a→ā)c + a	§483
→	pā(c→k) + a	§640
→	pāka + si	§601, §55
→	pāka + (si→o)	§104
→	pāko

	√sañja + ṇa	rule
→	sañj + a + ṇa	§521
→	sañj + ṇa	§621, §523
→	sa + (ñ→ṃ) + ja	§607
→	saṃ + (j→g)a	§640
→	sa + (ṃ→ṅ)ga	§31
→	saṅga + si	§601, §55
→	saṅga + (si→o)	§104
→	saṅgo

rāgo, doso, moho — ime kho, āvuso, tayo dhammā
(15A3 2.2.8: Aññatitthiyasutta)
🚹①⨀(√rañja + ṇa) 🚹①⨀(dosa) 🚹①⨀(moha) 🚹①⨂(ima) 🔼(kho) 🚹⓪⨀(āvuso) ⚧️①⨂(ti) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
passion | hatred | delusion | these | indeed | friend | three | things

sukho viveko tuṭṭhassa, sutadhammassa passato
(3V 1.3: Mucalindakathā)
🚹①⨀(sukha) 🚹①⨀(vi + √vica + ṇa) 🚹⑥⨀(tuṭṭha) 🚹⑥⨀(sutadhamma) 🚹⑥⨀(passanta)
pleasant | seclusion | for the contented | who has heard the Dhamma | who sees

katamo ca, bhikkhave, soko
(7D 9.4.5.1: Dukkhasaccaniddesa)
🚹①⨀(katama) 🔼(ca) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(√suca + ṇa)
which | and | bhikkhus | is grief

§641 (572): Nudādīhi yuṇvūnamanānanākānanakā sakāritehi ca (`ana`, `ānana`, `aka`, `ānanaka` for `yu` and `ṇvu` after `nuda` etc., and after causatives) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	nudādīhi (dhātūhi) sakāritehi ca	yuṇvūnaṃ	(ādesā)	ana ānana aka ānanakā		(yathāsaṅkhyaṃ kattari bhāvakaraṇesu ca)
and	after `nuda` and the like, and after causative lemmas	of `yu` and `ṇvu`	(replaced by)	`ana`, `ānana`, `aka`, `ānanaka`		(respectively; as agent, action and instrument)

Nuda sūda jana su lū hu pu bhū ñā a sa¹⁹ samuiccevamādīhi dhātūhi, phanda citi āṇa iccevamādīhi sakāritehi ca yuṇvūnaṃ paccayānaṃ ana ānana aka ānanakādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ kattari, bhāvakaraṇesu ca.

Kattari tāva – panudatīti panūdano. Evaṃ sūdano, janano, savaṇo, lavano, havano, pavano, bhavano, ñāṇo, asano, samaṇo.

Bhāve ca – panudate panūdanaṃ. Evaṃ sūdanaṃ, jananaṃ, savaṇaṃ, lavanaṃ, havanaṃ, pavanaṃ, bhavanaṃ, ñāṇaṃ, asanaṃ, samaṇaṃ, sañjānanaṃ, kuyate kānanaṃ.

Kārite ca – phandāpīyate phandāpanaṃ, cetāpīyate cetāpanaṃ, āṇāpīyate āṇāpanaṃ.

Karaṇe – nudanti anenāti nūdanaṃ, evaṃ sūdanaṃ, jananaṃ, savaṇaṃ, lavanaṃ²⁰, havanaṃ, pavanaṃ, bhavanaṃ²¹, ñāṇaṃ, asanaṃ, samaṇaṃ²².

Puna kattari – nudatīti nūdako, sūdatīti sūdako²³, janetīti janako, suṇotīti sāvako, lunātīti lāvako, juhotīti hāvako, punātīti pāvako, bhavatīti bhāvako, jānātīti jānako, asatīti asako, upāsatīti upāsako, sametīti samako.

Kārite tu – phandāpayatīti phandāpayako. Evaṃ āṇāpayako, cetāpayako, sañjānanako.

After the roots nuda, sūda, jana, su, lū, hu, pu, bhū, ñā, asa, samu and the like, and after phanda, citi, āṇa and the like when they carry a causative (sakārita), the suffixes yu and ṇvu are replaced by ana, ānana, aka and ānanaka respectively, in the sense of the agent and also in the senses of the action and the instrument.

In the sense of the agent (kattari), yu as ana:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(pa + √nuda + yu)	panūdano	“he dispels (`panudati`)”: a dispeller
🚹①⨀(√sūda + yu)	sūdano	one who sets in order, a cook
🚹①⨀(√jana + yu)	janano	a producer
🚹①⨀(√su + yu)	savaṇo	a hearer
🚹①⨀(√lū + yu)	lavano	a reaper
🚹①⨀(√hu + yu)	havano	one who offers
🚹①⨀(√pu + yu)	pavano	a purifier; the wind
🚹①⨀(√bhū + yu)	bhavano	one who becomes
🚹①⨀(√ñā + yu)	ñāṇo	a knower
🚹①⨀(√asa + yu)	asano	an eater
🚹①⨀(√samu + yu)	samaṇo	an ascetic

In the sense of the action (bhāve), the same words in the neuter, and ānana:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(pa + √nuda + yu)	panūdanaṃ	“dispelling is done (`panudate`)”: dispelling
🚻①⨀(√sūda + yu)	sūdanaṃ	setting in order
🚻①⨀(√jana + yu)	jananaṃ	producing
🚻①⨀(√su + yu)	savaṇaṃ	hearing
🚻①⨀(√lū + yu)	lavanaṃ	reaping
🚻①⨀(√hu + yu)	havanaṃ	offering
🚻①⨀(√pu + yu)	pavanaṃ	purifying
🚻①⨀(√bhū + yu)	bhavanaṃ	being, becoming
🚻①⨀(√ñā + yu)	ñāṇaṃ	knowing
🚻①⨀(√asa + yu)	asanaṃ	eating
🚻①⨀(√samu + yu)	samaṇaṃ	calming
🚻①⨀(saṃ + √ñā + yu)	sañjānanaṃ	recognizing (`ānana`)
🚻①⨀(√ku + yu)	kānanaṃ	“it is made to resound (`kuyate`)”: a forest (`ānana`)

After causative lemmas (kārite):

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√phanda + ṇāpe + yu)	phandāpanaṃ	“it is caused to tremble (`phandāpīyate`)”: making tremble
🚻①⨀(√citi + ṇāpe + yu)	cetāpanaṃ	“it is exchanged (`cetāpīyate`)”: bartering
🚻①⨀(√āṇa + ṇāpe + yu)	āṇāpanaṃ	“it is commanded (`āṇāpīyate`)”: commanding

In the sense of the instrument (karaṇe):

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√nuda + yu)	nūdanaṃ	“they dispel (`nudanti`) with it”: a means of dispelling
🚻①⨀(√sūda + yu)	sūdanaṃ	a means of cleaning
🚻①⨀(√jana + yu)	jananaṃ	a means of producing
🚻①⨀(√su + yu)	savaṇaṃ	a means of hearing
🚻①⨀(√lū + yu)	lavanaṃ	a means of reaping
🚻①⨀(√hu + yu)	havanaṃ	a means of offering
🚻①⨀(√pu + yu)	pavanaṃ	a means of purifying
🚻①⨀(√bhū + yu)	bhavanaṃ	a means of being
🚻①⨀(√ñā + yu)	ñāṇaṃ	a means of knowing
🚻①⨀(√asa + yu)	asanaṃ	a means of eating
🚻①⨀(√samu + yu)	samaṇaṃ	a means of calming

Again in the sense of the agent (puna kattari), ṇvu as aka:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√nuda + ṇvu)	nūdako	“he dispels (`nudati`)”: a dispeller
🚹①⨀(√sūda + ṇvu)	sūdako	a cook
🚹①⨀(√jana + ṇvu)	janako	“he begets (`janeti`)”: a begetter, a father
🚹①⨀(√su + ṇvu)	sāvako	“he hears (`suṇoti`)”: a hearer, a disciple
🚹①⨀(√lū + ṇvu)	lāvako	“he reaps (`lunāti`)”: a reaper
🚹①⨀(√hu + ṇvu)	hāvako	“he offers (`juhoti`)”: one who offers
🚹①⨀(√pu + ṇvu)	pāvako	“it purifies (`punāti`)”: fire
🚹①⨀(√bhū + ṇvu)	bhāvako	“he becomes (`bhavati`)”: one who becomes
🚹①⨀(√ñā + ṇvu)	jānako	“he knows (`jānāti`)”: a knower
🚹①⨀(√asa + ṇvu)	asako	“he eats (`asati`)”: an eater
🚹①⨀(upa + √asa + ṇvu)	upāsako	“he attends on (`upāsati`)”: a lay follower
🚹①⨀(√samu + ṇvu)	samako	“he calms (`sameti`)”: one who calms

But after causative lemmas (kārite tu), ṇvu as aka and ānanaka:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√phanda + ṇāpaya + ṇvu)	phandāpayako	“he causes to tremble (`phandāpayati`)”
🚹①⨀(√āṇa + ṇāpaya + ṇvu)	āṇāpayako	one who commands
🚹①⨀(√citi + ṇāpaya + ṇvu)	cetāpayako	one who exchanges
🚹①⨀(saṃ + √ñā + ṇvu)	sañjānanako	one who recognizes (`ānanaka`)

	√su + ṇvu	rule
→	su + ṇvu	§621, §523
→	s + (u→o) + vu	§483
→	s + (o→āva) + vu	§515
→	sāva + (vu→aka)	§641
→	sāv + a + aka	§83
→	sāvaka + si	§601, §55
→	sāvaka + (si→o)	§104
→	sāvako

	ku + yu	rule
→	ku + (yu→ānana)	§641
→	k + u + ānana	§83
→	kānana + si	§601, §55
→	kānana + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	kānanaṃ

ahañcamhi na bhagavato sāvako
(1V 1.1.4.2: Vinītavatthu)
⚧️①⨀(amha) 🔼(ca) ▶️👆⨀(atthi) 🔼(na) 🚹⑥⨀(bhagavantu) 🚹①⨀(√su + ṇvu)
I | and | am | not | of the Blessed One | a disciple

laddhā hi so upādānaṃ, mahā hutvāna pāvako
(12S1 3.1.1: Daharasutta)
🔽(laddhā) 🔼(hi) 🚹①⨀(ta) 🚻②⨀(upādāna) 🚹①⨀(mahanta) 🔽(hutvāna) 🚹①⨀(√pu + ṇvu)
having got | indeed | it | fuel | great | having become | the fire

eko attavasī khippaṃ, pavisissāmi kānanaṃ
(19Th1 10.1.2: Ekavihāriyattheragāthā)
🚹①⨀(eka) 🚹①⨀(attavasī) 🔼(khippaṃ) ⏯👆⨀(pavisati) 🚻②⨀(√ku + yu)
alone | self-controlled | quickly | I shall enter | the forest

§642 (588): I ya ta ma ki e sāna’mantassaro dīghaṃ kvaci du sa ssa guṇaṃ do raṃ sakkhī ca (lengthened pronoun + `disa`, `risa`, `dikkha`, `dī`: `īdiso`, `tādiso`, `kīdiso`) apavada

option	from	operation	to	after	context
	i ya ta ma ki e sānaṃ antassaro	(āpajjate)	dīghaṃ	(dusassa)	(sabbanāmānaṃ)
kvaci	dusassa (ukāro)	(āpajjate)	guṇaṃ
	(dusassa) do	(āpajjate)	raṃ
ca	(dusassa antassa) sassa	(ādesā)	sa\|kkha\|ī		(yathāsambhavaṃ)
	the final vowel of `i`, `ya`, `ta`, `ma`, `ki`, `e`, `sa`	(undergoes)	lengthening	(before `dusa`)	(pronouns)
sometimes	the `u` of `dusa`	(undergoes)	`guṇa`
	the `d` of `dusa`	(becomes)	`r`
and	the final `s` of `dusa`	(replaced by)	`sa` \| `kkha` \| `ī`		(as each word allows)

Iya ta ma ki e sa iccetesaṃ sabbanāmānamanto saro dīghamāpajjate, kvaci dusa iccetassa dhātussa ukāro guṇamāpajjate, dakāro rakāramāpajjate, dhātvantassa sassa ca sa kkha ī iccete ādesā honti yathāsambhavaṃ. Ete saddā sakena sakena nāmena yathānuparodhena buddhasāsane pacchā puna nippajjante.

Imamiva naṃ passatīti īdiso, yamiva naṃ passatīti yādiso, tamiva naṃ passatīti tādiso, mamiva naṃ passatīti mādiso, kimiva naṃ passatīti kīdiso, etamiva naṃ passatīti ediso, samānamiva naṃ passatīti sādiso. Imamiva naṃ passatīti īriso, yamiva naṃ passatīti yāriso, tamiva naṃ passatīti tāriso, mamiva naṃ passatīti māriso, kimiva naṃ passatīti kīriso, etamiva naṃ passatīti eriso, samānamiva naṃ passatīti sāriso. Imamiva naṃ passatīti īdikkho, yamiva naṃ passatīti yādikkho, tamiva naṃ passatīti tādikkho, evaṃ mādikkho, kīdikkho, edikkho, sādikkho. Īdī, yādī, tādī, mādī, kīdī, edī, sādī.

Caggahaṇena tesameva saddānaṃ iyaiccevamādīnamanto ca saro kvaci dīghatthamāhu. Īdikkho, yādikkho, tādikkho, mādikkho, kīdikkho, edikkho, sādikkho. Idiso, sadiso, sariso, sarikkho.

The final vowel of the pronouns i, ya, ta, ma, ki, e and sa²⁴ is lengthened; in some places the letter u of the root dusa takes guṇa, its letter d becomes the letter r, and the root’s final s is replaced by sa, kkha and ī, as each word allows. These words are afterwards formed again in the Buddha’s dispensation, each under its own name, in whatever way leaves it unobstructed.

Each word is glossed “one sees (passati) him (naṃ) like (iva) this / which / that / me / what / this / the same”. With -disa:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(ima + √dusa)	īdiso	such as this, like this
🚹①⨀(ya + √dusa)	yādiso	such as which, whatever kind
🚹①⨀(ta + √dusa)	tādiso	such as that, of that kind
🚹①⨀(amha + √dusa)	mādiso	such as me, like me
🚹①⨀(kiṃ + √dusa)	kīdiso	of what kind?
🚹①⨀(eta + √dusa)	ediso	such as this
🚹①⨀(samāna + √dusa)	sādiso	of the same kind, similar

With r for d:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(ima + √dusa)	īriso	such as this
🚹①⨀(ya + √dusa)	yāriso	such as which
🚹①⨀(ta + √dusa)	tāriso	such as that
🚹①⨀(amha + √dusa)	māriso	such as me (in the Tipiṭaka a form of address, “sir”)
🚹①⨀(kiṃ + √dusa)	kīriso	of what kind?
🚹①⨀(eta + √dusa)	eriso	such as this
🚹①⨀(samāna + √dusa)	sāriso	of the same kind

With kkha for the final s:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(ima + √dusa)	īdikkho	such as this
🚹①⨀(ya + √dusa)	yādikkho	such as which
🚹①⨀(ta + √dusa)	tādikkho	such as that
🚹①⨀(amha + √dusa)	mādikkho	such as me
🚹①⨀(kiṃ + √dusa)	kīdikkho	of what kind?
🚹①⨀(eta + √dusa)	edikkho	such as this
🚹①⨀(samāna + √dusa)	sādikkho	of the same kind

With ī for the final s:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(ima + √dusa)	īdī	such as this
🚹①⨀(ya + √dusa)	yādī	such as which
🚹①⨀(ta + √dusa)	tādī	such as that; unshakeable (an epithet of the Buddha)
🚹①⨀(amha + √dusa)	mādī	such as me
🚹①⨀(kiṃ + √dusa)	kīdī	of what kind?
🚹①⨀(eta + √dusa)	edī	such as this
🚹①⨀(samāna + √dusa)	sādī	of the same kind

	ima + √dusa + kvi	rule
→	ima + d(u→i)(sa→sa) + ~~kvi~~	§642, §639
→	(ima→i) + disa	§642
→	(i→ī) + disa	§642
→	īdisa + si	§601, §55
→	īdisa + (si→o)	§104
→	īdiso

	ta + dusa + kvi	rule
→	(ta→tā) + d(u→i)sa + ~~kvi~~	§642, §639
→	tā + (d→r)isa	§642
→	tārisa + si	§601, §55
→	tārisa + (si→o)	§104
→	tāriso

	ta + √dusa + kvi	rule
→	(ta→tā) + d(u→i)(sa→kkha) + ~~kvi~~	§642, §639
→	tādikkha + si	§601, §55
→	tādikkha + (si→o)	§104
→	tādikkho

	ta + √dusa + kvi	rule
→	(ta→tā) + du(sa→ī) + ~~kvi~~	§642, §639
→	tād + (u + ī)	§83
→	tādī + si	§601, §55
→	tādī + si	§220
→	tādī

kīdiso, bhaṇe dovārika, vejjo
(3V 8.2: Seṭṭhibhariyāvatthu)
🚹①⨀(kiṃ + √dusa) 🔼(bhaṇe) 🚹⓪⨀(dovārika) 🚹①⨀(vejja)
of what kind | I say | doorkeeper | the physician

so tādiso sīlavisuddhiyā ṭhito
(3V 10.9: Upālisaṃghasāmaggīpucchā)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(ta + √dusa) 🚺⑦⨀(sīlavisuddhi) 🚹①⨀(ṭhita)
he | such a one | in purity of virtue | established

īdiso nirayo āsi, yattha dūsī apaccatha
(9M 5.10: Māratajjanīyasutta)
🚹①⨀(ima + √dusa) 🚹①⨀(niraya) ⏮🤟⨀(atthi) 🔼(yattha) 🚹①⨀(dūsī) ⏮🤟⨀(paccati)
such | the hell | was | where | Dūsī | was cooked

na mādisā tuyhaṃ dadanti jamma
(22J 15.1.1: Mātaṅgajātaka)
🔼(na) 🚹①⨂(amha + √dusa) ⚧️④⨀(tumha) ▶️🤟⨂(dadāti) 🚹⓪⨀(jamma)
not | such as I | to you | give | wretch

pāragū sabbadhammānaṃ, buddho tādī pavuccati
(10M 5.1: Brahmāyusutta)
🚹①⨀(pāragū) 🚹⑥⨂(sabbadhamma) 🚹①⨀(buddha) 🚹①⨀(ta + √dusa) 🔵▶️🤟⨀(pavuccati)
gone beyond | of all things | the awakened one | such, unshakeable | is called

By the mention of ca, they say, the final vowel of those same words, i, ya and the rest, is also long in some places.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(ima + √dusa)	idiso	such as this (short `i`; not attested)
🚹①⨀(samāna + √dusa)	sadiso	of the same kind, equal (short `a`)
🚹①⨀(samāna + √dusa)	sariso	the same, with `r`
🚹①⨀(samāna + √dusa)	sarikkho	the same, with `r` and `kkha`

na me ācariyo atthi, sadiso me na vijjati
(3V 1.6: Pañcavaggiyakathā)
🔼(na) ⚧️⑥⨀(amha) 🚹①⨀(ācariya) ▶️🤟⨀(atthi) 🚹①⨀(samāna + √dusa) ⚧️⑥⨀(amha) 🔼(na) ▶️🤟⨀(vijjati)
not | my | teacher | there is | an equal | of me | not | is found

seyyo na tena maññeyya, nīceyyo atha vāpi sarikkho
(18Sn 4.14: Tuvaṭakasutta)
🚹①⨀(seyya) 🔼(na) 🚹③⨀(ta) ⏯🤟⨀(maññati) 🚹①⨀(nīceyya) 🔼(atha) 🔼(vā) 🔼(api) 🚹①⨀(samāna + √dusa)
better | not | by that | one should think oneself | lower | then | or | even | equal

§643 (635): Bhyādīhi mati budhi pūjādīhi ca tto (`tta` after `bhī` etc., and after roots of thinking, knowing and honouring) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	bhyādīhi, mati budhi pūjādīhi	(dhātūhi)	(paccayo hoti)	tto
and	after `bhī` and the like, and after the `mati`, `budhi` and `pūjā` groups	(roots)	(a suffix is used)	`tta`

Bhīiccevamādīhi dhātūhi, mati. Budhi pūjādito ca tta paccayo hoti.²⁵

Bhāyitabboti bhīto, supitabboti sutto, mijjitabbo sinehetabboti mitto, sammannitabboti sammato, saṃ suṭṭhu mānitabbo pūjetabboti sammato, sammānīyitthāti sammato, saṃkappīyateti saṅkappito, saṃkappīyitthāti saṅkappito, sampādīyateti sampādito, sampādīyitthāti sampādito, avadhārīyateti avadhārito, avadhārīyitthāti avadhārito, bujjhitabbo ñātabboti buddho, ajjhayitabboti ito, etabbo gantabboti ito, viditabbo ñātabboti vidito, takkīyateti takkito, pūjīyateti pūjito, pūjīyitthāti pūjito, apacāyitabboti apacāyito, mānitabbo pūjetabboti mānito, apacīyateti apacito, vandīyateti vandito, vandīyitthāti vandito, sakkarīyateti sakkārito, sakkarīyitthāti sakkārito.

The suffix tta is used after the roots bhī and the like, and after mati, budhi, pūjā and the like.

After bhī and the like:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√bhī + tta)	bhīto	“to be afraid (`bhāyitabbo`)”: frightened
🚹①⨀(√supa + tta)	sutto	“to be slept (`supitabbo`)”: asleep
🚹①⨀(√mida + tta)	mitto	“to be loved (`mijjitabbo sinehetabbo`)”: a friend

After mati and the like:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(saṃ + √mana + kta)	sammato	“to be agreed upon (`sammannitabbo`)”: authorized, approved
🚹①⨀(saṃ + √māna + kta)	sammato	“to be well honoured, to be revered (`mānitabbo pūjetabbo`)”, or “was honoured (`sammānīyittha`)”: esteemed
🚹①⨀(saṃ + √kappa + kta)	saṅkappito	“is intended (`saṃkappīyate`)”, or “was intended”: intended
🚹①⨀(saṃ + √pada + ṇe + kta)	sampādito	“is accomplished (`sampādīyate`)”, or “was accomplished”: accomplished
🚹①⨀(ava + √dhara + ṇe + kta)	avadhārito	“is ascertained (`avadhārīyate`)”, or “was ascertained”: ascertained

After budhi and the like:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√budha + kta)	buddho	“to be known, to be understood (`bujjhitabbo ñātabbo`)”: the Awakened One
🚹①⨀(adhi + √i + kta)	ito	“to be studied (`ajjhayitabbo`)”: studied
🚹①⨀(√i + kta)	ito	“to be gone to (`etabbo gantabbo`)”: gone
🚹①⨀(√vida + kta)	vidito	“to be known, to be understood (`viditabbo ñātabbo`)”: known
🚹①⨀(√takka + kta)	takkito	“is reasoned (`takkīyate`)”: reasoned

After pūjā and the like:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√pūja + kta)	pūjito	“is honoured (`pūjīyate`)”, or “was honoured”: honoured
🚹①⨀(apa + √cāya + kta)	apacāyito	“to be revered (`apacāyitabbo`)”: revered
🚹①⨀(√māna + kta)	mānito	“to be honoured, to be revered (`mānitabbo pūjetabbo`)”: esteemed
🚹①⨀(apa + √ci + kta)	apacito	“is revered (`apacīyate`)”: revered
🚹①⨀(√vanda + kta)	vandito	“is saluted (`vandīyate`)”, or “was saluted”: saluted
🚹①⨀(√sakkāra + kta)	sakkārito	“is honoured (`sakkarīyate`)”, or “was honoured”: honoured

	saṃ + √mana + kta	rule
→	saṃ + man + a + kta	§521, §517
→	saṃ + ma + n + ta	§586
→	sa + (ṃ→m) + mata	§31
→	sammata + si	§601, §55
→	sammata + (si→o)	§104
→	sammato

	√budha + kta	rule
→	budh + a + kta	§521, §517
→	budh + (t→dh) + a	§576
→	bu + (dh→d) + dha	§611
→	buddha + si	§601, §55
→	buddha + (si→o)	§104
→	buddho

disvāna bhīto aṭṭhāsi
(2V 1.5.9.1: Antepurasikkhāpada)
🔽(disvāna) 🚹①⨀(√bhī + tta) ⏮🤟⨀(tiṭṭhati)
having seen | frightened | he stood

sammato saṃghena āyasmā dabbo mallaputto senāsanapaññāpako ca bhattuddesako ca
(1V 1.2.8: Duṭṭhadosasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(saṃ + √mana + tta) 🚹③⨀(saṃgha) 🚹①⨀(āyasmantu) 🚹①⨀(dabba) 🚹①⨀(mallaputta) 🚹①⨀(senāsanapaññāpaka) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨀(bhattuddesaka) 🔼(ca)
authorized | by the Saṅgha | the venerable | Dabba | Mallaputta | as assigner of lodgings | and | as distributor of meals | and

sakkato garukato mānito pūjito apacito
(1V 1.1.4: Catutthapārājikasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(sakkata) 🚹①⨀(garukata) 🚹①⨀(√māna + tta) 🚹①⨀(√pūja + tta) 🚹①⨀(apa + √ci + tta)
honoured | respected | esteemed | venerated | revered

§644 (661): Vepu sī dava vamu ku dā bhū hvādīhi thu ttima ṇimā nibbatte (`thu`, `ttima`, `ṇima`, “produced by”, after `vepu`, `sī`, `dava`, `vamu`, `ku`, `dā`, `bhū`, `hu` etc.) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	vepu sī dava vamu ku dā bhū hvādīhi	(dhātūhi)	(paccayā honti)	thu\|ttima\|ṇimā		nibbatte (yathāsambhavaṃ)
	after `vepu`, `sī`, `dava`, `vamu`, `ku`, `dā`, `bhū`, `hu` and the like	(roots)	(suffixes are used)	`thu` \| `ttima` \| `ṇima`		in the sense “produced by” (as each allows)

The heading follows the CST’s vutti section and the Rūpasiddhi, hvādīhi; the CST sutta list prints bhūtvādīhi.

Vepu sī dava vamu ku dā bhū huiccevamādīhi dhātūhi yathāsambhavaṃ thu ttima ṇimapaccayā honti nibbattatthe.

Vepanaṃ vepo, tena nibbatto vepathu, sayanaṃ sayo, tena nibbatto sayathu, davanaṃ davo, tena nibbatto davathu²⁶. Vamanaṃ vamo, tena nibbatto vamathu. Kutti karaṇaṃ, tena nibbattaṃ kuttimaṃ. Dāti dānaṃ, tena nibbattaṃ dattimaṃ. Bhūti bhavanaṃ, tena nibbattaṃ bhottimaṃ. Avahuti avahanaṃ, tena nibbattaṃ ohāvimaṃ.

The suffixes thu, ttima and ṇima are used in the sense of what is produced (nibbatta) after the roots vepu, sī, dava, vamu, ku, dā, bhū, hu and the like, as each allows.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√vepu + thu)	vepathu	“trembling (`vepanaṃ`) is `vepa`; what is produced by it”: a tremor
🚹①⨀(√sī + thu)	sayathu	“lying is `saya`; what is produced by it”: sleep
🚹①⨀(√dava + thu)	davathu	“burning is `dava`; what is produced by it”: fever, heat
🚹①⨀(√vamu + thu)	vamathu	“vomiting is `vama`; what is produced by it”: vomit
🚻①⨀(√ku + ttima)	kuttimaṃ	“`kutti` is making; what is produced by it”: made, artificial
🚻①⨀(√dā + ttima)	dattimaṃ	“`dā` is giving; what is produced by it”: what comes of giving
🚻①⨀(√bhū + ttima)	bhottimaṃ	“`bhū` is being; what is produced by it”: what comes of being
🚻①⨀(ava + √hu + ṇima)	ohāvimaṃ	“`avahu` is pouring down; what is produced by it”

	√vepu + thu	rule
→	vep + u + thu	§521
→	vep + (a) + thu	§517
→	vepathu + si	§601, §55
→	vepathu + si	§220
→	vepathu

	ava + √hu + ṇima	rule
→	(ava→o) + hu + ṇima	§50
→	o + hu + ṇima	§621, §523
→	o + h + (u→o) + ima	§483
→	o + h + (o→āv) + ima	§515
→	ohāvima + si	§601, §55
→	ohāvima + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	ohāvimaṃ

§645 (662): Akkose namhāni (`āni` in reproach, when `na` is present) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	namhi (paṭisedhayutte)	(dhātūhi)	(paccayo hoti)	āni		akkose
	when the negative `na` is present	(after a root)	(a suffix is used)	`āni`		in reproach

Akkosaiccetasmiṃ atthe namhi paṭisedhayutte ānipaccayo hoti dhātūhi.

Na gamitabbaṃ agamāni te jamma desaṃ, na kattabbaṃ akarāṇi te jamma kammaṃ.

Namhīti kimatthaṃ? Vipatti te jamma, vikati te jamma.

Akkoseti kimatthaṃ? Na gantabbā agati te.

The suffix āni is used after roots in the sense of reproach (akkosa) when the negative na is present.

agamāni te jamma desaṃ
🚺①⨀(na + √gamu + āni) ⚧️④⨀(tumha) 🚹⓪⨀(jamma) 🚹②⨀(desa)
no going | for you | wretch | to the region

akarāṇi te jamma kammaṃ
🚺①⨀(na + √kara + āni) ⚧️④⨀(tumha) 🚹⓪⨀(jamma) 🚻②⨀(kamma)
no doing | for you | wretch | of the deed

The vutti glosses them na gamitabbaṃ (“it is not to be gone to”) and na kattabbaṃ (“it is not to be done”).

	na + kara + āni	rule
→	(na→a) + kar + a + āni	§333, §83
→	akar + ā(n→ṇ)i	§549
→	akarāṇi + si	§601, §55
→	akarāṇi + si	§220
→	akarāṇi

adhammena tuvaṃ jamma, brahmadattassa kujjhasi
(22J 16.1.10: Gandhatindukajātaka)
🚹③⨀(adhamma) ⚧️①⨀(tumha) 🚹⓪⨀(jamma) 🚹⑥⨀(brahmadatta) ▶️🤘⨀(kujjhati)
unjustly | you | wretch | with Brahmadatta | are angry

By saying namhi (when na is present) we exclude the forms without na²⁷:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(vi + √pada + ti)	vipatti te jamma	ruin to you, wretch!
🚺①⨀(vi + √kara + ti)	vikati te jamma	deformity to you, wretch!

By saying akkose (in reproach) we exclude a form that is not in reproach²⁸:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(na + √gamu + ti)	agati te	there is no going for you; you have no access

yattha agati nevāpikassa ca nevāpikaparisāya ca
(9M 3.5: Nivāpasutta)
🔼(yattha) 🚺①⨀(na + √gamu + ti) 🚹⑥⨀(nevāpika) 🔼(ca) 🚺⑥⨀(nevāpikaparisā) 🔼(ca)
where | no access | of the trapper | and | of the trapper’s company | and

§646 (419): Ekādito sakissa kkhattuṃ (`kkhattuṃ` for `sakiṃ` after `eka` and the other numerals: “once”, “twice”) apavada

Ekādito sakissa kkhattuṃ hoti.

Ekassa padatthassa sakiṃ vāraṃ ekakkhattuṃ, dvinnaṃ padatthānaṃ sakiṃ vāraṃ dvikkhattuṃ, tiṇṇaṃ padatthānaṃ sakiṃ vāraṃ tikkhattuṃ, evaṃ catukkhattuṃ, pañcakkhattuṃ, chakkhattuṃ, sattakkhattuṃ, aṭṭhakkhattuṃ, navakkhattuṃ, dasakkhattuṃ. Iccevamādayo saddā yojetabbā.

After eka and the like, sakiṃ (“once”) is replaced by kkhattuṃ.

Each is glossed “one time (sakiṃ vāraṃ) of one thing (padattha)”, “of two things” and so on; these and similar words are to be employed.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🔼(eka + kkhattuṃ)	ekakkhattuṃ	once
🔼(dvi + kkhattuṃ)	dvikkhattuṃ	twice
🔼(ti + kkhattuṃ)	tikkhattuṃ	three times
🔼(catu + kkhattuṃ)	catukkhattuṃ	four times
🔼(pañca + kkhattuṃ)	pañcakkhattuṃ	five times
🔼(cha + kkhattuṃ)	chakkhattuṃ	six times
🔼(satta + kkhattuṃ)	sattakkhattuṃ	seven times
🔼(aṭṭha + kkhattuṃ)	aṭṭhakkhattuṃ	eight times
🔼(nava + kkhattuṃ)	navakkhattuṃ	nine times
🔼(dasa + kkhattuṃ)	dasakkhattuṃ	ten times

	ti + sakiṃ	rule
→	ti + (sakiṃ→kkhattuṃ)	§646
→	tikkhattuṃ

rattiyā paṭhamaṃ yāmaṃ tikkhattuṃ saddamanussāvehi
(1V 1.2.6: Kuṭikārasikkhāpada)
🚺⑥⨀(ratti) 🚹②⨀(paṭhama) 🚹②⨀(√yā + ma) 🔼(ti + kkhattuṃ) 🚹②⨀(sadda) ⏯🤘⨀(anussāveti)
of the night | in the first | watch | three times | a call | make heard

pañcakkhattuṃ codetvā dvikkhattuṃ ṭhātabbaṃ
(1V 1.4.1.10: Rājasikkhāpada)
🔼(pañca + kkhattuṃ) 🔽(codetvā) 🔼(dvi + kkhattuṃ) 🚻①⨀(ṭhātabba)
five times | having prompted | twice | one should stand

bhagavato kāyaṃ sattakkhattuṃ bhogehi parikkhipitvā
(3V 1.3: Mucalindakathā)
🚹⑥⨀(bhagavantu) 🚹②⨀(kāya) 🔼(satta + kkhattuṃ) 🚹③⨂(bhoga) 🔽(parikkhipitvā)
of the Blessed One | the body | seven times | with his coils | having encircled

§647 (663): Sunassunassoṇa vānuvānūnunakhunānā (`soṇo`, `svāno`, `suvāno`, `sūno`, `sunakho`, `suno`, `sā`, `sāno`: the shapes of `suna`, “dog”) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		sunassa unassa	(ādesā)	oṇa\|vāna\|uvāna\|ūna\|unakha\|una\|ā\|ānā
		the `una` of `suna`	(replaced by)	`oṇa` \| `vāna` \| `uvāna` \| `ūna` \| `unakha` \| `una` \| `ā` \| `āna`

The heading follows the CST’s vutti section, which matches the vutti’s list; the CST sutta list prints Sunassunasso ṇa vānuvānūnanakhunānā, without the u of unakha.

Suna iccetassa pāṭipadikassa unassa oṇa vāna uvāna ūna unakha una ā ānādesā honti.

Sāmikassa saddaṃ suṇātīti soṇo, sāmikassa saddaṃ suṇātīti svāno, evaṃ suvāno, sūno, sunakho, suno, sā, sāno.

The una of the nominal base (pāṭipadika) suna is replaced by oṇa, vāna, uvāna, ūna, unakha, una, ā and āna.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(suna → soṇa)	soṇo	“it hears (`suṇāti`) its master’s voice”: a dog
🚹①⨀(suna → svāna)	svāno	a dog
🚹①⨀(suna → suvāna)	suvāno	a dog
🚹①⨀(suna → sūna)	sūno	a dog
🚹①⨀(suna → sunakha)	sunakho	a dog
🚹①⨀(suna → suna)	suno	a dog (the base unchanged)
🚹①⨀(suna → sā)	sā	a dog
🚹①⨀(suna → sāna)	sāno	a dog

	suna	rule
→	s + (una→oṇa)	§647
→	soṇa + si	§601, §55
→	soṇa + (si→o)	§104
→	soṇo

	suna	rule
→	s + (una→ā)	§647
→	sā + si	§601, §55
→	sā + si	§220
→	sā

kukkuṭā sūkarā soṇā siṅgālā
(11M 3.9: Bālapaṇḍitasutta)
🚹①⨂(kukkuṭa) 🚹①⨂(sūkara) 🚹①⨂(suna → soṇa) 🚹①⨂(siṅgāla)
cocks | pigs | dogs | jackals

jeguccho sunakho paṭikūlo
(3V 6.10: Hatthimaṃsādipaṭikkhepakathā)
🚹①⨀(jeguccha) 🚹①⨀(suna → sunakha) 🚹①⨀(paṭikūla)
disgusting | a dog | repulsive

khādanti naṃ suvānā ca, siṅgālā ca vakā kimī
(18Sn 1.11: Vijayasutta)
▶️🤟⨂(khādati) ⚧️②⨀(ta) 🚹①⨂(suna → suvāna) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨂(siṅgāla) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨂(vaka) 🚹①⨂(kimi)
they eat | it | dogs | and | jackals | and | wolves | worms

§648 (664): Taruṇassa susu ca (and `susu` for `taruṇa`, “young”) apavada

Taruṇaiccetassa pāṭipadikassa susu ādeso hoti.

Susu kāḷakeso.

The nominal base (pāṭipadika) taruṇa is replaced by susu.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(taruṇa → susu)	susu kāḷakeso	young, black-haired

	taruṇa	rule
→	(taruṇa→susu)	§648
→	susu + si	§601, §55
→	susu + si	§220
→	susu

daharo tvaṃ, bhikkhu, pabbajito susu kāḷakeso, bhadrena yobbanena samannāgato
(12S1 1.2.10: Samiddhisutta)
🚹①⨀(dahara) ⚧️①⨀(tumha) 🚹⓪⨀(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(pabbajita) 🚹①⨀(taruṇa → susu) 🚹①⨀(kāḷakesa) 🚻③⨀(bhadra) 🚻③⨀(yobbana) 🚹①⨀(samannāgata)
young | you | bhikkhu | gone forth | a youth | black-haired | with blessed | youth | endowed

samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo daharova samāno yuvā susukāḷakeso
(6D 4.3: Buddhaguṇakathā)
🚹①⨀(samaṇa) 🔼(khalu) 🚹⓪⨀(bhavanta) 🚹①⨀(gotama) 🚹①⨀(dahara) 🔼(eva) 🚹①⨀(samāna) 🚹①⨀(yuva) 🚹①⨀(susu + kāḷakesa)
the ascetic | indeed | sir | Gotama | young | quite | being | a youth | young, black-haired

§649 (665): Yuvassuvassuvuvānunūnā (`uva`, `uvāna`, `una`, `ūna` for the `uva` of `yuva`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		yuvassa uvassa (pāṭipadikassa)	(ādesā)	uva\|uvāna\|una\|ūnā
		the `uva` of the nominal lemma `yuva`	(replaced by)	`uva`\|`uvāna`\|`una`\|`ūna`

Yuva iccetassa pāṭipadikassa uvassa uvauvāna unaūnādesā honti.

Yuvā, yuvāno, yuno, yūno.

The uva of the nominal base (pāṭipadika) yuva is replaced by uva, uvāna, una and ūna.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(yuva)	yuvā	a youth, a young man
🚹①⨀(y + uvāna)	yuvāno	a youth
🚹①⨀(y + una)	yuno	a youth
🚹①⨀(y + ūna)	yūno	a youth

	yuva + si	rule
→	y + (uva→uva) + si	§649
→	yuv + (a + si→ā)	§152
→	yuvā

	yuva (①⨀)	rule
→	y + (uva→uvāna)	§649
→	yuvāna + si	§601, §55
→	yuvāna + (si→o)	§104
→	yuvāno

	yuva (①⨀)	rule
→	y + (uva→ūna)	§649
→	yūna + si	§601, §55
→	yūna + (si→o)	§104
→	yūno

bhikkhu daharo hoti yuvā susu kāḷakeso
(16A5 2.1.4: Samayasutta)
🚹①⨀(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(dahara) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚹①⨀(yuva) 🚹①⨀(susu) 🚹①⨀(kāḷakesa)
a bhikkhu | young | is | a youth | a lad | black-haired

§650 (651): Kāle vattamānātīte ṇvādayo (`ṇu` and the rest in present and past time) utsarga

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	(dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	ṇvādayo		kāle vattamānātīte
	(after roots)		(suffixes are added)	`ṇu` and the rest		in present and past time

Kāle vattamānatthe ca atītatthe ca ṇu yu tapaccayā honti.

Akāsi, karotīti kāru²⁹, agacchi, gacchatīti, vāyu, abhavi, bhavatīti bhūtaṃ.

The suffixes ṇu, yu and ta are used in the senses of present and past time.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√kara + ṇu)	akāsi, karotīti kāru	“he made”, “he makes”: `kāru`, a craftsman
🚻①⨀(√vā + yu)	agacchi, gacchatīti vāyu	“it went”, “it goes”: `vāyu`, wind
🚻①⨀(√bhū + ta)	abhavi, bhavatīti bhūtaṃ	“it was”, “it is”: `bhūtaṃ`, what has come to be; a being

	√kara + ṇu	rule
→	kar + a + ṇu	§521
→	kar + ṇu	§621, §523
→	k + (a→ā) + ru	§483
→	kāru + si	§601, §55
→	kāru + si	§220
→	kāru

	vā + yu	rule
→	vā + yu	§650
→	vāyu

	bhū + ta	rule
→	bhūta + si	§601, §55
→	bhūta + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	bhūtaṃ

somo yamo candimā vāyu sūriyo
(23J 22.1.6: Bhūridattajātaka)
🚹①⨀(soma) 🚹①⨀(yama) 🚹①⨀(candimā) 🚻①⨀(√vā + yu) 🚹①⨀(sūriya)
Soma | Yama | the moon | the wind | the sun

yaṃ taṃ jātaṃ bhūtaṃ saṅkhataṃ palokadhammaṃ
(4V 11.1: Saṅgītinidāna)
⚧️①⨀(ya) ⚧️①⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(jāta) 🚻①⨀(√bhū + ta) 🚻①⨀(saṅkhata) 🚻①⨀(palokadhamma)
what | that | born | come to be | conditioned | subject to decay

§651 (647): Bhavissati gamādīhi ṇī ghiṇa (`ṇī`, `ghiṇ` after `gamu` and the like, in the future sense) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	gamādīhi (dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	ṇī\|ghiṇa		bhavissati (kāle)
	after `gamu` and the like		(suffixes are added)	`ṇī`\|`ghiṇ`		in the future sense

Bhavissatikālatthe gamu bhaja su ṭhāiccevamādīhi dhātūhi ṇī ghiṇa paccayā honti.

Āyatiṃ gamituṃ sīlaṃ yassa, so hotīti gāmī, āyatiṃ bhajituṃ sīlaṃ yassa, so hotīti bhājī, āyatiṃ passavituṃ³⁰ sīlaṃ yassa, so hotīti passāvi, āyatiṃ paṭṭhāyituṃ sīlaṃ yassa, so hotīti paṭṭhāyi³¹.

The suffixes ṇī and ghiṇ are used in the sense of future time after the roots gamu (“go”), bhaja (“resort to”), su (“flow”), ṭhā (“stand”) and the like.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√gamu + ṇī)	āyatiṃ gamituṃ sīlaṃ yassa, so hotīti gāmī	“he whose way it is to go, in future”: `gāmī`, one who will go
🚹①⨀(√bhaja + ṇī)	āyatiṃ bhajituṃ sīlaṃ yassa, so hotīti bhājī	“he whose way it is to resort to, in future”: `bhājī`, one who will resort
🚹①⨀(pa + √su + ghiṇ)	āyatiṃ passavituṃ sīlaṃ yassa, so hotīti passāvi	“he whose way it is to flow forth, in future”: `passāvi`, one who will flow forth
🚹①⨀(pa + √ṭhā + ghiṇ)	āyatiṃ paṭṭhāyituṃ sīlaṃ yassa, so hotīti paṭṭhāyi	“he whose way it is to set out, in future”: `paṭṭhāyi`, one who will set out

	√gamu + ṇī	rule
→	gam + u + ṇī	§521
→	gam + ṇī	§621, §523
→	g + (a→ā) + mī	§483
→	gāmī + si	§601, §55
→	gāmī + si	§220
→	gāmī

	pa + √su + ghiṇ	rule
→	pa + su + ghiṇ	§517, §621, §523
→	pa + s + (u→o) + i	§483
→	pa + s + (o→āva) + i	§515
→	pa + sāv + (a + i)	§83
→	pa + (s→ss) + āvi	§28
→	passāvi + si	§601, §55
→	passāvi + si	§220
→	passāvi

	pa + ṭhā + ghiṇ	rule
→	pa + ṭh + (ā→āya) + (gh ṇ + i)	§593, §523
→	pa + (ṭh→ṭṭh) + āyi	§29
→	paṭṭhāyi

so kuhiṃ gāmī bhavissati
(9M 1.2.1: Dassanāpahātabbaāsava)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(kuhiṃ) 🚹①⨀(√gamu + ṇī) ⏯🤟⨀(bhavati)
he | where | going | will be

§652 (648): Kriyāyaṃ ṇvu tavo (`ṇvu`, `tu` when an action is the purpose, in the future sense) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	(dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	ṇvu\|tavo		kriyāyaṃ (bhavissatikāle)
	(after roots)		(suffixes are added)	`ṇvu`\|`tu`		when an action [is the purpose] (in the future sense)

Kriyāyamatthe ṇvu tu iccete paccayā honti bhavissatikāle.

‘‘Karissa’’nti kārako vajati, ‘‘bhuñjissa’’nti bhottā vajati.

The suffixes ṇvu and tu are used in the sense of an action (kriyā) in future time.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√kara + ṇvu)	‘‘karissa’’nti kārako vajati	“‘I shall do it’: the doer goes” — he goes in order to do it
🚹①⨀(√bhuja + tu)	‘‘bhuñjissa’’nti bhottā vajati	“‘I shall eat’: the eater goes” — he goes in order to eat

	√kara + ṇvu	rule
→	kar + a + ṇvu	§521
→	kar + ṇvu	§621, §523
→	k(a→ā)r + vu	§483
→	kār + (vu→aka)	§622
→	kāraka + si	§601, §55
→	kāraka + (si→o)	§104
→	kārako

	√bhuja + tu	rule
→	bhuj + a + tu	§521
→	bh + (u→o) + j + tu	§485
→	bho + j + (t→tt)u	§578
→	bhottu + si	§601, §55
→	bhott + (u→ā) + si	§199
→	bhottā

bahuno amhākaṃ anatthassa kārako
(3V 10.2: Dīghāvuvatthu)
🚹⑥⨀(bahu) ⚧️⑥⨂(amha) 🚹⑥⨀(anattha) 🚹①⨀(√kara + ṇvu)
of much | our | harm | the doer

§653 (306): Bhāvavācimhi catutthī (the fourth form ④ with a word of action, for the purpose) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		bhāvavācimhi	(hoti)	catutthī (vibhatti)		(bhavissatikāle)
		with a word expressing an action	(is used)	the fourth form ④		(in the future sense)

Bhāvavācimhi catutthīvibhatti hoti bhavissatikāle,

Pacissate, pacanaṃ vā pāko, pākāya vajati.

Bhuñjissate, bhojanaṃ vā bhogo, bhogāya vajati.

Naccissate, naccanaṃ vā naccaṃ, naccāya vajati.

With a word that expresses an action (bhāva), the fourth inflection ④ is used in future time.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹④⨀(√paca + ṇa)	pacissate, pacanaṃ vā pāko, pākāya vajati	“it will be cooked”, or “cooking”: `pāko`; he goes for cooking, to cook
🚹④⨀(√bhuja + ṇa)	bhuñjissate, bhojanaṃ vā bhogo, bhogāya vajati	“it will be eaten”, or “eating”: `bhogo`; he goes for eating, to eat
🚻④⨀(√naṭa + ta)	naccissate, naccanaṃ vā naccaṃ, naccāya vajati	“it will be danced”, or “dancing”: `naccaṃ`; he goes for dancing, to dance

	√paca + ṇa (④⨀)	rule
→	pac + a + ṇa	§521
→	pac + ṇa	§621, §523
→	p + (a→ā) + ca	§483
→	pā + (c→k)a	§623
→	pāka + sa	§601, §55
→	pāka + (sa→āya)	§109
→	pākāya

	√bhuja + ṇa (④⨀)	rule
→	bhuj + a + ṇa	§521
→	bhuj + ṇa	§621, §523
→	bh + (u→o) + ja	§483
→	bho + (j→g)a	§623
→	bhoga + sa	§601, §55
→	bhoga + (sa→āya)	§109
→	bhogāya

pañcasu kāmaguṇesu bhogāya cittaṃ namati
(16A5 3.5.8: Sappurisadānasutta)
⚧️⑦⨂(pañca) 🚹⑦⨂(kāmaguṇa) 🚹④⨀(√bhuja + ṇa) 🚻①⨀(citta) ▶️🤟⨀(namati)
in the five | strands of sensual pleasure | to enjoyment | the mind | inclines

§654 (649): Kammani ṇo (`ṇa` with the object as first member, in the future sense) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	kammani (upapade)	(dhātūhi)	(paccayo hoti)	ṇo		(bhavissatikāle)
	with the object as the preceding word	(after a root)	(suffix is added)	`ṇa`		(in the future sense)

Kammani upapade ṇapaccayo hoti bhavissatikāle.

Nagaraṃ karissati nagarakāro vajati, sāliṃ lāvissati sālilāvo vajati, dhaññaṃ vapissati dhaññavāpo vajati, bhogaṃ dadissati bhogadāyo vajati, sindhuṃ pivissati sindhupāyo vajati.

When the object (kamma) is the accompanying word (upapada), the suffix ṇa is used in future time.

Each row gives the future verb with its object, then the compound before vajati.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(nagara + √kara + ṇa)	nagaraṃ karissati nagarakāro vajati	“he will build a city”: the city-builder goes, i.e. he goes to build a city
🚹①⨀(sāli + √lū + ṇa)	sāliṃ lāvissati sālilāvo vajati	“he will reap the rice”: the rice-reaper goes, to reap rice
🚹①⨀(dhañña + √vapa + ṇa)	dhaññaṃ vapissati dhaññavāpo vajati	“he will sow grain”: the grain-sower goes, to sow grain
🚹①⨀(bhoga + √dā + ṇa)	bhogaṃ dadissati bhogadāyo vajati	“he will give wealth”: the wealth-giver goes, to give wealth
🚹①⨀(sindhu + √pā + ṇa)	sindhuṃ pivissati sindhupāyo vajati	“he will drink [from] the river”: the river-drinker goes, to drink from the river

	nagara + √kara + ṇa	rule
→	nagara + kar + a + ṇa	§521
→	nagara + kar + ṇa	§621, §523
→	nagara + k + (a→ā) + ra	§483
→	nagarakāra + si	§601, §55
→	nagarakāra + (si→o)	§104
→	nagarakāro

	sāli + √lū + ṇa	rule
→	sāli + lū + ṇa	§621, §523
→	sāli + l + (ū→o) + a	§483
→	sāli + l + (o→āv) + a	§515
→	sālilāva + si	§601, §55
→	sālilāva + (si→o)	§104
→	sālilāvo

	bhoga + √dā + ṇa	rule
→	bhoga + d + (ā→āya) + ṇa	§593, §523
→	bhoga + dāy + (a + a)	§83
→	bhogadāya + si	§601, §55
→	bhogadāya + (si→o)	§104
→	bhogadāyo

§655 (650): Sese ssaṃ ntumānānā (`ssaṃ`, `ntu`, `māna`, `āna` in the remaining [future] sense) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	(kammūpapade)	(dhātūhi)	(paccayā honti)	ssaṃ\|ntu\|māna\|ānā		sese (bhavissatikāle)
	(with the object as the preceding word)	(after roots)	(suffixes are added)	`ssaṃ`\|`ntu`\|`māna`\|`āna`		in the remaining sense (in the future)

Sesaiccetasmiṃ atthe ssaṃ ntu māna āna iccete paccayā honti bhavissatikāle kammūpapade.

Kammaṃ karissati kammaṃ karissaṃ, evaṃ kammaṃ karonto, kammaṃ kurumāno, kammaṃ karāno vajati.

Bhojanaṃ bhuñjissati bhojanaṃ bhuñjissaṃ, evaṃ bhojanaṃ bhuñjanto, bhojanaṃ bhuñjamāno, bhojanaṃ bhuñjāno vajati.

Khādanaṃ khādissati khādanaṃ khādissaṃ, evaṃ khādanaṃ khādanto, khādanaṃ khādamāno, khādanaṃ khādāno vajati.

Maggaṃ carissati maggaṃ carissaṃ, evaṃ maggaṃ caranto, maggaṃ caramāno, maggaṃ carāno vajati.

Bhikkhaṃ bhikkhissati bhikkhaṃ bhikkhissaṃ, evaṃ bhikkhaṃ bhikkhanto, bhikkhaṃ bhikkhamāno, bhikkhaṃ bhikkhāno vajati.

The suffixes ssaṃ, ntu, māna and āna are used in the remaining sense (sesa), in future time, when the object is the accompanying word (upapada).

Each root is given with all four suffixes, after the future verb with its object.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√kara + ssaṃ)	kammaṃ karissati kammaṃ karissaṃ vajati	“he will do the work”: he goes, going to do the work
🚹①⨀(√kara + ntu)	kammaṃ karonto vajati	he goes, doing the work
🚹①⨀(√kara + māna)	kammaṃ kurumāno vajati	he goes, doing the work
🚹①⨀(√kara + āna)	kammaṃ karāno vajati	he goes, doing the work
🚹①⨀(√bhuja + ssaṃ)	bhojanaṃ bhuñjissati bhojanaṃ bhuñjissaṃ vajati	“he will eat the meal”: he goes, going to eat the meal
🚹①⨀(√bhuja + ntu)	bhojanaṃ bhuñjanto vajati	he goes, eating the meal
🚹①⨀(√bhuja + māna)	bhojanaṃ bhuñjamāno vajati	he goes, eating the meal
🚹①⨀(√bhuja + āna)	bhojanaṃ bhuñjāno vajati	he goes, eating the meal
🚹①⨀(√khāda + ssaṃ)	khādanaṃ khādissati khādanaṃ khādissaṃ vajati	“he will eat the food”: he goes, going to eat the food
🚹①⨀(√khāda + ntu)	khādanaṃ khādanto vajati	he goes, eating the food
🚹①⨀(√khāda + māna)	khādanaṃ khādamāno vajati	he goes, eating the food
🚹①⨀(√khāda + āna)	khādanaṃ khādāno vajati	he goes, eating the food
🚹①⨀(√cara + ssaṃ)	maggaṃ carissati maggaṃ carissaṃ vajati	“he will walk the road”: he goes, going to walk the road
🚹①⨀(√cara + ntu)	maggaṃ caranto vajati	he goes, walking the road
🚹①⨀(√cara + māna)	maggaṃ caramāno vajati	he goes, walking the road
🚹①⨀(√cara + āna)	maggaṃ carāno vajati	he goes, walking the road
🚹①⨀(√bhikkha + ssaṃ)	bhikkhaṃ bhikkhissati bhikkhaṃ bhikkhissaṃ vajati	“he will beg for alms”: he goes, going to beg for alms
🚹①⨀(√bhikkha + ntu)	bhikkhaṃ bhikkhanto vajati	he goes, begging for alms
🚹①⨀(√bhikkha + māna)	bhikkhaṃ bhikkhamāno vajati	he goes, begging for alms
🚹①⨀(√bhikkha + āna)	bhikkhaṃ bhikkhāno vajati	he goes, begging for alms

	√kara + ssaṃ	rule
→	kar + a + ssaṃ	§521
→	kar + (i) + ssaṃ	§516
→	karissaṃ + si	§601, §55
→	karissaṃ + si	§220
→	karissaṃ

	√kara + ntu	rule
→	kar + a + ntu	§521
→	kar + (o) + ntu	§451
→	karontu	§601, §55
→	karo + nt + (u→a)	§94
→	karonta + si	§601, §55
→	karonta + (si→o)	§104
→	karonto

	√kara + māna	rule
→	kar + a + māna	§521
→	kar + (o) + māna	§451
→	kar + (o→u) + māna	§511
→	k + (a→u) + rumāna	§512
→	kurumāna + si	§601, §55
→	kurumāna + (si→o)	§104
→	kurumāno

	√bhuja + a + ntu	rule
→	bhuj + (a) + a + ntu	§521
→	bhu + (ṃ) + j + a + ntu	§446
→	bhu + (ṃ→ñ) + janta	§31
→	bhuñjanta + si	§601, §55
→	bhuñjanta + (si→o)	§94, §104
→	bhuñjanto

puññāni karonto abhiramassu
(1V 1.1.1.1: Sudinnabhāṇavāra)
🚻②⨂(puñña) 🚹①⨀(√kara + ntu) ⏯🤘⨀(abhiramati)
merits | doing | enjoy yourself

aparihīno kālaṃ kurumāno
(15A3 3.2.4: Āneñjasutta)
🚹①⨀(aparihīna) 🚹②⨀(kāla) 🚹①⨀(√kara + māna)
without having fallen away | his time | making (dying)

na bhuñjamāno sabbaṃ hatthaṃ mukhe pakkhipissāmi
(2V 1.7.5.2: Dutiyaanāhaṭasikkhāpada)
🔼(na) 🚹①⨀(√bhuja + māna) 🚹②⨀(sabba) 🚹②⨀(hattha) 🚻⑦⨀(mukha) ⏯👆⨀(pakkhipati)
not | eating | the whole | hand | into the mouth | I shall put

yathāpi bhikkhu bhikkhanto
(21Bu 2: Sumedhapatthanākathā)
🔼(yathā) 🔼(api) 🚹①⨀(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(√bhikkha + ntu)
just | as | a bhikkhu | begging

§656 (666): Chadādīhi ta traṇa (`ta`, `traṇ` after `chada` and the like) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	chadādīhi (dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	ta\|traṇa		(yathāsambhavaṃ)
	after `chada` and the like		(suffixes are added)	`ta`\|`traṇ`		(as each root admits)

Chada citi su nī vida pada tanu yata ada mada yuja vatu mida mā pu kala vara vepu gupa dā³² iccevamādīhi dhātūhi tatraṇa iccete paccayā honti yathāsambhavaṃ.

Ātapaṃ chādetīti chattaṃ, chatraṃ.

Ārammaṇaṃ cintetīti cittaṃ, citraṃ. Cintenti sampayuttadhammā etenāti³³ vā cittaṃ, citraṃ.

Atthe abhissavetīti suttaṃ, sutraṃ. Atthe sūcetīti vā suttaṃ, sutraṃ³⁴.

Satte netīti nettaṃ, netraṃ. Satte icchitaṭṭhānaṃ nenti etenāti vā nettaṃ, netraṃ.

Pakārena vidatīti pavittaṃ, pavitraṃ. Vividhena ākārena maṅga pāpaṃ punāti, sodhetīti pavittaṃ, pavitraṃ. Sucibhāvaṃ vā pāpuṇātīti pavittaṃ, pavitraṃ.

Padati pāpuṇātīti patto, patro. Āhārā patanti ettha bhājaneti pattaṃ, patraṃ. Padati pavattatīti vā pattaṃ, patraṃ.

Tanoti vitthāretīti tantaṃ, tantraṃ, tanitabbaṃ vitthāretabbanti vā tantaṃ, tantraṃ³⁵.

Yatatīti yattaṃ, yatraṃ³⁶. Yatati vīriyaṃ karoti etenāti vā yattaṃ, yatraṃ. Yatanaṃ vā yattaṃ, yatraṃ.

Sukhadukkhaṃ adati bhakkhatīti attā, atrā.

Madatīti mattaṃ, matraṃ.

Vatthuṃ yujjanti etenāti yottaṃ, yotraṃ.

Vattatīti vattaṃ, vatraṃ.

Midati sinehaṃ karotīti mittaṃ. Mitraṃ. Midati sinehati etāyāti mettā, metrā.

Pari samantato sabbākārena minanti etāyāti mattā, matrā. Mānanaṃ vā mattaṃ, matraṃ.

Attano kulaṃ punāti sodhetīti putto, putro.

Kalitabbaṃ saṅkhyātabbanti kalattaṃ, kalatraṃ.

Saṃsuṭṭhu vāreti etenāti varattaṃ, varatraṃ.

Vepati kampatīti vettaṃ, vetraṃ.

Gopitabbaṃ rakkhitabbanti guttaṃ. Gutraṃ, gottaṃ, gotraṃ.

Dāti avakhaṇḍati etenāti dāttaṃ, dātraṃ iccevamādi.

The suffixes ta and traṇ are used, as each root admits, after the roots chada (“cover”), citi (“think”), su (“flow; hear”), nī (“lead”), vida (“know”), pada (“go”), tanu (“stretch”), yata (“strive”), ada (“eat”), mada (“be intoxicated”), yuja (“yoke”), vatu (“go on”), mida (“be affectionate”), mā (“measure”), pu (“purify”), kala (“count”), vara (“restrain”), vepu (“tremble”), gupa (“guard”), dā (“cut”) and the like.

Each row gives the ta form and the traṇ form of one word, with the vutti’s gloss.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√chada + ta \| traṇ)	chattaṃ, chatraṃ	“it shields from the heat” (`ātapaṃ chādeti`): a parasol
🚻①⨀(√citi + ta \| traṇ)	cittaṃ, citraṃ	“it thinks of an object”; or “the associated states think by it”: the mind
🚻①⨀(√su + ta \| traṇ)	suttaṃ, sutraṃ	“it pours forth meanings”; or “it indicates meanings”: a discourse; a thread
🚻①⨀(√nī + ta \| traṇ)	nettaṃ, netraṃ	“it leads beings”; or “beings are led by it to the place they wish”: the eye
🚻①⨀(pa + √vida + ta \| traṇ)	pavittaṃ, pavitraṃ	“it knows in [many] ways”; or “it cleanses evil”; or “it attains purity”: pure
🚹①⨀(√pada + ta \| traṇ)	patto, patro	“it goes, it reaches”: a bowl
🚻①⨀(√pada + ta \| traṇ)	pattaṃ, patraṃ	“food falls into this vessel”; or “it goes on”: a bowl; a leaf
🚻①⨀(√tanu + ta \| traṇ)	tantaṃ, tantraṃ	“it stretches out”; or “to be stretched out”: a loom; a thread
🚻①⨀(√yata + ta \| traṇ)	yattaṃ, yatraṃ	“it strives”; “one exerts energy by it”; or “striving”: effort
🚹①⨀(√ada + ta \| traṇ)	attā, atrā	“it eats up pleasure and pain”: the self
🚻①⨀(√mada + ta \| traṇ)	mattaṃ, matraṃ	“it is intoxicated”: intoxicated
🚻①⨀(√yuja + ta \| traṇ)	yottaṃ, yotraṃ	“things are yoked by it”: a yoke-strap, a rope
🚻①⨀(√vatu + ta \| traṇ)	vattaṃ, vatraṃ	“it goes on”: a duty, a practice
🚻①⨀(√mida + ta \| traṇ)	mittaṃ, mitraṃ	“he is affectionate”: a friend
🚺①⨀(√mida + ta \| traṇ)	mettā, metrā	“one is affectionate by it”: loving-kindness
🚺①⨀(√mā + ta \| traṇ)	mattā, matrā	“things are measured by it all around, on all sides, in every way”: measure, moderation
🚻①⨀(√mā + ta \| traṇ)	mattaṃ, matraṃ	“measuring”: a measure, an amount
🚹①⨀(√pu + ta \| traṇ)	putto, putro	“he purifies his family”: a son
🚻①⨀(√kala + ta \| traṇ)	kalattaṃ, kalatraṃ	“to be reckoned”: a wife
🚻①⨀(√vara + ta \| traṇ)	varattaṃ, varatraṃ	“one restrains well by it”: a leather strap
🚻①⨀(√vepu + ta \| traṇ)	vettaṃ, vetraṃ	“it trembles”: a cane
🚻①⨀(√gupa + ta \| traṇ)	guttaṃ, gutraṃ; gottaṃ, gotraṃ	“to be guarded”: guarded; a clan
🚻①⨀(√dā + ta \| traṇ)	dāttaṃ, dātraṃ	“one cuts with it”: a sickle

	√chada + ta	rule
→	chad + (a + ta)	§521
→	cha + (d→t) + ta	§517
→	chatta + si	§601, §55
→	chatta + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	chattaṃ

	√chada + traṇa	rule
→	chad + (a + traṇa)	§521
→	chad + tra + (ṇa)	§621, §523
→	cha + (d→t) + tra	§517
→	cha + (tt→t) + ra	§517
→	chatra + si	§601, §55
→	chatra + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	chatraṃ

	su + ta	rule
→	su + (t→tt) + a	§28
→	sutta + si	§601, §55
→	sutta + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	suttaṃ

	nī + ta	rule
→	n + (ī→e) + (t→tt) + a	§517, §28
→	netta + si	§601, §55
→	netta + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	nettaṃ

	√yuja + ta	rule
→	yuj + (a + ta)	§521
→	yu + (j) + (t→tt) + a	§578
→	y + (u→o) + tta	§485
→	yotta + si	§601, §55
→	yotta + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	yottaṃ

	√gupa + ta	rule
→	gup + (a + ta)	§521
→	gu + (p) + (t→tt) + a	§580
→	g + (u→o) + tta	§485
→	gotta + si	§601, §55
→	gotta + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	gottaṃ

	pu + ta	rule
→	pu + (t→tt) + a	§28
→	putta + si	§601, §55
→	putta + (si→o)	§104
→	putto

chattaṃ nāma tīṇi chattāni
(2V 1.7.6.7: Chattapāṇisikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(√chada + ta) 🔼(nāma) 🚻①⨂(ti) 🚻①⨂(√chada + ta)
a parasol | namely | three | parasols

nettaṃ yācitumāgato
(21Cp 1.1.8: Sivirājacariya)
🚻②⨀(√nī + ta) 🔼(yācituṃ) 🚹①⨀(āgata)
an eye | to ask for | he has come

tantaṃ vināti
(18Ud 3.7: Sakkudānasutta)
🚻②⨀(√tanu + ta) ▶️🤟⨀(vināti)
the loom | he weaves

hirī īsā mano yottaṃ
(12S1 7.2.1: Kasibhāradvājasutta)
🚺①⨀(hirī) 🚺①⨀(īsā) 🚹①⨀(mana) 🚻①⨀(√yuja + ta)
conscience | the pole | mind | the yoke-strap

setaṃ citraṃ kilāsinaṃ
(22J 16.1.6: Mahākapijātaka)
🚹②⨀(seta) 🚹②⨀(√citi + traṇ) 🚹②⨀(kilāsī)
white | blotched | leprous

yo varattaṃ na khādati
(22J 2.10.2: Sunakhajātaka)
⚧️①⨀(ya) 🚻②⨀(√vara + ta) 🔼(na) ▶️🤟⨀(khādati)
who | the leather strap | not | chews through

§657 (667): Vadādīhi ṇitto gaṇe (`ṇitta` after `vada` and the like in the sense of a group) apavada

Vada cara varaiccevamādīhi dhātūhi ṇittapaccayo hoti gaṇatthe.

Vāditānaṃ gaṇo vādittaṃ. Evaṃ cārittaṃ, vārittaṃ, iccevamādi.

The suffix ṇitta is used in the sense of a group (gaṇa) after the roots vada (“sound, speak”), cara (“move, practise”), vara (“restrain”) and the like.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√vada + ṇitta)	vāditānaṃ gaṇo vādittaṃ	“a group of things sounded”: music
🚻①⨀(√cara + ṇitta)	cārittaṃ	conduct, what is to be practised
🚻①⨀(√vara + ṇitta)	vārittaṃ	restraint, what is to be avoided

	√vada + ṇitta	rule
→	vad + (a + ṇitta)	§521
→	vad + (ṇ + itta)	§621, §523
→	v + (a→ā) + ditta	§483
→	vāditta + si	§601, §55
→	vāditta + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	vādittaṃ

cārittaṃ and vārittaṃ are formed in the same way, and so on.

cārittaṃ atha vārittaṃ
(19Th1 10.1.7: (Apara) Gotamattheragāthā)
🚻①⨀(√cara + ṇitta) 🔼(atha) 🚻①⨀(√vara + ṇitta)
what is to be practised | and | what is to be avoided

kulesu cārittaṃ āpajjeyya
(2V 1.5.5.6: Cārittasikkhāpada)
🚻⑦⨂(kula) 🚻②⨀(√cara + ṇitta) ⏯🤟⨀(āpajjati)
among families | visiting | should engage in

§658 (668): Midādīhi ttitiyo (`tti`, `ti` after `mida` and the like) apavada

Mida pada ranja tanu dhāiccevamādīhi dhātūhi tti ti iccete paccayā honti.

Midati sinehatīti metti, padati gacchatīti patti, ranjati etthāti ratti, tanoti vitthāretīti tanti, attano kulaṃ tanoti vitthāretīti vā tanti, paresaṃ itthīnaṃ puttaṃ dhāretīti dhāti, khīraṃ dhāretīti vā dhāti, attano sabhāvaṃ dhāretīti vā dhāti iccevamādi.

The suffixes tti and ti are used after the roots mida (“be affectionate”), pada (“go”), ranja (“be coloured, delight”), tanu (“stretch”), dhā (“hold”) and the like.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(√mida + tti)	midati sinehatīti metti	“one is affectionate”: friendship
🚺①⨀(√pada + ti)	padati gacchatīti patti	“one goes [on foot]”: a foot-soldier; infantry; attainment
🚺①⨀(√ranja + tti)	ranjati etthāti ratti	“one delights in this”: night
🚺①⨀(√tanu + ti)	tanoti vitthāretīti tanti	“it stretches out”; or “it extends one’s family”: a string; a line, a tradition
🚺①⨀(√dhā + ti)	paresaṃ itthīnaṃ puttaṃ dhāretīti dhāti	“she holds another woman’s child”; or “she holds milk”; or “she keeps her own nature”: a nurse

	√mida + tti	rule
→	mid + (a + tti)	§521
→	mi + (d) + tti	§517
→	m + (i→e) + tti	§485
→	metti + si	§601, §55
→	metti + (si)	§220
→	metti

	√pada + ti	rule
→	pad + (a + ti)	§521
→	pa + (d→t) + ti	§517
→	patti + si	§601, §55
→	patti + (si)	§220
→	patti

	ranja + tti	rule
→	ra + (nj) + tti	§517
→	ratti

	dhā + ti	rule
→	dhāti + si	§601, §55
→	dhāti + si	§220
→	dhāti

metti sandhīyate puna
(22J 4.5.3: Kuntinījātaka)
🚺①⨀(√mida + tti) 🔵▶️🤟⨀(sandhīyati) 🔼(puna)
friendship | is joined | again

cattāro purisā sarahatthā patti
(2V 1.5.5.8: Uyyuttasenāsikkhāpada)
⚧️①⨂(catu) 🚹①⨂(purisa) 🚹①⨂(sarahattha) 🚺①⨀(√pada + ti)
four | men | arrows in hand | [make] an infantry unit

yāva ratti vibhāyati
(2V 1.5.7.5: Ūnavīsativassasikkhāpada)
🔼(yāva) 🚺①⨀(√ranja + tti) ▶️🤟⨀(vibhāyati)
until | the night | grows light

pāyantī nāma mātā vā hoti dhāti vā
(2V 2.4.7.2: Pāyantisikkhāpada)
🚺①⨀(pāyantī) 🔼(nāma) 🚺①⨀(mātu) 🔼(vā) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚺①⨀(√dhā + ti) 🔼(vā)
a woman giving suck | namely | a mother | or | is | a nurse | or

§659 (669): Usu ranja daṃsānaṃ daṃsassa daḍḍhoḍha ṭhā ca (`daḍḍha` for `daṃsa`; and `ḍha`, `ṭha` after `usu`, `ranja`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	context
		daṃsassa (dhātussa)	(ādeso)	daḍḍho	usu ranja daṃsānaṃ
ca	(usu ranja dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	ḍha\|ṭhā
		of the root `daṃsa`	(replaced by)	`daḍḍha`	among `usu`, `ranja`, `daṃsa`
and	(after `usu`, `ranja`)		(suffixes are added)	`ḍha`\|`ṭha`

Usu ranja daṃsa iccetesaṃ dhātūnaṃ daṃsassa daḍḍhādeso hoti, ḍha ṭhapaccayā ca honti.

Usīyate uḍḍho, ranjanti etthāti raṭṭhaṃ, daṃsīyateti daḍḍho.

Among the roots usu (“burn”), ranja (“be coloured, delight”) and daṃsa (“bite”), daṃsa is replaced by daḍḍha, and the suffixes ḍha and ṭha are used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√usu + ḍha)	usīyate uḍḍho	“it is burnt”: `uḍḍho`, what is burnt
🚻①⨀(√ranja + ṭha)	ranjanti etthāti raṭṭhaṃ	“[people] delight in this”: a country, a realm
🚹①⨀(√daṃsa → daḍḍha)	daṃsīyateti daḍḍho	“it is bitten”: `daḍḍho`, burnt

	usu + ḍha	rule
→	u + (s) + ḍha	§517
→	u + (ḍh→ḍḍh) + a	§29
→	uḍḍha + si	§601, §55
→	uḍḍha + (si→o)	§104
→	uḍḍho

	√ranja + ṭha	rule
→	ranj + (a + ṭha)	§521
→	ra + (nj) + ṭha	§517
→	ra + (ṭh→ṭṭh) + a	§29
→	raṭṭha + si	§601, §55
→	raṭṭha + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	raṭṭhaṃ

	daṃsa + kvi	rule
→	(daṃsa→daḍḍha) + kvi	§659
→	daḍḍha + ~~kvi~~	§639
→	daḍḍha + si	§601, §55
→	daḍḍha + (si→o)	§104
→	daḍḍho

rājāva raṭṭhaṃ vijitaṃ pahāya
(3V 10.2: Dīghāvuvatthu)
🚹①⨀(rāja) 🔼(iva) 🚻②⨀(√ranja + ṭha) 🚻②⨀(vijita) 🔽(pahāya)
a king | like | realm | conquered | having abandoned

gāmo agginā daḍḍho hoti
(3V 3.7: Antarāyeanāpattivassacchedavāra)
🚹①⨀(gāma) 🚹③⨀(aggi) 🚹①⨀(√daṃsa → daḍḍha) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
the village | by fire | burnt | is

§660 (670): Sūvusānamūvusānamatothoca (`at` for the `ū`, `u`, `asa` of `sū`, `vu`, `asa`; and `tha`) apavada

option	from	operation	to
	sūvusānaṃ ūvusānaṃ	(ādeso)	ato
ca		(paccayo hoti)	tho
	the `ū`, `u`, `asa` of `sū`, `vu`, `asa`	(replaced by)	`at`
and		(suffix is added)	`tha`

Sūvu asa iccetesaṃ dhātūnaṃ ūuasānaṃ atādeso hoti, thapaccayo ca.

Savati hiṃsati etenāti satthaṃ, hirottappaṃ saṃvarati etenāti vatthaṃ, saddānurūpaṃ asati bhavatīti attho,

The ū, u and asa of the roots sū (“hurt”), vu (“cover”) and asa (“be”) are replaced by at, and the suffix tha is used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√sū + tha)	savati hiṃsati etenāti satthaṃ	“one hurts with it”: a weapon, a knife
🚻①⨀(√vu + tha)	hirottappaṃ saṃvarati etenāti vatthaṃ	“one guards one’s modesty with it”: a cloth, clothing
🚹①⨀(√asa + tha)	saddānurūpaṃ asati bhavatīti attho	“it exists in accordance with the word”: meaning

	√sū + tha	rule
→	s + (ū→at) + tha	§660
→	sattha + si	§601, §55
→	sattha + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	satthaṃ

	√vu + tha	rule
→	v + (u→at) + tha	§660
→	vattha + si	§601, §55
→	vattha + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	vatthaṃ

	√asa + tha	rule
→	(asa→at) + tha	§660
→	attha + si	§601, §55
→	attha + (si→o)	§104
→	attho

satthaṃ vā āhara, visaṃ vā khāda
(1V 1.1.3: Tatiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
🚻②⨀(√sū + tha) 🔼(vā) ⏯🤘⨀(āharati) 🚻②⨀(visa) 🔼(vā) ⏯🤘⨀(khādati)
a knife | or | bring | poison | or | eat

suddhaṃ vatthaṃ apagatakāḷakaṃ
(3V 1.11: Bhaddavaggiyavatthu)
🚻①⨀(suddha) 🚻①⨀(√vu + tha) 🚻①⨀(apagatakāḷaka)
clean | cloth | free of stains

vadeyyātha, bhante, yena attho
(1V 1.2.4: Attakāmapāricariyasikkhāpada)
⏯🤘⨂(vadati) 🚹⓪⨀(bhavanta) ⚧️③⨀(ya) 🚹①⨀(√asa + tha)
you should say | venerable sir | of what | [you have] need

§661 (671): Ranjudādīhi dha didda kirā kvaci jadalopoca (`dha`, `da`, `idda`, `ka`, `ira` after `ranja`, `uda` and the like; sometimes `j`, `d` elided) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	context
	ranjudādīhi (dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	dha\|da\|idda\|ka\|irā
kvaci ca		ja da (dhātvantānaṃ)	lopo	ja da	(puna nippajjante)
	after `ranja`, `uda` and the like		(suffixes are added)	`dha`\|`da`\|`idda`\|`ka`\|`ira`
sometimes, and		a root-final `j`, `d`	elision	~~`j`~~ ~~`d`~~	(then formed as usage has them)

Ranja udi³⁷ idi cadi madi khuda chidi rudi dala susa suca vaca vaja iccevamādīhi dhātūhi dha da idda ka ira iccete paccayā honti, kvaci ja da lopo ca, puna nippajjante.

Rañjitabbanti randhaṃ, ranjayitthāti vā randhaṃ, attani sannissitānaṃ macchamakarānaṃ pītisomanassaṃ undati pasavati janetīti samuddo, indati paramissariyaṃ karotīti indo, indattaṃ adhipatibhāvaṃ karotīti vā indo, canditabbo icchitabboti cando, mandati hāsetīti mando, maditabbo hāsetabboti vā mando, khudati pipāsetīti khuddo, chinditabboti chiddo, rudati hiṃsatīti ruddo, dalati duggatabhāvaṃ gacchatīti daliddo, sussatīti sukkaṃ, sucatīti soko, vacitabbanti vakkaṃ, appaṭihato hutvā vajati gacchatīti vajiraṃ iccevamādi.

After the roots ranja (“be coloured, delight”), udi (“be wet, flow”), idi (“rule”), cadi (“shine; desire”), madi (“be glad”), khuda (“be hungry”), chidi (“cut”), rudi (“hurt; weep”), dala (“split; be wretched”), susa (“dry up”), suca (“grieve”), vaca (“speak”), vaja (“go”) and the like, the suffixes dha, da, idda, ka and ira are used, and in some places the j and d are elided (lopa); the words are then formed again.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√ranja + dha)	rañjitabbanti randhaṃ, ranjayitthāti vā randhaṃ	“to be dyed”; or “it was dyed”: an opening, a weak spot
🚹①⨀(saṃ + √udi + da)	attani sannissitānaṃ macchamakarānaṃ pītisomanassaṃ undati pasavati janetīti samuddo	“it makes joy and gladness well up in the fish and sea-monsters that live in it”: the ocean
🚹①⨀(√idi + da)	indati paramissariyaṃ karotīti indo, indattaṃ adhipatibhāvaṃ karotīti vā indo	“he rules, exercises supreme lordship”; or “he exercises the lordship of a ruler”: Inda; a lord
🚹①⨀(√cadi + da)	canditabbo icchitabboti cando	“to be desired”: the moon
🚹①⨀(√madi + da)	mandati hāsetīti mando, maditabbo hāsetabboti vā mando	“he gladdens”; or “he is to be gladdened”: dull, slow
🚹①⨀(√khuda + da)	khudati pipāsetīti khuddo	“he hungers, thirsts”: small, petty
🚹①⨀(√chidi + da)	chinditabboti chiddo	“to be cut”: broken, flawed; a hole
🚹①⨀(√rudi + da)	rudati hiṃsatīti ruddo	“he hurts”: fierce
🚹①⨀(√dala + idda)	dalati duggatabhāvaṃ gacchatīti daliddo	“he splits, falls into wretchedness”: poor
🚻①⨀(√susa + ka)	sussatīti sukkaṃ	“it dries up”: dry; white, bright
🚹①⨀(√suca + ka)	sucatīti soko	“he grieves”: grief
🚻①⨀(√vaca + ka)	vacitabbanti vakkaṃ	“to be spoken”: the kidney
🚻①⨀(√vaja + ira)	appaṭihato hutvā vajati gacchatīti vajiraṃ	“unimpeded, it goes”: a diamond, a thunderbolt

	√ranja + dha	rule
→	ranj + (a + dha)	§521
→	ran + (j) + dha	§661
→	randha + si	§601, §55
→	randha + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	randhaṃ

	idi + da	rule
→	i + (ṃ) + d + da	§517 (the marker `i` inserts a niggahīta)
→	iṃ + (d) + da	§661
→	i + (ṃ→n) + da	§31
→	inda + si	§601, §55
→	inda + (si→o)	§104
→	indo

	chidi + da	rule
→	chid + da	the `d` is kept (`kvaci`)
→	chidda + si	§601, §55
→	chidda + (si→o)	§104
→	chiddo

	√dala + idda	rule
→	dal + (a + idda)	§521
→	dalidda + si	§601, §55
→	dalidda + (si→o)	§104
→	daliddo

	√suca + ka	rule
→	suc + (a) + ka	§521
→	su + (c) + ka	§517
→	s + (u→o) + ka	§517
→	soka + si	§601, §55
→	soka + (si→o)	§104
→	soko

	√vaja + ira	rule
→	vaj + (a + ira)	§521
→	vajira + si	§601, §55
→	vajira + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	vajiraṃ

randhaṃ na passanti samekkhamānā
(19Th1 10.1.3: Mahākappinattheragāthā)
🚻②⨀(√ranja + dha) 🔼(na) ▶️🤟⨂(passati) 🚹①⨂(samekkhamāna)
a weak spot | not | they see | looking closely

sabbo samuddo asīmo
(3V 2.9: Gāmasīmādi)
🚹①⨀(sabba) 🚹①⨀(saṃ + √udi + da) 🚹①⨀(asīma)
the whole | ocean | without a boundary

nakkhattānaṃ mukhaṃ cando
(3V 6.23: Keṇiyajaṭilavatthu)
🚻⑥⨂(nakkhatta) 🚻①⨀(mukha) 🚹①⨀(√cadi + da)
of the stars | the chief | the moon

mando hāsetabbo
(5V 14.1: Anuvijjakassapaṭipatti)
🚹①⨀(√madi + da) 🚹①⨀(hāsetabba)
the dull one | is to be encouraged

so daliddo kammakāro
(2V 1.5.4.3: Paramparabhojanasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(√dala + idda) 🚹①⨀(kammakāra)
that | poor | labourer

§662 (672): Paṭito hissa heraṇa hīraṇa (`heraṇ`, `hīraṇ` for `hi` after `paṭi`) apavada

Paṭi iccetasmā hissa dhātussa heraṇa hīraṇa ādesā honti.

Paṭipakkhe madditvā gacchati pavattatīti pāṭiheraṃ, pāṭihīraṃ.

After paṭi, the root hi (“go”) is replaced by heraṇa and hīraṇa.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(paṭi + √hi + kvi)	paṭipakkhe madditvā gacchati pavattatīti pāṭiheraṃ	“it goes on, crushing the opposition”: a marvel, a miracle
🚻①⨀(paṭi + √hi + kvi)	pāṭihīraṃ	a marvel, a miracle

	paṭi + √hi + kvi	rule
→	paṭi + hi + ~~kvi~~	§639
→	paṭi + (hi→heraṇa)	§662
→	paṭi + heraṇa	§523
→	p + (a→ā)ṭi + hera	§404
→	pāṭihera + si	§601, §55
→	pāṭihera + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	pāṭiheraṃ

pāṭihīraṃ follows pāṭiheraṃ.

pāṭiheraṃ daṭṭhukāmā
(20Ap1 3.2: Upavānattheraapadāna)
🚻②⨀(paṭi + √hi + kvi) 🚹①⨂(daṭṭhukāma)
the marvel | wishing to see

disvāna taṃ pāṭihīraṃ
(20Ap1 52.9: Sabbaphaladāyakattheraapadāna)
🔽(disvāna) 🚻②⨀(ta) 🚻②⨀(paṭi + √hi + kvi)
having seen | that | marvel

paṭhamaṃ pāṭihāriyaṃ
(3V 1.12: Uruvelapāṭihāriyakathā)
🚻①⨀(paṭhama) 🚻①⨀(paṭi + √hara + ṇya)
the first | miracle

§663 (673): Kaḍyādīhi ko (`ka` after `kaḍi` and the like) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	kaḍyādīhi (dhātūhi)		(paccayo hoti)	ko		(saha paccayena nippajjante yathāsambhavaṃ)
	after `kaḍi` and the like		(suffix is added)	`ka`		(formed together with the suffix, as each admits)

The CST’s sutta list prints Kaḍhādīhi ko; the heading follows the CST’s vutti section and the Rūpasiddhi, Kaḍyādīhi, which the vutti’s root list Kaḍi … requires.

Kaḍi ghaḍi vaḍi karaḍi maḍi saḍi kuṭhi bhaḍi paḍi daḍi raḍi taḍi isiḍi caḍi gaḍi aḍi laḍi meḍi eraḍi khaḍi iccevamādīhi dhātūhi kapaccayo hoti saha paccayena ca nippajjante yathāsambhavaṃ.

Kaṇḍitabbo chinditabboti kaṇḍo, ghaṇḍitabbo ghaṭetabboti ghaṇḍo³⁸, vaṇḍanti etthāti vaṇḍo, karaṇḍitabbo bhājetabboti karaṇḍo, maṇḍīyate vibhūsīyate etenāti maṇḍo, saṇḍanti gumbanti etthāti saṇḍo, aṅgamaṅgāni kuṇṭhati chindatīti kuṭṭhaṃ, bhaṇḍitabbanti bhaṇḍaṃ, paṇḍati liṅgavekallabhāvaṃ gacchatīti paṇḍako.

Daṇḍati āṇaṃ karoti etenāti daṇḍo, raṇḍati hiṃsatīti raṇḍo, visesena taṇḍati cāleti paresaṃ viññūnaṃ hadayaṃ kampetīti vitaṇḍo, isiṇḍati paresaṃ maddatīti isiṇḍo, caṇḍati caṇḍikkabhāvaṃ karotīti caṇḍo, gaṇḍati sannicayati samūhaṃ karoti etthāti gaṇḍo, aṇḍīyati nibbattīyatīti aṇḍo, laṇḍitabbo jigucchitabboti laṇḍo, meṇḍati kuṭilabhāvaṃ gacchatīti meṇḍo, eraṇḍati rogaṃ hiṃsatīti eraṇḍo, khaṇḍitabbo chinditabboti khaṇḍo iccevamādi.

After the roots kaḍi, ghaḍi, vaḍi, karaḍi, maḍi, saḍi, kuṭhi, bhaḍi, paḍi, daḍi, raḍi, taḍi, isiḍi, caḍi, gaḍi, aḍi, laḍi, meḍi, eraḍi, khaḍi and the like, the suffix ka is used, and the words are formed together with the suffix, as the case may be.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√kaḍi + ka)	kaṇḍitabbo chinditabboti kaṇḍo	“to be cut”: an arrow; a section
🚹①⨀(√ghaḍi + ka)	ghaṇḍitabbo ghaṭetabboti ghaṇḍo	“to be struck”: a bell; a bee
🚹①⨀(√vaḍi + ka)	vaṇḍanti etthāti vaṇḍo	“[the leaves] hold together on this”: a stalk
🚹①⨀(√karaḍi + ka)	karaṇḍitabbo bhājetabboti karaṇḍo	“to be apportioned”: a basket, a casket
🚹①⨀(√maḍi + ka)	maṇḍīyate vibhūsīyate etenāti maṇḍo	“one is adorned by it”: an ornament; the cream, the best part
🚹①⨀(√saḍi + ka)	saṇḍanti gumbanti etthāti saṇḍo	“[trees] cluster in this”: a grove, a thicket
🚻①⨀(√kuṭhi + ka)	aṅgamaṅgāni kuṇṭhati chindatīti kuṭṭhaṃ	“it cuts off limb after limb”: leprosy
🚻①⨀(√bhaḍi + ka)	bhaṇḍitabbanti bhaṇḍaṃ	“to be stored up”: goods
🚹①⨀(√paḍi + ka)	paṇḍati liṅgavekallabhāvaṃ gacchatīti paṇḍako	“he falls into deficiency of sex”: a eunuch (the `ka` kept)
🚹①⨀(√daḍi + ka)	daṇḍati āṇaṃ karoti etenāti daṇḍo	“one commands by it”: a staff; punishment
🚹①⨀(√raḍi + ka)	raṇḍati hiṃsatīti raṇḍo	“he hurts”: `raṇḍo`, one who hurts
🚹①⨀(vi + √taḍi + ka)	visesena taṇḍati cāleti paresaṃ viññūnaṃ hadayaṃ kampetīti vitaṇḍo	“he especially shakes the hearts of other wise men”: a sophist
🚹①⨀(√isiḍi + ka)	isiṇḍati paresaṃ maddatīti isiṇḍo	“he crushes others”: `isiṇḍo`, a crusher
🚹①⨀(√caḍi + ka)	caṇḍati caṇḍikkabhāvaṃ karotīti caṇḍo	“he behaves fiercely”: fierce
🚹①⨀(√gaḍi + ka)	gaṇḍati sannicayati samūhaṃ karoti etthāti gaṇḍo	“[matter] collects, gathers in this”: a boil
🚹①⨀(√aḍi + ka)	aṇḍīyati nibbattīyatīti aṇḍo	“it is brought forth”: an egg
🚹①⨀(√laḍi + ka)	laṇḍitabbo jigucchitabboti laṇḍo	“to be loathed”: dung
🚹①⨀(√meḍi + ka)	meṇḍati kuṭilabhāvaṃ gacchatīti meṇḍo	“it goes crooked”: a ram
🚹①⨀(√eraḍi + ka)	eraṇḍati rogaṃ hiṃsatīti eraṇḍo	“it destroys disease”: the castor-oil plant
🚹①⨀(√khaḍi + ka)	khaṇḍitabbo chinditabboti khaṇḍo	“to be cut”: a piece; broken

	√kaḍi + ka	rule
→	kaḍ + (i + ka)	§521
→	ka + (ṃ) + ḍ + ka	§517
→	kaṃḍ + (k + a)	§517
→	ka + (ṃ→ṇ) + ḍa	§31
→	kaṇḍa + si	§601, §55
→	kaṇḍa + (si→o)	§104
→	kaṇḍo

	√paḍi + ka	rule
→	paḍ + (i + ka)	§521
→	pa + (ṃ) + ḍ + ka	§517
→	pa + (ṃ→ṇ) + ḍaka	§31
→	paṇḍaka + si	§601, §55
→	paṇḍaka + (si→o)	§104
→	paṇḍako

The other words follow kaṇḍo.

na taṃ kaṇḍaṃ jānāmi yenamhi viddho
(10M 2.3: Cūḷamālukyasutta)
🔼(na) 🚹②⨀(ta) 🚹②⨀(√kaḍi + ka) ▶️👆⨀(jānāti) ⚧️③⨀(ya) ▶️👆⨀(atthi) 🚹①⨀(viddha)
not | that | arrow | I know | by which | I am | pierced

kuṭṭhaṃ, gaṇḍo, kilāso, soso, apamāro
(3V 1.26: Pañcābādhavatthu)
🚻①⨀(√kuṭhi + ka) 🚹①⨀(√gaḍi + ka) 🚹①⨀(kilāsa) 🚹①⨀(sosa) 🚹①⨀(apamāra)
leprosy | boils | vitiligo | consumption | epilepsy

oṭṭho meṇḍo goṇo gadrabho
(2V 1.5.1.3: Pesuññasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(oṭṭha) 🚹①⨀(√meḍi + ka) 🚹①⨀(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(gadrabha)
a camel | a ram | an ox | a donkey

eraṇḍo anto rukkhānaṃ
(22J 3.5.5: Antajātaka)
🚹①⨀(√eraḍi + ka) 🚹①⨀(anta) 🚹⑥⨂(rukkha)
the castor-oil plant | the lowest | of trees

§664 (674): Khādāmagamānaṃ kha ndha’ndha gandhā (`khandha`, `andha`, `gandha` for `khāda`, `ama`, `gamu`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		khādāmagamānaṃ (dhātūnaṃ)	(ādesā)	khandha\|andha\|gandhā		(ko)
		of the roots `khāda`, `ama`, `gamu`	(replaced by)	`khandha`\|`andha`\|`gandha`		(with the suffix `ka`)

Khāda ama gamu iccetesaṃ dhātūnaṃ khandha andha gandhādesā honti, kapaccayo ca hoti.

Jātijarāmaraṇādīhi saṃsāradukkhehi khāditabboti khandho, amati aṅgamaṅgassa rujjanabhāvaṃ gacchatīti andho, cakkhunā amati rujjatīti vā andho, taṃ taṃ ṭhānaṃ vātena gacchatīti gandho. Evaṃ khandhako, andhako, gandhako.

The roots khāda (“eat”), ama (“go; be ill”) and gamu (“go”) are replaced by khandha, andha and gandha, and the suffix ka is used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√khāda → khandha + ka)	jātijarāmaraṇādīhi saṃsāradukkhehi khāditabboti khandho	“to be devoured by the sufferings of the round — birth, ageing, death and the rest”: an aggregate; a mass; the shoulder
🚹①⨀(√ama → andha + ka)	amati aṅgamaṅgassa rujjanabhāvaṃ gacchatīti andho, cakkhunā amati rujjatīti vā andho	“he goes to the injury of limb after limb”; or “he is afflicted in the eye”: blind
🚹①⨀(√gamu → gandha + ka)	taṃ taṃ ṭhānaṃ vātena gacchatīti gandho	“it goes to this place and that on the wind”: scent
🚹①⨀(√khāda → khandha + ka)	khandhako	with the `ka` kept: a section [of the Vinaya]
🚹①⨀(√ama → andha + ka)	andhako	a gadfly; an Andhaka
🚹①⨀(√gamu → gandha + ka)	gandhako	fragrant

	√khāda + ka	rule
→	(khāda→khandha) + ka	§664
→	khandha + (k + a)	§517
→	khandh + (a + a)	§521
→	khandha + si	§601, §55
→	khandha + (si→o)	§104
→	khandho

	gamu + ka	rule
→	(gamu→gandha) + ka	§664
→	gandhaka + si	§601, §55
→	gandhaka + (si→o)	§104
→	gandhako

yo mahantataro khandho so palujjeyya
(14S5 3.2.3: Cundasutta)
⚧️①⨀(ya) 🚹①⨀(mahantatara) 🚹①⨀(√khāda → khandha + ka) ⚧️①⨀(ta) ⏯🤟⨀(palujjati)
which | the largest | trunk | that | would break off

na, bhikkhave, andho pabbājetabbo
(3V 1.57: Napabbājetabbadvattiṃsavāra)
🔼(na) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(√ama → andha + ka) 🚹①⨀(pabbājetabba)
not | bhikkhus | a blind man | is to be given the going forth

na vaṇṇo na gandho na raso paññāyati
(3V 6.2: Mūlādibhesajjakathā)
🔼(na) 🚹①⨀(vaṇṇa) 🔼(na) 🚹①⨀(√gamu → gandha + ka) 🔼(na) 🚹①⨀(rasa) 🔵▶️🤟⨀(paññāyati)
not | colour | not | smell | not | taste | is perceived

§665 (675): Paṭādīhyalaṃ (`ala` after `paṭa` and the like) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	paṭādīhi (dhātūhi pāṭipadikehi ca)		(paccayo hoti)	alaṃ		(uttarapadesu; pacchā puna nippajjante)
	after `paṭa` and the like (roots, and nominal lemmas)		(suffix is added)	`ala`		(as the latter member; the words then formed)

Paṭa kala kusa kada bhaganda mekha vakka takka palla sadda mūla bila vida caḍi³⁹ pañca vā vasa paci maca musa gotthu puthu bahu maṅga baha kamba samba aggaiccevamādīhi dhātūhi pāṭipadikehi ca uttarapadesu alapaccayo hoti, pacchā puna nippajjante.

Paṭe alanti paṭalaṃ⁴⁰, kale alanti kalalaṃ, pāpake akusale dhamme kusati chindatīti kusalaṃ, kusabhūte yathāsabhāvadhamme alanti vā kusalaṃ, kuse uddissa dāne alanti vā kusalaṃ, kuse sañcaye dhammasamudāye alanti vā kusalaṃ, kadde madde alanti kadalaṃ, bhagande secane alanti bhagandalaṃ, bhagande muttakarīsaharaṇe alanti vā bhagandalaṃ, mekhe kaṭivicitte alanti mekhalaṃ, vakke rukkhatace alanti vakkalaṃ, takke rukkhasilese alanti takkalaṃ, palle ninnaṭṭhāne alanti pallalaṃ, sadde harite alanti saddalaṃ, mūle patiṭṭhāne alanti mulālaṃ, biḷe nissaye alanti bilālaṃ, vide vijjamāne alanti vidalaṃ, caṇḍe alanti caṇḍālo, pañcannaṃ rājūnaṃ alanti pañcālo, vā gatigandhanesu alanti vālaṃ, vā padagamane alanti vā vāḷo, vase acchādane alanti vasalo, pace vitthāre alanti pacalo, mace corakamme alanti macalo, muse theyye, muse pāṇacāge vā alanti musalo, gotte vaṃse siṅgālajātiyaṃ alanti gotthulo, puthumhi vitthāre alanti puthulo, bahumhi saṅkhyāne alanti bahulo, bahumhi vuddhimhi alanti vā bahulo, maṅgamhi gamane alanti maṅgalaṃ, bahumhi vuddhimhi alanti bahalaṃ, kambamhi sañcalane alanti kambalaṃ.

Sambamhi maṇḍale alanti sambalaṃ, agge gatikoṭille alanti aggaḷaṃ. Iccevamādayo aññepi saddā bhavanti.

After paṭa, kala, kusa, kada, bhaganda, mekha, vakka, takka, palla, sadda, mūla, bila, vida, caḍi, pañca, vā, vasa, paci, maca, musa, gotthu, puthu, bahu, maṅga, baha, kamba, samba, agga and the like, whether roots or nominal lemmas, the suffix ala is used as the last member, and the words are afterwards formed again.

Each gloss has the shape “X-e alaṃ”, “fit for X”, which the meaning column keeps.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√paṭa + ala)	paṭe alanti paṭalaṃ	“fit for spreading”, or, with `paṭa` the noun, “fit for a cloth”: a layer, a film
🚻①⨀(√kala + ala)	kale alanti kalalaṃ	“fit for `kala`”: mud; the first stage of the embryo
🚻①⨀(√kusa + ala)	pāpake akusale dhamme kusati chindatīti kusalaṃ	“it cuts off evil, unwholesome states”; or “fit for states that are `kusa`, as they really are”; “fit for a gift dedicated to `kusa`”; “fit for `kusa`, the accumulation, the collection of states”: wholesome; skilful
🚻①⨀(√kada + ala)	kadde madde alanti kadalaṃ	“fit for mud and mire”: the plantain
🚻①⨀(√bhaganda + ala)	bhagande secane alanti bhagandalaṃ	“fit for `bhaganda`, discharge”; or “for passing urine and faeces”: fistula
🚻①⨀(√mekha + ala)	mekhe kaṭivicitte alanti mekhalaṃ	“fit for the adornment of the waist”: a girdle
🚻①⨀(√vakka + ala)	vakke rukkhatace alanti vakkalaṃ	“fit for tree-bark”: bark cloth
🚻①⨀(√takka + ala)	takke rukkhasilese alanti takkalaṃ	“fit for tree-resin”: the `takkala` bulb
🚻①⨀(√palla + ala)	palle ninnaṭṭhāne alanti pallalaṃ	“fit for a low place”: a marsh, a pond
🚻①⨀(√sadda + ala)	sadde harite alanti saddalaṃ	“fit for greenness”: fresh grass
🚻①⨀(√mūla + ala)	mūle patiṭṭhāne alanti mulālaṃ	“fit for the root, the base”: lotus root
🚻①⨀(√bila + ala)	biḷe nissaye alanti bilālaṃ	“fit for a hole, a resort”: a cat
🚻①⨀(√vida + ala)	vide vijjamāne alanti vidalaṃ	“fit for what is”: a split bamboo
🚹①⨀(√caḍi + ala)	caṇḍe alanti caṇḍālo	“fit for fierceness”: an outcaste
🚹①⨀(pañca + ala)	pañcannaṃ rājūnaṃ alanti pañcālo	“fit for five kings”: a Pañcāla
🚻①⨀(√vā + ala)	vā gatigandhanesu alanti vālaṃ	“fit for `vā`, going and hurting”: a hair [of the tail]
🚹①⨀(√vā + ala)	vā padagamane alanti vā vāḷo	“fit for `vā`, going on foot”: a beast of prey
🚹①⨀(√vasa + ala)	vase acchādane alanti vasalo	“fit for `vasa`, covering”: an outcaste, a wretch
🚹①⨀(√paci + ala)	pace vitthāre alanti pacalo	“fit for `paca`, spreading”: `pacalo`
🚹①⨀(√maca + ala)	mace corakamme alanti macalo	“fit for `maca`, thieving”: `macalo`
🚹①⨀(√musa + ala)	muse theyye, muse pāṇacāge vā alanti musalo	“fit for `musa`, theft, or for the taking of life”: a pestle, a club
🚹①⨀(gotthu + ala)	gotte vaṃse siṅgālajātiyaṃ alanti gotthulo	“fit for the clan, the lineage of jackals”: a jackal
🚹①⨀(puthu + ala)	puthumhi vitthāre alanti puthulo	“fit for `puthu`, breadth”: broad
🚹①⨀(bahu + ala)	bahumhi saṅkhyāne alanti bahulo, bahumhi vuddhimhi alanti vā bahulo	“fit for `bahu`, in number”; or “in growth”: abundant
🚻①⨀(√maṅga + ala)	maṅgamhi gamane alanti maṅgalaṃ	“fit for `maṅga`, going [forward]”: good fortune, a blessing
🚻①⨀(√baha + ala)	bahumhi vuddhimhi alanti bahalaṃ	“fit for `baha`, growth”: thick, dense
🚻①⨀(√kamba + ala)	kambamhi sañcalane alanti kambalaṃ	“fit for `kamba`, moving about”: a woollen blanket
🚻①⨀(√samba + ala)	sambamhi maṇḍale alanti sambalaṃ	“fit for `samba`, a circle”: provisions [for a journey]
🚻①⨀(√agga + ala)	agge gatikoṭille alanti aggaḷaṃ	“fit for `agga`, crooked going”: a bolt, a bar; a patch

	√paṭa + ala	rule
→	paṭ + (a + ala)	§521
→	paṭala + si	§601, §55
→	paṭala + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	paṭalaṃ

	caḍi + ala	rule
→	ca + (ṃ→ṇ) + ḍ + ala	§517, §31
→	caṇḍ + (a→ā) + la	§404
→	caṇḍāla + si	§601, §55
→	caṇḍāla + (si→o)	§104
→	caṇḍālo

	pañca + ala	rule
→	pañc + (a + ala)	§83
→	pañc + (a→ā) + la	§404
→	pañcāla + si	§601, §55
→	pañcāla + (si→o)	§104
→	pañcālo

	bahu + ala	rule
→	bahu + (a + la)	§404
→	bahula + si	§601, §55
→	bahula + (si→o)	§104
→	bahulo

	agga + ala	rule
→	agg + (a + ala)	§83
→	agga + (l→ḷ) + a	§404
→	aggaḷa + si	§601, §55
→	aggaḷa + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	aggaḷaṃ

paṭhamaṃ kalalaṃ hoti
(12S1 10.1.1: Indakasutta)
🔼(paṭhamaṃ) 🚻①⨀(√kala + ala) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
first | the embryo | there is

mahantaṃ ninnaṃ pallalaṃ
(9M 2.9: Dvedhāvitakkasutta)
🚻①⨀(mahanta) 🚻①⨀(ninna) 🚻①⨀(√palla + ala)
a great | low-lying | marsh

caṇḍālo veno nesādo rathakāro pukkuso
(2V 1.5.1.3: Pesuññasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(√caḍi + ala) 🚹①⨀(vena) 🚹①⨀(nesāda) 🚹①⨀(rathakāra) 🚹①⨀(pukkusa)
an outcaste | a bamboo-worker | a hunter | a chariot-maker | a scavenger

taṃ jaññā vasalo iti
(18Sn 1.7: Vasalasutta)
🚹②⨀(ta) ⏯🤟⨀(jānāti) 🚹①⨀(√vasa + ala) 🔼(iti)
him | one should know | a wretch | thus

parittaṃ sambalaṃ ādāya
(12S2 1.7.3: Puttamaṃsasutta)
🚻②⨀(paritta) 🚻②⨀(√samba + ala) 🔽(ādāya)
scanty | provisions | taking

navarattaṃ kambalaṃ pārutā
(1V 1.2.3.2: Vinītavatthu)
🚻②⨀(navaratta) 🚻②⨀(√kamba + ala) 🚺①⨀(pārutā)
a newly dyed | woollen blanket | wrapped in

§666 (676): Puthassa puthu pathā mo vā (`puthu`, `patha` for `putha`; in some places `ama`) apavada

option	from	operation	to	context
	puthassa (pāṭipadikassa)	(ādesā)	puthu\|pathā
vā		(paccayo hoti)	(a)mo	(kvaci)
	of the nominal lemma `putha`	(replaced by)	`puthu`\|`patha`
in some places		(suffix is added)	`ama`

Putha iccetassa pāṭipadikassa puthu pathādesā honti, kvaci amapaccayo hoti.

Putha hutvā jātanti puthavī pathame jāto pathamo, pathavī, paṭhamo vā, puthu kilese janetīti puthujjano, puthu hutvā jātanti pathavī⁴¹, paṭhavī vā.

The nominal lemma putha (“broad, wide”) is replaced by puthu and patha, and in some places the suffix ama is used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(√putha + kvi)	putha hutvā jātanti puthavī	“born having become broad”: the earth
🚹①⨀(√putha + ama)	pathame jāto pathamo	“born at the beginning”: first
🚺①⨀(√putha + kvi)	pathavī	the earth
🚹①⨀(√putha + ama)	paṭhamo	first (with `ṭh`)
🚹①⨀(√putha + jana)	puthu kilese janetīti puthujjano	“he generates many defilements”: an ordinary person
🚺①⨀(√putha + kvi)	puthu hutvā jātanti pathavī	“born having become broad”: the earth
🚺①⨀(√putha + kvi)	paṭhavī	the earth (with `ṭh`)

	√putha + kvi	rule
→	(putha→puthu) + ~~kvi~~	§666, §639
→	puthu + ī	§238
→	puth + (u→ava) + ī	§78 (`ca`)
→	puthav + (a + ī)	§521
→	puthavī + si (🚺①⨀)	§601, §55
→	puthavī + si	§220
→	puthavī

	√putha + ama	rule
→	(putha→patha) + ama	§666
→	path + (a + ama)	§521
→	pathama + si	§601, §55
→	pathama + (si→o)	§104
→	pathamo

	√putha + jana	rule
→	(putha→puthu) + jana	§666
→	puthu + (j→jj) + ana	§28
→	puthujjana + si	§601, §55
→	puthujjana + (si→o)	§104
→	puthujjano

nabhato puthavī yathā
(19Th1 18.1.1: Mahākassapattheragāthā)
🚹⑤⨀(nabha) 🚺①⨀(putha + ī) 🔼(yathā)
from the sky | the earth | as

jātā ca pathavī ajātā ca pathavī
(2V 1.5.1.10: Pathavīkhaṇanasikkhāpada)
🚺①⨀(jātā) 🔼(ca) 🚺①⨀(putha → patha + ī) 🚺①⨀(ajātā) 🔼(ca) 🚺①⨀(putha → patha + ī)
natural | and | earth | unnatural | and | earth

ayaṃ, bhikkhave, paṭhamo mahācoro
(1V 1.1.4: Catutthapārājikasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(putha → patha + ama) 🚹①⨀(mahācora)
this | bhikkhus | the first | great thief

puthujjano tathāgatassa vaṇṇaṃ vadamāno
(6D 1.2.1: Cūḷasīla)
🚹①⨀(putha → puthu + jana) 🚹⑥⨀(tathāgata) 🚹②⨀(vaṇṇa) 🚹①⨀(vadamāna)
an ordinary person | of the Tathāgata | praise | speaking

§667 (677): Sasvādīhi tu davo (`tu`, `du` after `sasu` and the like) apavada

Sasu dada ada madaiccevamādīhi dhātūhi tu du iccete paccayā honti.

Aññe satte sasati hiṃsatīti sattu, dukkhaṃ dadātīti daddu, dukkhena adati bhakkhati etthāti addu, dukkhaṃ adati anubhavati jano etenāti vā addu, dukkhaṃ bhājanaṃ ādhāraṃ bhavatīti⁴² vā addu, madati ummattaṃ karotīti maddu, madati maddabhāvaṃ karotīti vā maddu.

After the roots sasu (“hurt”), dada (“give”), ada (“eat”), mada (“be intoxicated”) and the like, the suffixes tu and du are used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√sasu + tu)	aññe satte sasati hiṃsatīti sattu	“he hurts other beings”: an enemy
🚺①⨀(√dada + du)	dukkhaṃ dadātīti daddu	“it gives pain”: ringworm
🚹①⨀(√ada + du)	dukkhena adati bhakkhati etthāti addu, dukkhaṃ adati anubhavati jano etenāti vā addu, dukkhaṃ bhājanaṃ ādhāraṃ bhavatīti vā addu	“one eats with difficulty in it”; or “a person suffers pain by it”; or “it is a vessel, a receptacle of pain”: a shackle
🚹①⨀(√mada + du)	madati ummattaṃ karotīti maddu, madati maddabhāvaṃ karotīti vā maddu	“it maddens”; or “it makes soft”: `maddu`, an intoxicant; soft

	√sasu + tu	rule
→	sas + (u + tu)	§521
→	sa + (s→t) + tu	§517
→	sattu + si	§601, §55
→	sattu + (si)	§220
→	sattu

	dada + du	rule
→	dad + (a) + du	§83
→	daddu + si	§601, §55
→	daddu + si	§220
→	daddu

addu and maddu follow daddu.

gahitā tena sattunā
(22J 16.1.9: Sambulājātaka)
🚺①⨀(gahitā) 🚹③⨀(ta) 🚹③⨀(√sasu + tu)
seized | by that | enemy

odano, kummāso, sattu, maccho, maṃsaṃ
(2V 1.5.4.5: Pavāraṇāsikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(odana) 🚹①⨀(kummāsa) 🚹①⨀(√sasu + tu) 🚹①⨀(maccha) 🚻①⨀(maṃsa)
boiled rice | barley gruel | barley-meal | fish | meat

daddu kacchu ca me natthi
(20Ap1 34.6: Pabhaṅkarattheraapadāna)
🚺①⨀(√dada + du) 🚺①⨀(kacchu) 🔼(ca) ⚧️④⨀(amha) 🔼(na) ▶️🤟⨀(atthi)
ringworm | itch | and | for me | not | there is

§668 (678): Cyādīhi īvaro (`īvara` after `ci`, `pā`, `dhā` and the like) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	cyādīhi (dhātūhi)		(paccayo hoti)	īvaro
	after `ci` and the like		(suffix is added)	`īvara`

The CST’s vutti section and the Rūpasiddhi print Jhādīhi īvaro; the heading follows the CST’s sutta list and Senart’s edition, Cyādīhi, which the vutti’s Ci pā dhā requires.

Ci pā dhāiccevamādīhi dhātūhi īvarapaccayo hoti.

Cīyatīti cīvaraṃ, pivatīti pīvaro, pātabbaṃ rakkhitabbanti vā pīvaraṃ. Dhāreti dhāretvā jīvitaṃ kappetīti dhīvaro, dhīvaraṃ.

After the roots ci (“heap up”), pā (“drink; protect”), dhā (“hold”) and the like, the suffix īvara is used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√ci + īvara)	cīyatīti cīvaraṃ	“it is heaped up”: a robe
🚹①⨀(√pā + īvara)	pivatīti pīvaro	“he drinks”: plump, well-fed
🚻①⨀(√pā + īvara)	pātabbaṃ rakkhitabbanti vā pīvaraṃ	or “to be protected”: `pīvaraṃ`
🚹①⨀(√dhā + īvara)	dhāreti dhāretvā jīvitaṃ kappetīti dhīvaro	“he holds, and by holding makes his living”: a fisherman
🚻①⨀(√dhā + īvara)	dhīvaraṃ	the same, in the neuter

	√ci + īvara	rule
→	c + (i + īvara)	§83
→	cīvara + si	§601, §55
→	cīvara + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	cīvaraṃ

	pā + īvara	rule
→	p + (ā + īvara)	§83
→	pīvara + si	§601, §55
→	pīvara + (si→o)	§104
→	pīvaro

dhīvaro follows pīvaro.

bahuṃ tumhākaṃ cīvaraṃ uppannaṃ
(1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(bahu) ⚧️⑥⨂(tumha) 🚻①⨀(√ci + īvara) 🚻①⨀(uppanna)
much | your | robe-cloth | has come in

§669 (679): Munādīhi ci (`i` after `muna` and the like, and after nominal lemmas) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	munādīhi (dhātūhi pāṭipadikehi ca)		(paccayo hoti)	i
and	after `muna` and the like (roots, and nominal lemmas)		(suffix is added)	`i`

Muna yata agga pata kava suca ruca mahāla bhaddāla mana⁴³ iccevamādīhi dhātūhi, pāṭipadikehi ca ipaccayo hoti.

Atthānatthaṃ munāti, ñeyyadhammaṃ lakkhaṇādivasena vā jānātīti muni, yatati vīriyaṃ karotīti yati, aggati kuṭilabhāvaṃ gacchatīti aggi, patati seṭṭho hutvā purato gacchatīti pati, kabyaṃ bandhatīti kavi, kantaṃ manāpavacanaṃ vadatīti vā kavi.

Sucati parisuddhaṃ bhavatīti suci, rucati dibbatīti ruci, mahantaṃ vibhavaṃ⁴⁴ bhogakkhandhaṃ lātīti mahāli, bhaddaṃ yasaṃ lātīti bhaddāli, manaṃ tattha ratane nayatīti maṇi.

After muna (“know”), yata (“strive”), agga (“go crookedly”), pata (“go; fall”), kava (“compose”), suca (“be pure”), ruca (“shine”), mahāla, bhaddāla, mana and the like, whether roots or nominal lemmas, the suffix i is used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√muna + i)	atthānatthaṃ munāti, ñeyyadhammaṃ lakkhaṇādivasena vā jānātīti muni	“he knows good from harm”; or “he knows what is to be known by way of its characteristics and so on”: a sage
🚹①⨀(√yata + i)	yatati vīriyaṃ karotīti yati	“he strives, makes effort”: an ascetic
🚹①⨀(√agga + i)	aggati kuṭilabhāvaṃ gacchatīti aggi	“it goes crookedly”: fire
🚹①⨀(√pata + i)	patati seṭṭho hutvā purato gacchatīti pati	“he goes in front as the chief”: a lord; a husband
🚹①⨀(√kava + i)	kabyaṃ bandhatīti kavi, kantaṃ manāpavacanaṃ vadatīti vā kavi	“he composes poetry”; or “he speaks lovely, pleasing words”: a poet
🚹①⨀(√suca + i)	sucati parisuddhaṃ bhavatīti suci	“he is pure”: pure, clean
🚺①⨀(√ruca + i)	rucati dibbatīti ruci	“it shines”: liking, inclination; brightness
🚹①⨀(mahāla + i)	mahantaṃ vibhavaṃ bhogakkhandhaṃ lātīti mahāli	“he takes a great fortune, a mass of wealth”: Mahāli
🚹①⨀(bhaddāla + i)	bhaddaṃ yasaṃ lātīti bhaddāli	“he takes good repute”: Bhaddāli
🚹①⨀(mana + i)	manaṃ tattha ratane nayatīti maṇi	“it leads the mind to itself, the jewel”: a gem

	muna + i	rule
→	mun + (a + i)	§83
→	muni + si	§601, §55
→	muni + si	§220
→	muni

	mana + i	rule
→	man + (a + i)	§521
→	ma + (n→ṇ) + i	§571
→	maṇi + si	§601, §55
→	maṇi + si	§220
→	maṇi

The others follow muni.

bhavasaṅkhāramavassaji muni
(7D 3.15: Āyusaṅkhāraossajjana)
🚹②⨀(bhavasaṅkhāra) ⏮🤟⨀(avassajati) 🚹①⨀(√muna + i)
the formation of existence | relinquished | the sage

joti nāma aggi vuccati
(2V 1.5.6.6: Jotikasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(joti) 🔼(nāma) 🚹①⨀(√agga + i) 🔵▶️🤟⨀(vuccati)
“joti” | namely | fire | is called

kavi gāthānamāsayo
(12S1 1.6.10: Kavisutta)
🚹①⨀(√kava + i) 🚺⑥⨂(gāthā) 🚹①⨀(āsaya)
the poet | of verses | the source

saddhā, ruci, anussavo
(10M 5.5: Caṅkīsutta)
🚺①⨀(saddhā) 🚺①⨀(√ruca + i) 🚹①⨀(anussava)
faith | inclination | oral tradition

muttā vā maṇi vā
(1V 1.4.1.10: Rājasikkhāpada)
🚺①⨀(muttā) 🔼(vā) 🚹①⨀(mana + i) 🔼(vā)
a pearl | or | a gem | or

§670 (680): Vidādīhyūro (`ūra` after `vida` and the like) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	vidādīhi (dhātūhi pāṭipadikehi ca)		(paccayo hoti)	ūro
	after `vida` and the like (roots, and nominal lemmas)		(suffix is added)	`ūra`

Vida valla masa sida du ku kapu⁴⁵ maya udi khajja kuraiccevamādīhi dhātūhi, pāṭipadikehi ca ūrapaccayo hoti.

Vidituṃ alanti vidūro, vidūraṭṭhāne jāto vedūro, vallati vallabhāvena bhavatīti vallūro, vallati aññamaññaṃ bandhatīti vā vallūro, āmasitabboti masūro, sindati siṅgārabhāvaṃ gacchatīti sindūro, sindati virocatīti vā sindūro, gamituṃ alaṃ anāsannattāti dūro, kuti saddaṃ karotīti kūro, attano gandhena aññaṃ gandhaṃ kapati hanati hiṃsatīti kappūro, kappati rogāpanayane samatthetīti vā kappūro, mahiyaṃ ravatīti mayūro, mahiyaṃ yāti gacchatīti mayūro, paṃsuṃ undati pasavatīti undūro, khajjitabbo khāditabboti khajjūro, kurati akkosatīti kurūro⁴⁶.

After the roots vida (“know”), valla (“cover; bind”), masa (“touch”), sida (“adorn”), du (“go”), ku (“sound”), kapu (“destroy”), maya (“go”), udi (“be wet”), khajja (“eat”), kura (“abuse”) and the like, and after nominal lemmas, the suffix ūra is used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√vida + ūra)	vidituṃ alanti vidūro	“[far enough] to be hard to know”: distant
🚹①⨀(vidūra + ṇa)	vidūraṭṭhāne jāto vedūro	“born in the region of Vidūra”: beryl (a taddhita from `vidūra`)
🚹①⨀(√valla + ūra)	vallati vallabhāvena bhavatīti vallūro, vallati aññamaññaṃ bandhatīti vā vallūro	“it becomes creeper-like”; or “it binds together”: dried meat
🚹①⨀(√masa + ūra)	āmasitabboti masūro	“to be handled”: a lentil; a cushion
🚹①⨀(√sida + ūra)	sindati siṅgārabhāvaṃ gacchatīti sindūro, sindati virocatīti vā sindūro	“it becomes an adornment”; or “it shines”: red arsenic
🚹①⨀(√du + ūra)	gamituṃ alaṃ anāsannattāti dūro	“[a place] it takes some going to reach, since it is not near”: far
🚹①⨀(√ku + ūra)	kuti saddaṃ karotīti kūro	“it makes a sound”: boiled rice
🚹①⨀(√kapu + ūra)	attano gandhena aññaṃ gandhaṃ kapati hanati hiṃsatīti kappūro, kappati rogāpanayane samatthetīti vā kappūro	“by its own scent it destroys another scent”; or “it is able to remove disease”: camphor
🚹①⨀(√maya + ūra)	mahiyaṃ ravatīti mayūro, mahiyaṃ yāti gacchatīti mayūro	“it cries on the earth”; or “it walks on the earth”: a peacock
🚹①⨀(√udi + ūra)	paṃsuṃ undati pasavatīti undūro	“it moistens, throws up dust”: a rat
🚹①⨀(√khajja + ūra)	khajjitabbo khāditabboti khajjūro	“to be eaten”: the date palm
🚹①⨀(√kura + ūra)	kurati akkosatīti kurūro	“he abuses”: cruel

	√vida + ūra	rule
→	vid + (a + ūra)	§521
→	vidūra + si	§601, §55
→	vidūra + (si→o)	§104
→	vidūro

	du + ūra	rule
→	d + (u + ūra)	§83
→	dūra + si	§601, §55
→	dūra + (si→o)	§104
→	dūro

	√sida + ūra	rule
→	sid + (a + ūra)	§521
→	si + (ṃ) + dūra	§517
→	si + (ṃ→n) + dūra	§31
→	sindūra + si	§601, §55
→	sindūra + (si→o)	§104
→	sindūro

	kapu + ūra	rule
→	ka + (p→pp) + (u + ūra)	§28, §83
→	kappūra + si	§601, §55
→	kappūra + (si→o)	§104
→	kappūro

dūro kho, bhante, maggo
(28Mi 2.1: Pubbayogādi)
🚹①⨀(√du + ūra) 🔼(kho) 🚹⓪⨀(bhavanta) 🚹①⨀(magga)
far | indeed | venerable sir | the road

majjārasamāgato viya undūro
(28Mi 2.1: Pubbayogādi)
🚹①⨀(majjārasamāgata) 🔼(viya) 🚹①⨀(√udi + ūra)
having met a cat | like | a rat

haṃsā koñcā mayūrā ca
(12S2 10.1.6: Lakuṇḍakabhaddiyasutta)
🚹①⨂(haṃsa) 🚹①⨂(koñca) 🚹①⨂(√maya + ūra) 🔼(ca)
geese | cranes | peacocks | and

§671 (681): Hanādīhi nu ṇutavo (`nu`, `ṇu`, `tu` after `hana` and the like) apavada

Hana jana bhā ri khanu ama ve dhe⁴⁷ dhā si ki hi⁴⁸ iccevamādīhi dhātūhi nu ṇu tu⁴⁹ iccete paccayā honti.

Bhojanaṃ hanati hiṃsati etenāti haṇu, hanu vā. Gamanaṃ janetīti⁵⁰ jāṇu, bhāti⁵¹ dibbatīti bhāṇu, nivāte riti gacchatīti reṇu, khaṇitabbo avadāritabboti khāṇu.

Aṅgamaṅgassa rujjanabhāvaṃ vijjhanabhāvaṃ amati gacchatīti aṇu, veṇu, veti tantasantāne bhavatīti veṇu, bahisāre alanti vā veṇu, vacchaṃ pāyetīti dhenu, atthaṃ dhāretīti dhātu, gamanapacanādikaṃ kriyaṃ dhāretīti vā dhātu, sīyati bandhīyatīti setu, uddhaṃ gacchati pavattatīti ketu, attano phalaṃ hinoti pavattatīti hetu.

After the roots hana (“strike”), jana (“produce”), bhā (“shine”), ri (“go”), khanu (“dig”), ama (“go”), ve (“weave”), dhe (“drink”), dhā (“hold”), si (“bind”), ki (“rise”), hi (“send forth”) and the like, the suffixes nu, ṇu and tu are used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(√hana + ṇu)	bhojanaṃ hanati hiṃsati etenāti haṇu	“one crushes food with it”: the jaw
🚺①⨀(√hana + nu)	hanu vā	or `hanu`, the jaw
🚹①⨀(√jana + ṇu)	gamanaṃ janetīti jāṇu	“it produces going”: the knee
🚹①⨀(√bhā + ṇu)	bhāti dibbatīti bhāṇu	“it shines, is radiant”: a ray; the sun
🚹①⨀(√ri + ṇu)	nivāte riti gacchatīti reṇu	“it drifts in still air”: dust
🚹①⨀(√khanu + ṇu)	khaṇitabbo avadāritabboti khāṇu	“to be dug out, torn up”: a stump
🚹①⨀(√ama + ṇu)	aṅgamaṅgassa rujjanabhāvaṃ vijjhanabhāvaṃ amati gacchatīti aṇu	“it goes to the injury and piercing of limb after limb”: minute; an atom
🚹①⨀(√ve + ṇu)	veṇu, veti tantasantāne bhavatīti veṇu, bahisāre alanti vā veṇu	“it serves in the weaving of threads”; or “it is fit for having its pith outside”: bamboo
🚺①⨀(√dhe + nu)	vacchaṃ pāyetīti dhenu	“she suckles the calf”: a milch cow
🚺①⨀(√dhā + tu)	atthaṃ dhāretīti dhātu, gamanapacanādikaṃ kriyaṃ dhāretīti vā dhātu	“it holds a meaning”; or “it holds an action such as going or cooking”: a root; an element
🚹①⨀(√si + tu)	sīyati bandhīyatīti setu	“it is bound together”: a bridge, a causeway
🚹①⨀(√ki + tu)	uddhaṃ gacchati pavattatīti ketu	“it goes up, rises”: a banner
🚹①⨀(√hi + tu)	attano phalaṃ hinoti pavattatīti hetu	“it sends forth its own fruit”: a cause

	√jana + ṇu	rule
→	jan + (a + ṇu)	§521
→	ja + (n) + ṇu	§517
→	j + (a→ā) + ṇu	§517
→	jāṇu + si	§601, §55
→	jāṇu + (si)	§220
→	jāṇu

	√hana + nu	rule
→	han + (a) + nu	§521
→	ha + (n) + nu	§517
→	hanu + si	§601, §55
→	hanu + si	§220
→	hanu

	ri + ṇu	rule
→	r + (i→e) + ṇu	§517
→	reṇu + si	§601, §55
→	reṇu + si	§220
→	reṇu

	si + tu	rule
→	s + (i→e) + tu	§517
→	setu + si	§601, §55
→	setu + si	§220
→	setu

ketu and hetu follow setu.

sīlaṃ setu mahesakkho
(19Th1 12.1.1: Sīlavattheragāthā)
🚻①⨀(sīla) 🚹①⨀(√si + tu) 🚹①⨀(mahesakkha)
virtue | a bridge | of great power

taṃ kissa hetu
(10M 1.10: Apaṇṇakasutta)
🚻①⨀(ta) ⚧️⑥⨀(kiṃ) 🚹①⨀(√hi + tu)
that | of what | the reason

saṅkhatā ca dhātu asaṅkhatā ca dhātu
(8D 11.2: Dasuttarasutta)
🚺①⨀(saṅkhatā) 🔼(ca) 🚺①⨀(√dhā + tu) 🚺①⨀(asaṅkhatā) 🔼(ca) 🚺①⨀(√dhā + tu)
the conditioned | and | element | the unconditioned | and | element

tuvaṃ satthā ca ketu ca
(20Ap1 1.3: Sāriputtattheraapadāna)
⚧️①⨀(tumha) 🚹①⨀(satthu) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨀(√ki + tu) 🔼(ca)
you | the teacher | and | the banner | and

na tesaṃ jāṇu nadati
(20Ap1 49.7: Pulinuppādakattheraapadāna)
🔼(na) ⚧️⑥⨂(ta) 🚹①⨀(√jana + ṇu) ▶️🤟⨀(nadati)
not | their | knee | creaks

ahiṃ khāṇuṃ kaṇṭakaṭṭhānaṃ
(9M 1.2.5: Parivajjanāpahātabbaāsava)
🚹②⨀(ahi) 🚹②⨀(√khanu + ṇu) 🚻②⨀(kaṇṭakaṭṭhāna)
a snake | a stump | a thorny place

gambhīraṃ duddasaṃ aṇuṃ
(3V 1.5: Brahmayācanakathā)
🚹②⨀(gambhīra) 🚹②⨀(duddasa) 🚹②⨀(√ama + ṇu)
deep | hard to see | subtle

§672 (682): Kuṭādīhi ṭho (`ṭha` after `kuṭa` and the like) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	kuṭādīhi (dhātūhi pāṭipadikehi ca)		(paccayo hoti)	ṭho
	after `kuṭa` and the like (roots, and nominal lemmas)		(suffix is added)	`ṭha`

Kuṭa kusa kaṭaiccevamādīhi dhātūhi, pāṭipadikehi ca ṭhapaccayo hoti⁵².

Aṅgamaṅgaṃ kuṭati chindatīti kuṭṭhaṃ, dhaññena chādetabbo pūretabboti koṭṭho, kaṭitabbaṃ madditabbanti, kaṭṭhaṃ.

After the roots kuṭa (“cut”), kusa (“cut; fill”), kaṭa (“crush”) and the like, and after nominal lemmas, the suffix ṭha is used.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(√kuṭa + ṭha)	aṅgamaṅgaṃ kuṭati chindatīti kuṭṭhaṃ	“it cuts off limb after limb”: leprosy
🚹①⨀(√kusa + ṭha)	dhaññena chādetabbo pūretabboti koṭṭho	“to be covered, to be filled with grain”: a storeroom, a granary
🚻①⨀(√kaṭa + ṭha)	kaṭitabbaṃ madditabbanti kaṭṭhaṃ	“to be crushed”: wood; a stick

	kuṭa + ṭha	rule
→	kuṭ + (a + ṭha)	§521
→	kuṭṭha + si	§601, §55
→	kuṭṭha + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	kuṭṭhaṃ

	√kusa + ṭha	rule
→	kus + (a + ṭha)	§521
→	ku + (s) + ṭha	§517
→	ku + (ṭh→ṭṭh) + a	§29
→	k + (u→o) + ṭṭha	§485
→	koṭṭha + si	§601, §55
→	koṭṭha + (si→o)	§104
→	koṭṭho

kaṭṭhaṃ follows kuṭṭhaṃ.

santi te evarūpā ābādhā — kuṭṭhaṃ, gaṇḍo
(3V 1.63: Upasampadāvidhi)
▶️🤟⨂(atthi) ⚧️⑥⨀(tumha) 🚹①⨂(evarūpa) 🚹①⨂(ābādha) 🚻①⨀(√kuṭa + ṭha) 🚹①⨀(gaṇḍa)
are there | your | of this kind | diseases | leprosy | boils

koṭṭho mayhaṃ na vijjati
(22J 14.1.1: Sālikedārajātaka)
🚹①⨀(√kusa + ṭha) ⚧️⑥⨀(amha) 🔼(na) 🔵▶️🤟⨀(vijjati)
a granary | mine | not | is found

tattha jātakaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ vā lataṃ vā chindati
(1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
🔼(tattha) 🚻②⨀(jātaka) 🚻②⨀(√kaṭa + ṭha) 🔼(vā) 🚺②⨀(latā) 🔼(vā) ▶️🤟⨀(chindati)
there | growing | a stick | or | a creeper | or | he cuts

§673 (683): Manu pūra suṇādīhi ussa nusisā (`ussa`, `nusa`, `isa` after `manu`, `pūra`, `suṇa` and the like) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	manu pūra suṇādīhi (dhātūhi pāṭipadikehi ca)		(paccayā honti)	ussa\|nusa\|isā		(puna nippajjante)
	after `manu`, `pūra`, `suṇa` and the like (roots, and nominal lemmas)		(suffixes are added)	`ussa`\|`nusa`\|`isa`		(then formed as usage has them)

Manu pūra suṇa kusu⁵³ ila ala maha si ki iccevamādīhi dhātūhi, pāṭipadikehi ca ussa⁵⁴ nusa isa iccete paccayā honti, puna nippajjante.

Kusalākusale dhamme manati jānātīti manusso, mānuso. Kāraṇā kāraṇaṃ manati jānātīti vā manusso, mānuso⁵⁵. Atthānatthaṃ manati jānātīti vā manusso, mānuso.

Mātāpitūnaṃ hadayaṃ pūretīti puriso, attano manorathaṃ pūretīti vā puriso, pūretīti vā poso, sasurehi suṇitabbā hiṃsitabbāti suṇisā, dvinnaṃ jānānaṃ kulasantānaṃ karotīti vā suṇisā, kucchitabbanti karīsaṃ, gabbhaṃ vimocetīti suriso⁵⁶, tamandhakāravidhamanena sattānaṃ bhayaṃ surati hiṃsatīti sūriyo, rogaṃ hiṃsatīti sirīso, ilati kampatīti illiso, taṇhāya dubbalo hutvā ilati kampatīti vā illiso⁵⁷, pāpakaraṇe alati samatthetīti alaso, mahitabbo pūjetabboti mahiso, sīyati bandhīyatīti sīsaṃ, kitabbaṃ hiṃsitabbanti kisaṃ, iccevamādi.

After the roots manu (“know”), pūra (“fill”), suṇa (“hurt”), kusu (“despise”), ila (“shake”), ala (“be able”), maha (“honour”), si (“bind”), ki (“hurt”) and the like, and after nominal lemmas, the suffixes ussa, nusa and isa are used, and the words are then formed again.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(√manu + ussa)	kusalākusale dhamme manati jānātīti manusso	“he knows wholesome and unwholesome states”; or “he knows the cause from what is not the cause”; or “he knows good from harm”: a human being
🚹①⨀(√manu + nusa)	mānuso	a human being
🚹①⨀(√pūra + isa)	mātāpitūnaṃ hadayaṃ pūretīti puriso, attano manorathaṃ pūretīti vā puriso	“he fills his parents’ hearts”; or “he fulfils his own wish”: a man, a person
🚹①⨀(√pūra + isa)	pūretīti vā poso	“he fulfils”: a man
🚺①⨀(√suṇa + isa)	sasurehi suṇitabbā hiṃsitabbāti suṇisā, dvinnaṃ jānānaṃ kulasantānaṃ karotīti vā suṇisā	“to be hurt by her parents-in-law”; or “she carries on the family line of two [houses]”: a daughter-in-law
🚻①⨀(√kusu + isa)	kucchitabbanti karīsaṃ	“to be despised”: excrement
🚹①⨀(√sura + isa)	gabbhaṃ vimocetīti suriso	“it releases the womb”: `suriso`
🚹①⨀(√sura + isa)	tamandhakāravidhamanena sattānaṃ bhayaṃ surati hiṃsatīti sūriyo	“by dispelling the gloom of darkness it destroys the fear of beings”: the sun
🚹①⨀(sirīsa)	rogaṃ hiṃsatīti sirīso	“it destroys disease”: the sirīsa tree (formed by `nipātana`)
🚹①⨀(√ila + isa)	ilati kampatīti illiso	“he trembles”: Illisa, the miser
🚹①⨀(√ila + isa)	taṇhāya dubbalo hutvā ilati kampatīti vā illiso	or “having become weak through craving, he trembles”: the same word
🚹①⨀(√ala + isa)	pāpakaraṇe alati samatthetīti alaso	“he is capable [only] in doing evil”: lazy
🚹①⨀(√maha + isa)	mahitabbo pūjetabboti mahiso	“to be honoured”: a buffalo
🚻①⨀(√si + isa)	sīyati bandhīyatīti sīsaṃ	“it is bound [to the body]”: the head
🚻①⨀(√ki + isa)	kitabbaṃ hiṃsitabbanti kisaṃ	“to be hurt, worn down”: thin, lean

	√manu + ussa	rule
→	man + (u + ussa)	§521
→	manussa + si	§601, §55
→	manussa + (si→o)	§104
→	manusso

	manu + nusa	rule
→	ma + (nu→ā) + nusa	§673
→	m + (a + ā) + nusa	§83
→	mānusa + si	§601, §55
→	mānusa + (si→o)	§104
→	mānuso

	√pūra + isa	rule
→	pūr + (a) + isa	§521
→	p + (ū→u) + risa	§517
→	purisa + si	§601, §55
→	purisa + (si→o)	§104
→	puriso

	√pūra + isa	rule
→	pūr + (a) + isa	§521
→	pū + (r) + (i) + sa	§517
→	p + (ū→o) + sa	§517
→	posa + si	§601, §55
→	posa + (si→o)	§104
→	poso

	√suṇa + isa	rule
→	suṇ + (a + isa)	§521
→	suṇisa + ā	§237
→	suṇis + (a + ā)	§83
→	suṇisā + si	§601, §55
→	suṇisā + si	§220
→	suṇisā

	si + isa	rule
→	s + (i + isa)	§83
→	s + (i→ī) + sa	§517
→	sīsa + si	§601, §55
→	sīsa + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	sīsaṃ

manusso tasmiṃ papatati
(1V 1.1.3: Tatiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(√manu + ussa) 🚹⑦⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(papatati)
a human being | into it | falls

yaṃ mānuso vissase amānusamhi
(22J 15.1.10: Campeyyajātaka)
⚧️①⨀(ya) 🚹①⨀(√manu + nusa) ⏯🤟⨀(vissasati) 🚹⑦⨀(amānusa)
that | a human | should trust | in a non-human

viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati
(10M 1.10: Apaṇṇakasutta)
🚹①⨀(viññū) 🚹①⨀(√pūra + isa) 🔼(iti) ▶️🤟⨀(paṭisañcikkhati)
a wise | man | thus | reflects

tasmā hi paṇḍito poso
(4V 6.1.1: Vihārānujānana)
🔼(tasmā) 🔼(hi) 🚹①⨀(paṇḍita) 🚹①⨀(√pūra + isa)
therefore | indeed | a wise | man

bhariyā ca putto ca suṇisā ca dāso ca
(3V 6.21: Meṇḍakagahapativatthu)
🚺①⨀(bhariyā) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨀(putta) 🔼(ca) 🚺①⨀(√suṇa + isa) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨀(dāsa) 🔼(ca)
wife | and | son | and | daughter-in-law | and | slave | and

yato uggacchati sūriyo
(8D 9.1: Paṭhamabhāṇavāra)
🔼(yato) ▶️🤟⨀(uggacchati) 🚹①⨀(√sura + isa)
from where | rises | the sun

alaso ca hoti
(13S4 3.1.2: Purisasutta)
🚹①⨀(√ala + isa) 🔼(ca) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
lazy | and | he is

sīsaṃ vā ukkhipissāmi
(1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
🚻②⨀(√si + isa) 🔼(vā) ⏯👆⨀(ukkhipati)
the head | or | I shall raise

Iti kibbidhānakappe uṇādikappo chaṭṭho kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the uṇādi chapter, the sixth section of the kibbidhāna chapter.

Uṇādikappo niṭṭhito.

The uṇādi chapter is finished.

Kaccāyanapakaraṇaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ.

The Kaccāyana treatise is finished.⁵⁸

Senart’s edition reads bhavatā kattabbaṃ kammaṃ for the CST’s kattabbaṃ bhavatā; the CST is kept. ↩
Senart’s edition reads kiccattha ktattha khattha for the CST’s kicca tta khattha, and Malai (1997) prints kicca, kta, khattha; the CST is kept. ↩
Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) read bhīmo for the CST’s bhemo; the CST is kept. ↩
Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) read sīmo for the CST’s sīmā; the CST is kept. ↩
CST4 prints Dabbasambhāra gaṇhātīti, the object without its inflection; §628 glosses ratho with dabbasambhāre rahati gaṇhātīti. ↩
T, in Malai (1997), glosses the two words apart, maccharāyatīti maccharo and maccharayanaṃ macchero, where the CST glosses maccharo alone and adds evaṃ macchero. ↩
T, in Malai (1997), glosses sajjati etthāti allaṃ for the CST’s alati samatthetīti allaṃ. ↩
Senart’s edition reads lako cāgamo for the CST’s lato ko ca āgamo, which Malai (1997) renders “laka is also augmented”; the CST is kept. ↩
CST4 prints Avassate tāva; Avassake, parallel to Adhamiṇe below, is read with B1, S1 and S2 in Malai (1997). ↩
Senart’s edition reads kāriyaṃ, kayyaṃ bhavatā vatthaṃ for the CST’s kāriyaṃ me bhavatā sayanaṃ; the CST is kept. ↩
Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) read sakko bhavaṃ hantuṃ for the CST’s sakkā bhavaṃ hantuṃ; the CST is kept. Senart’s edition also reads jetuṃ, jinituṃ for the CST’s janituṃ. ↩
CST4 prints tabbo bhavaṃ janetuṃ; bhabbo, the third word of the vutti’s list, is read with Senart’s edition and Malai (1997). ↩
CST4 omits abhiesanaṃ abhijjhā; it is restored from Senart’s edition and the manuscripts in Malai (1997). ↩
Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) read pajjhā for the CST’s pacchā; the CST is kept. ↩
CST4 prints titicchā; tikicchā, which the gloss tikicchanaṃ requires, is read with B1, S1 and S2. Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) print cikicchā. ↩
CST4 prints radihabbāti racchā; raditabbā is read, matching the vajitabbā and caritabbā of the same list. ↩
CST4 prints abhivitvā; abhibhavitvā is read with B1 and T in Malai (1997). ↩
Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) have uddhū after sandhū and urago after bhujago, which the CST lacks; the CST is kept. ↩
CST4 prints a sa; the one root asa is read with Senart’s edition and Malai (1997). ↩
CST4 prints lavaṇaṃ; the agent and action lists have lavano, lavanaṃ. ↩
CST4 prints bhaganaṃ; the parallel lists have bhavano, bhavanaṃ, from bhū. ↩
CST4 prints savaṇaṃ a second time at the end of the instrument list; the other lists end with samaṇo, samaṇaṃ. ↩
CST4 prints sūdadhakā; the word is sūdako, the ṇvu counterpart of sūdano. ↩
Malai (1997) reads the sutta’s e sa as one pronoun esa; the vutti’s glosses etamiva and samānamiva make two, e and sa. ↩
CST4 prints mati. Budhi pūjādito ca, a full stop splitting the list; it is read as one list, as the Rūpasiddhi’s matibudhipūjādīhi ca. ↩
Malai (1997) renders davo “playing” and davathu “caused by that”; the dava of the gloss is burning, and davathu fever. ↩
The words vipatti te jamma and vikati te jamma are reproaches, but without the negative na the suffix āni is not used. ↩
In agati te the negative na is present, but no reproach is meant, so the suffix āni is not used. ↩
S2, in Malai (1997), glosses kāru with three tenses, akāsi karoti karissatīti kāru; B1, S1 and T gloss vāyu from vā (“blow”), avāyi vāyatīti vāyu, where the CST has agacchi, gacchatīti. ↩
CST4 prints passāpituṃ; passavituṃ, the infinitive of the root su that the sutta names, is read with the Rūpasiddhi and S2 in Malai (1997). ↩
Senart’s edition, T, S1 and S2 read passāvī and paṭṭhāyī with a long ī, and Malai (1997) prints them so; the CST’s short i is kept. ↩
CST4 prints the root list with roots split or run together (Cha da ci ti, vatumida, ka la, ve pu); it is divided here as chada citi, vatu mida, kala, vepu. ↩
CST4 prints ethenāti. ↩
T, in Malai (1997), adds sotaṃ, sotraṃ after sutraṃ. ↩
CST4 prints tantra. ↩
Senart’s edition, S1 and S2 read yantaṃ, yantraṃ for the CST’s yattaṃ, yatraṃ; the CST is kept. ↩
CST4 prints uda; Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) read udi, which the gloss undati requires. T, in Malai (1997), glosses saṃ suṭṭhu udanti pasavanti etthāti samuddo. ↩
Senart’s edition, S1 and S2 read ghaṇṭo and vaṇṭo (from ghaṭi, vaṭi) for the CST’s ghaṇḍo, vaṇḍo, and Malai (1997) prints them; the CST is kept. ↩
CST4 prints caḍaṃ; the Rūpasiddhi reads caḍi, the root of caṇḍālo. ↩
Malai (1997) takes paṭe as the noun paṭa, “that is enough for the garment”; the root paṭa (“spread”) is taken here. ↩
CST4 prints pathavī, pathavī vā, the word doubled; paṭhavī vā is read for the second, with B1 and Senart’s edition in Malai (1997). ↩
CST4 prints bhāvatīti; bhavatīti is read, with B1 in Malai (1997). ↩
CST4 prints manaiiccevamādīhi for mana iccevamādīhi. ↩
CST4 prints vibhāvaṃ; vibhavaṃ, “wealth”, is read with B1 in Malai (1997). ↩
CST4 prints dukukapu for du ku kapu. ↩
B1 and T, in Malai (1997), gloss kusati akkosatīti kurūro, and Senart’s edition lists the root as khura; the CST’s kura, kurati is kept. ↩
CST4 prints ve ve dhā; Senart’s edition, with B1, S1 and S2, reads ve dhe dhā, and dhe (“drink”) is read. ↩
CST4 prints bhāri and siki for bhā ri and si ki. ↩
CST4 prints ku; the sutta, Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) read tu. ↩
CST4 prints janetītī, and likewise gacchatītī, bhavatītī, pāyetītī, dhāretītī (twice), sīyatī bandhīyatītī and pavattatītī (twice), with a final ī for i; all are corrected here. ↩
CST4 prints bhāṇu dibbatīti bhāṇu; bhāti is read for the first word, with B1 and T in Malai (1997). ↩
CST4 prints hotī, and in the examples chindatītī and pūretabbotī, with a final ī for i. ↩
Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) divide kusu into two roots, ku su, and T and S2 add siri after su; the CST’s kusu is kept. ↩
CST4 prints usa; the sutta and the Rūpasiddhi read ussa. ↩
CST4 prints mānusso here and in the next gloss; the first gloss and the Rūpasiddhi read mānuso, the form the suffix nusa yields. ↩
T, in Malai (1997), reads abbhaṃ vimocetīti suriso for the CST’s gabbhaṃ; the CST is kept. ↩
CST4 prints illigho; illiso is read, with B1 in Malai (1997), where T and Senart’s edition have iliso. ↩
Senart’s edition closes with a verse after the colophon, Yāni sippāni lokasmiṃ aṇuṃthūlāni vijjare, tāni sabbāni sippāni sayaṃsijjhā bhavantu me, which the CST does not have. ↩

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	(dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	kita		kattari
	(after a root)		(suffixes are used)	the `kita` suffixes		in the sense of the agent

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	samādīhi	(dhātūhi)	(paccayā honti)	tha\|mā
	after `samu` and the like	(roots)	(suffixes are used)	`tha` \| `ma`

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vā		gahassa upadhassa (akārassa)	(ādeso)	e
optionally		the penultimate [`a`] of `gaha`	(replaced by)	`e`

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		masussa sussa	(ādesā)	cchara\|ccherā
		the `su` of `masu`	(replaced by)	`cchara` \| `cchera`

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	ala kala salehi	(dhātūhi)	(paccayā honti)	la\|yā
	after `ala`, `kala`, `sala`	(roots)	(suffixes are used)	`la` \| `ya`

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	ekādito	sakissa	(ādeso)	kkhattuṃ
	after `eka` and the like	`sakiṃ` (“once”)	(replaced by)	`kkhattuṃ`

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca		taruṇassa	(ādeso)	susu
and		the base `taruṇa`	(replaced by)	`susu`

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	vadādīhi (dhātūhi)		(paccayo hoti)	ṇitto		gaṇe
	after `vada` and the like		(suffix is added)	`ṇitta`		in the sense of a group

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	midādīhi (dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	tti\|tiyo
	after `mida` and the like		(suffixes are added)	`tti`\|`ti`

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	paṭito	hissa (dhātussa)	(ādesā)	heraṇa\|hīraṇa
	after `paṭi`	of the root `hi`	(replaced by)	`heraṇ`\|`hīraṇ`

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	sasvādīhi (dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	tu\|davo
	after `sasu` and the like		(suffixes are added)	`tu`\|`du`

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
	hanādīhi (dhātūhi)		(paccayā honti)	nu\|ṇu\|tavo
	after `hana` and the like		(suffixes are added)	`nu`\|`ṇu`\|`tu`

8. Uṇādikappa (Uṇādi suffixes chapter)

Chaṭṭhakaṇḍa (Sixth Section)

§624 (563): Kattari kita (the kita suffixes denote the agent) utsarga

§625 (605): Bhāvakammesu kiccattakkhatthā (the kicca suffixes, tta and the kha-type suffixes denote the action and the object) utsarga

§626 (634): Kammani dutiyāya tto (tta denotes the agent when the object stands in the second form) apavada

§627 (652): Khyādīhi mana ma ca to vā (mana after khi and the like; and optionally t for its m) apavada

§628 (653): Samādīhi tha mā (tha and ma after samu and the like) apavada

§629 (569): Gahassu’padhasse vā (optionally e for the penultimate a of gaha) apavada

§630 (654): Masussa sussa cchara ccherā (cchara, cchera for the su of masu) apavada

§631 (655): Āpubbacarassa ca (and [cchariya, cchara, cchera] for cara after ā, the ā shortened) apavada

§632 (656): Ala kala salehi layā (la and ya after ala, kala, sala) apavada

§633 (657): Yāṇa lāṇā (yāṇa and lāṇa after kala and sala) apavada

§634 (658): Mathissa thassa lo ca (l for the th of matha; and the insertion of k) apavada

§635 (559): Pesātisaggapattakālesukiccā (the kicca suffixes in the senses of command, permission and due time) apavada

§636 (659): Avassakā’dhamiṇesu ṇī ca (ṇī, and the kicca suffixes, in the senses of necessity and of a debtor) apavada

§637 (0): Arahasakkādīhi tuṃ (tuṃ with any root when arahati, sakkā and the like are used) apavada

§638 (660): Vajādīhipabbajjādayo nippajjante (pabbajjā and the like are formed from vaja and the like as they stand) vidhyaṅga

§639 (585): Kvilopo ca (and the elision of kvi; the words again formed as they stand) utsarga

§640 (0): Sacajānaṃ kagā ṇānubandhe (k, g for a root-final c, j before a ṇ-marked suffix) apavada

§641 (572): Nudādīhi yuṇvūnamanānanākānanakā sakāritehi ca (ana, ānana, aka, ānanaka for yu and ṇvu after nuda etc., and after causatives) apavada

§642 (588): I ya ta ma ki e sāna’mantassaro dīghaṃ kvaci du sa ssa guṇaṃ do raṃ sakkhī ca (lengthened pronoun + disa, risa, dikkha, dī: īdiso, tādiso, kīdiso) apavada

§643 (635): Bhyādīhi mati budhi pūjādīhi ca tto (tta after bhī etc., and after roots of thinking, knowing and honouring) apavada

§644 (661): Vepu sī dava vamu ku dā bhū hvādīhi thu ttima ṇimā nibbatte (thu, ttima, ṇima, “produced by”, after vepu, sī, dava, vamu, ku, dā, bhū, hu etc.) apavada

§645 (662): Akkose namhāni (āni in reproach, when na is present) apavada

§646 (419): Ekādito sakissa kkhattuṃ (kkhattuṃ for sakiṃ after eka and the other numerals: “once”, “twice”) apavada

§647 (663): Sunassunassoṇa vānuvānūnunakhunānā (soṇo, svāno, suvāno, sūno, sunakho, suno, sā, sāno: the shapes of suna, “dog”) apavada

§648 (664): Taruṇassa susu ca (and susu for taruṇa, “young”) apavada

§649 (665): Yuvassuvassuvuvānunūnā (uva, uvāna, una, ūna for the uva of yuva) apavada

§650 (651): Kāle vattamānātīte ṇvādayo (ṇu and the rest in present and past time) utsarga

§651 (647): Bhavissati gamādīhi ṇī ghiṇa (ṇī, ghiṇ after gamu and the like, in the future sense) apavada

§652 (648): Kriyāyaṃ ṇvu tavo (ṇvu, tu when an action is the purpose, in the future sense) apavada

§653 (306): Bhāvavācimhi catutthī (the fourth form ④ with a word of action, for the purpose) apavada

§654 (649): Kammani ṇo (ṇa with the object as first member, in the future sense) apavada

§655 (650): Sese ssaṃ ntumānānā (ssaṃ, ntu, māna, āna in the remaining [future] sense) apavada

§656 (666): Chadādīhi ta traṇa (ta, traṇ after chada and the like) apavada

§657 (667): Vadādīhi ṇitto gaṇe (ṇitta after vada and the like in the sense of a group) apavada

§658 (668): Midādīhi ttitiyo (tti, ti after mida and the like) apavada

§659 (669): Usu ranja daṃsānaṃ daṃsassa daḍḍhoḍha ṭhā ca (daḍḍha for daṃsa; and ḍha, ṭha after usu, ranja) apavada

§660 (670): Sūvusānamūvusānamatothoca (at for the ū, u, asa of sū, vu, asa; and tha) apavada

§661 (671): Ranjudādīhi dha didda kirā kvaci jadalopoca (dha, da, idda, ka, ira after ranja, uda and the like; sometimes j, d elided) apavada

§662 (672): Paṭito hissa heraṇa hīraṇa (heraṇ, hīraṇ for hi after paṭi) apavada

§663 (673): Kaḍyādīhi ko (ka after kaḍi and the like) apavada

§664 (674): Khādāmagamānaṃ kha ndha’ndha gandhā (khandha, andha, gandha for khāda, ama, gamu) apavada

§665 (675): Paṭādīhyalaṃ (ala after paṭa and the like) apavada

§666 (676): Puthassa puthu pathā mo vā (puthu, patha for putha; in some places ama) apavada

§667 (677): Sasvādīhi tu davo (tu, du after sasu and the like) apavada

§668 (678): Cyādīhi īvaro (īvara after ci, pā, dhā and the like) apavada

§669 (679): Munādīhi ci (i after muna and the like, and after nominal lemmas) apavada

§670 (680): Vidādīhyūro (ūra after vida and the like) apavada

§671 (681): Hanādīhi nu ṇutavo (nu, ṇu, tu after hana and the like) apavada

§672 (682): Kuṭādīhi ṭho (ṭha after kuṭa and the like) apavada

§673 (683): Manu pūra suṇādīhi ussa nusisā (ussa, nusa, isa after manu, pūra, suṇa and the like) apavada

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