kāraka (“that which brings about”) is the name for the part a noun plays in the action its sentence expresses: the one who acts (kattā), what is acted on (kamma), the means (karaṇa), the recipient (sampadāna), the point of departure (apādāna) and the location (okāsa), with the owner (sāmī) and the causer (hetu) beside them. §271–§283 define these terms; §284–§315 then say which of the seven inflection forms ①…⑦ each of them takes, and where one form stands in for another.
The Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition counts this chapter as the sixth section of the nāma chapter, after the five sections of 2. Nāmakappa ; the Padarūpasiddhi numbers in parentheses follow its own arrangement. The Bālāvatāra treats the same rules in its nāma section.
Each inflection form is assigned to the relations it expresses; the definitions of the kāraka are §271–§283, the assignments §284–§315.
flowchart LR
P["① paṭhamā"] --> P1["the bare meaning of the lemma §284<br/>the vocative §285"]
D["② dutiyā"] --> D1["kamma, the object §280, §297<br/>extent of time and space §298<br/>the second object of a causative §300"]
T["③ tatiyā"] --> T1["karaṇa, the instrument §279, §286<br/>the agent §281, §288 · with saha §287<br/>cause §289 · a defect §291 · the specifier §292"]
C["④ catutthī"] --> C1["sampadāna, the recipient §276–§277, §293<br/>with namo and the like §294"]
Pn["⑤ pañcamī"] --> Pn1["apādāna, the source §271–§275, §295<br/>cause §296"]
Ch["⑥ chaṭṭhī"] --> Ch1["sāmī, the owner §283, §301"]
S["⑦ sattamī"] --> S1["okāsa, the location §278, §302<br/>⑥ or ⑦ with lords, selection and disregard §303–§305<br/>time and state §313"]
X(["in some places one form stands for another §306–§312<br/>upa and adhi §314 · maṇḍita and ussukka §315"])
Yasmā vā apeti, yasmā vā bhayaṃ jāyate, yasmā vā ādatte, taṃ kārakaṃ apādānasaññaṃ hoti.
Taṃ yathā? Gāmā apenti munayo, nagarā niggato rājā, corā bhayaṃ jāyate, ācariyupajjhāyehi sikkhaṃ gaṇhāti sisso.
Apādānamiccanena kvattho? Apādāne pañcamī.
The kāraka from which one departs, from which fear arises, or from which one takes is termed apādāna (the point of departure).
Dhātunāmānaṃ payoge ca upasaggayogādīsvapi ca taṃ kārakaṃ apādānasaññaṃ hoti.
That kāraka is termed apādāna also in construction with roots and nouns, and in construction with prefixes and the like as well.
Dhātūnaṃ payoge tāva ji iccetassa dhātussa parāpubbassa payoge yo asaho, so apādānasañño hoti.
Taṃ yathā? Buddhasmā parājenti aññatitthiyā.
Bhū iccetassa dhātussa papubbassa payoge yato acchinnappabhavo, so apādānasañño hoti.
Taṃ yathā? Himavatā pabhavanti pañca mahānadiyo, anavatattamhā pabhavanti mahāsarā, aciravatiyā pabhavanti kunnadiyo.
To begin with, in construction with roots: in construction with the root ji preceded by parā, the one who cannot be withstood (asaha) is termed apādāna; and in construction with the root bhū preceded by pa, that from which [something] has its unbroken source (acchinnappabhava) is termed apādāna.
buddhasmā parājenti aññatitthiyā
himavatā pabhavanti pañca mahānadiyo
khemānadī himavatā pabhāvī (23J 18.1.1: Niḷinikājātaka)
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑤⨀(anavatatta)
anavatattamhā pabhavanti mahāsarā
from Anotatta the great streams originate
🚺⑤⨀(aciravatī)
aciravatiyā pabhavanti kunnadiyo
from the Aciravatī the small streams originate
Nāmappayogepi taṃ kārakaṃ apādānasaññaṃ hoti.
Taṃ yathā? Urasmā jāto putto, bhūmito niggato raso, ubhato sujāto putto mātito ca pitito ca.
In construction with a noun too, that kāraka is termed apādāna.
urasmā jāto putto
bhūmito niggato raso
ubhato sujāto putto mātito ca pitito ca
khattiyo nāma ubhato sujāto hoti, mātito ca pitito ca (2V 1.5.9.1: Antepurasikkhāpada)
Upasaggayoge taṃ kārakaṃ apādānasaññaṃ hoti.
Taṃ yathā? Apasālāya āyanti vāṇijā, ābrahmalokā saddo abbhuggacchati pari2
In construction with a prefix (upasagga), that kāraka is termed apādāna.3
apasālāya āyanti vāṇijā
ābrahmalokā saddo abbhuggacchati
yāva brahmalokā saddo abbhuggacchati (16A7 2.2.5: Pāricchattakasutta)
pari pabbatā devo vassati
buddhasmā pati sāriputto dhammadesanāya bhikkhū ālapati temāsaṃ
ghatamassa telasmā pati dadāti
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻⑤⨀(paduma)
uppalamassa padumasmā pati dadāti
he gives him a blue lotus in exchange for a red one
🚻⑤⨀(hirañña)
kanakamassa hiraññasmā pati dadāti
he gives him wrought gold in exchange for bullion
Ādiggahaṇena kārakamajjhepi pañcamīvibhatti hoti. Ito pakkhasmā vijjhati migaṃ luddako, kosā vijjhati kuñjaraṃ, māsasmā bhuñjati bhojanaṃ.
By the mention of ādi (“and the like”), the fifth inflection ⑤ is used also in the middle of a kāraka.4
ito pakkhasmā vijjhati migaṃ luddako
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑤⨀(kosa)
kosā vijjhati kuñjaraṃ
from a kosa away he shoots the elephant
🚹⑤⨀(māsa)
māsasmā bhuñjati bhojanaṃ
a month from now he eats the meal
Apiggahaṇena nipātapayogepi pañcamīvibhatti hoti dutiyā ca tatiyā ca. Rahitā mātujā puññaṃ katvā dānaṃ deti, rahitā mātujaṃ, rahitā mātujena vā. Rite saddhammā kuto sukhaṃ labhati, rite saddhammaṃ, rite saddhammena vā. Te bhikkhū nānā kulā pabbajitā, vinā saddhammā natthañño koci nātho loke vijjati, vinā saddhammaṃ, vinā saddhammena vā. Vinā buddhasmā, vinā buddhaṃ, vinā buddhena vā.
By the mention of api (“also”), the fifth inflection ⑤ is used in construction with a particle (nipāta) too, and so are the second ② and the third ③.5
rahitā mātujā puññaṃ katvā dānaṃ deti
rite saddhammā kuto sukhaṃ labhati
te bhikkhū nānā kulā pabbajitā
tumhe nānānāmā nānāgottā nānājaccā nānākulā pabbajitā (1V 1.2.12: Dubbacasikkhāpada)
vinā saddhammā natthañño koci nātho loke vijjati
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹②⨀(saddhamma)
rite saddhammaṃ, vinā saddhammaṃ
apart from, without the true Dhamma (②)
🚹③⨀(saddhamma)
rite saddhammena, vinā saddhammena
apart from, without the true Dhamma (③)
🚹⑤⨀(buddha)
vinā buddhasmā
without the Buddha (⑤)
🚹②⨀(buddha)
vinā buddhaṃ
without the Buddha (②)
🚹③⨀(buddha)
vinā buddhena
without the Buddha (③)
Caggahaṇena aññatthāpi pañcamīvibhatti hoti. Yatohaṃ bhagini ariyāya jātiyā jāto. Yato sarāmi attānaṃ, yato pattosmi viññutaṃ, yatvādhikaraṇamenaṃ cakkhundriyaṃ asaṃvutaṃ viharantaṃ abhijjhādomanassā pāpakā akusalā dhammā anvāsaveyyuṃ.
By the mention of ca (“and”), the fifth inflection ⑤ is used elsewhere as well.
yatohaṃ, bhagini, ariyāya jātiyā jāto (10M 4.6: Aṅgulimālasutta)
yato sarāmi attānaṃ, yato pattosmi viññutaṃ (20Ap1 40.1.8.35: Bhisiānisaṃsa)
yatvādhikaraṇamenaṃ cakkhundriyaṃ asaṃvutaṃ viharantaṃ abhijjhādomanassā pāpakā akusalā dhammā anvāssaveyyuṃ (6D 2.4.3.2.1: Indriyasaṃvara)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
rakkhaṇatthānaṃ (dhātūnaṃ payoge) icchitaṃ (taṃ kārakaṃ)
(saññaṃ hoti)
(apādānaṃ)
with roots meaning “to guard”, the thing wished [kept safe] — that kāraka
(is named)
(apādāna)
Rakkhaṇatthānaṃ dhātūnaṃ payoge yaṃ icchitaṃ, taṃ kārakaṃ apādānasaññaṃ hoti.
Kāke rakkhanti taṇḍulā, yavā paṭisedhenti gāvo.
In construction with roots in the sense of guarding, the kāraka that is wanted (icchita) is termed apādāna.
kāke rakkhanti taṇḍulā
yavā paṭisedhenti gāvo
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
yena adassanaṃ (icchitaṃ) — (taṃ kārakaṃ)
(saññaṃ hoti)
(apādānaṃ)
optionally
the one by whom not being seen is wished — that kāraka
(is named)
(apādāna)
Yena vā adassanamicchitaṃ, taṃ kārakaṃ apādānasaññaṃ hoti.
Upajjhāyā antaradhāyati sisso, mātarā ca pitarā ca antaradhāyati putto.
Vāti kimatthaṃ? Sattamīvibhatyatthaṃ6
Optionally, the kāraka by whom one wishes not to be seen is termed apādāna.
upajjhāyā antaradhāyati sisso
mātarā ca pitarā ca antaradhāyati putto
Dūratthe, antikatthe, addhanimmāne, kālanimmāne, tvālope, disāyoge, vibhatte, ārappayoge, suddhe, pamocane, hetvatthe, vivittatthe, pamāṇe, pubbayoge, bandhanatthe, guṇavacane, pañhe, kathane, thoke, akattari ca iccetesvatthesu, payogesu ca, taṃ kārakaṃ apādānasaññaṃ hoti.
In the senses of distance, nearness, a measure of distance, a measure of time7 tvā, connection with a direction, distinction, construction with [words of] abstaining, purity, release, cause, seclusion, extent, connection with pubba, bondage, the statement of a quality, a question, telling, a little, and a non-agent — in these senses and constructions too, that kāraka is termed apādāna.
Dūratthetāva – kīva dūro ito naḷakāragāmo, dūrato vā gamma, ārakā te moghapurisā imasmā dhammavinayā. Dutiyā ca tatiyā ca, dūraṃ gāmaṃ āgato8
Antikatthe – antikaṃ gāmā, āsannaṃ gāmā, samīpaṃ gāmā, samīpaṃ saddhammā. Dutiyā ca tatiyā ca, antikaṃ gāmaṃ, antikaṃ gāmena vā. Āsannaṃ gāmaṃ, āsannaṃ gāmena vā. Samīpaṃ gāmaṃ. Samīpaṃ gāmena vā. Samīpaṃ saddhammaṃ, samīpaṃ saddhammena vā iccevamādi.
Addhanimmāne – ito mathurāya catūsu yojanesu saṅkassaṃ nāma nagaraṃ atthi, tattha bahū janā vasanti iccevamādi.
Kālanimmāne – ito bhikkhave ekanavutikappe vipassī nāma bhagavā loke udapādi, ito tiṇṇaṃ māsānaṃ accayena parinibbāyissati iccevamādi.
Tvālope kammādhikaraṇesu – pāsādā saṅkameyya, pāsādaṃ abhiruhitvā vā. Pabbatā saṅkameyya, pabbataṃ abhiruhitvā vā. Hatthikkhandhā saṅkameyya, hatthikkhandhaṃ abhiruhitvā vā. Āsanā vuṭṭhaheyya. Āsane nisīditvā vā iccevamādi.
Disāyoge – avīcito9
Vibhatte – yato paṇītataro vā visiṭṭhataro vā natthi. Chaṭṭhī ca, channavutīnaṃ pāsaṇḍānaṃ, dhammānaṃ pavaraṃ yadidaṃ sugatavinayo iccevamādi.
Ārappayoge – gāmadhammā vasaladhammā asaddhammā ārati virati paṭivirati, pāṇātipātā veramaṇī iccevamādi.
Suddhe – lobhaniyehi dhammehi suddho asaṃsaṭṭho, mātito ca pitito ca suddho asaṃsaṭṭho anupakuddho agarahito iccevamādi.
Pamocane – parimutto dukkhasmāti vadāmi, muttosmi mārabandhanā, na te muccanti maccunā iccevamādi.
Hetvatthe – kasmā hetunā, kena hetunā, kissa hetunā, kasmā nu tumhaṃ daharā na mīyare, kasmā idheva maraṇaṃ bhavissati iccevamādi.
Vivittatthe – vivitto pāpakā dhammā, vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi iccevamādi.
Pamāṇe – dīghaso navavidatthiyo sugatavidatthiyā pamāṇikā kāretabbā, majjhimassa purisassa aḍḍha teḷasahatthā iccevamādi.
Pubbayoge – pubbeva sambodhā10
Bandhanatthe – satasmā bandho11
Guṇavacane – puññāya sugatiṃ yanti, cāgāya vipulaṃ dhanaṃ, paññāya vimuttimano, issariyāya janaṃ rakkhati rājā iccevamādi.
Pañhe tvālope kammādhikaraṇesu – abhidhammā pucchanti, abhidhammaṃ sutvā, abhidhamme ṭhatvā vā. Vinayā pucchanti, vinayaṃ sutvā, vinaye ṭhatvā vā. Dutiyā ca tatiyā ca, abhidhammaṃ, abhidhammena vā. Vinayaṃ, vinayena vā. Evaṃ12
Kathane tvālope kammādhikaraṇesu – abhidhammā kathayanti, abhidhammaṃ sutvā, abhidhamme ṭhatvā vā. Vinayā kathayanti, vinayaṃ sutvā, vinaye ṭhatvā vā. Dutiyā ca tatiyā ca, abhidhammaṃ, abhidhammena vā. Vinayaṃ vinayena vā. Evaṃ suttā, geyyā, gāthāya, veyyākaraṇā, udānā, itivuttakā, jātakā, abbhutadhammā, vedallā iccevamādi.
Thoke – thokā muccanti. Appamattakā muccanti, kicchā muccanti. Tatiyā ca. Thokena, appamattakena, kicchena vā iccevamādi.
Akattarica – kammassa katattā upacitattā ussannattā vipulattā cakkhuviññāṇaṃ uppannaṃ hoti iccevamādi.
Each group closes with iccevamādi — “and so on”.
Dūratthe — in the sense of distance, first.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️⑤⨀(ima + to)
kīva dūro ito naḷakāragāmo
how far from here is Naḷakāragāma?
⚧️⑤⨀(dūra + to)
dūrato vā gamma
or having come from afar
⚧️⑤⨀(ima) 🚹⑤⨀(dhammavinaya)
ārakā te moghapurisā imasmā dhammavinayā
far are those foolish men from this teaching and discipline
🚹②⨀(gāma)
dūraṃ gāmaṃ āgato
come from the far village (②)
🚹③⨀(gāma)
dūrena gāmena vā āgato
or come from the far village (③)
🚹②⨀(dhammavinaya)
ārakā imaṃ dhammavinayaṃ
far from this teaching and discipline (②)
🚹③⨀(dhammavinaya)
anena dhammavinayena vā
or from this teaching and discipline (③)
āsanne ito naḷakāragāmo (10M 5.9: Subhasutta)
apakkameva imasmā dhammavinayā (8D 1.1: Sunakkhattavatthu)
Antikatthe — in the sense of nearness.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑤⨀(gāma)
antikaṃ gāmā, āsannaṃ gāmā, samīpaṃ gāmā
near the village
🚹⑤⨀(saddhamma)
samīpaṃ saddhammā
near the true Dhamma
🚹②⨀(gāma)
antikaṃ gāmaṃ, āsannaṃ gāmaṃ, samīpaṃ gāmaṃ
near the village (②)
🚹③⨀(gāma)
antikaṃ gāmena, āsannaṃ gāmena, samīpaṃ gāmena
near the village (③)
🚹②⨀(saddhamma)
samīpaṃ saddhammaṃ
near the true Dhamma (②)
🚹③⨀(saddhamma)
samīpaṃ saddhammena
near the true Dhamma (③)
Addhanimmāne — in a measure of distance.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️⑤⨀(ima + to) 🚺⑤⨀(mathurā)
ito mathurāya catūsu yojanesu saṅkassaṃ nāma nagaraṃ atthi
four leagues from here, from Mathurā, is the city called Saṅkassa
🚹①⨂(jana)
tattha bahū janā vasanti
many people live there (the sentence’s continuation; tattha is the locus, and there is no apādāna)
Kālanimmāne — in a measure of time.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️⑤⨀(ima + to)
ito bhikkhave ekanavutikappe vipassī nāma bhagavā loke udapādi
in the ninety-first aeon from now, monks, the Blessed One called Vipassī arose in the world
⚧️⑤⨀(ima + to)
ito tiṇṇaṃ māsānaṃ accayena parinibbāyissati
three months from now he will attain final Nibbāna
ito so, bhikkhave, ekanavutikappe yaṃ vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho loke udapādi (7D 1.1: Pubbenivāsapaṭisaṃyuttakathā)
ito tiṇṇaṃ māsānaṃ accayena tathāgato parinibbāyissati (7D 3.14: Mārayācanakathā)
Tvālope — when tvā is elided, for the object and the location (kammādhikaraṇesu).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑤⨀(pāsāda)
pāsādā saṅkameyya, pāsādaṃ abhiruhitvā vā
he may step across from the palace — or, having climbed the palace
🚹⑤⨀(pabbata)
pabbatā saṅkameyya, pabbataṃ abhiruhitvā vā
he may step across from the mountain — or, having climbed the mountain
🚹⑤⨀(hatthikkhandha)
hatthikkhandhā saṅkameyya, hatthikkhandhaṃ abhiruhitvā vā
he may step across from the elephant’s back — or, having mounted the elephant’s back
🚻⑤⨀(āsana)
āsanā vuṭṭhaheyya, āsane nisīditvā vā
he may rise from the seat — or, having sat on the seat
Disāyoge — in connection with a direction.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️⑤⨀(avīci + to)
avīcito yāva uparibhavaggamantare bahū sattanikāyā vasanti
from Avīci up to the peak of existence above, in between, many orders of beings dwell
⚧️⑤⨀(ya + to) ⚧️⑤⨀(ta + to)
yato khemaṃ tato bhayaṃ
whence safety, thence danger
⚧️⑤⨀(puratthima + to)
puratthimato, dakkhiṇato, pacchimato, uttarato aggī pajjalanti
from the east, the south, the west, the north fires blaze
⚧️⑤⨀(ya + to)
yato assosuṃ bhagavantaṃ
from where they heard the Blessed One
🚻⑤⨀(pādatala) 🚹⑤⨀(kesamatthaka)
uddhaṃ pādatalā adho kesamatthakā
upward from the soles of the feet, downward from the tips of the hair
yatodakaṃ tadādittaṃ, yato khemaṃ tato bhayaṃ (22J 9.1.6: Padakusalamāṇavajātaka)
uddhaṃ pādatalā adho kesamatthakā (7D 9.1.4: Kāyānupassanāpaṭikūlamanasikārapabba)
Vibhatte — in distinction. Chaṭṭhī ca — the sixth ⑥ too.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️⑤⨀(ya + to)
yato paṇītataro vā visiṭṭhataro vā natthi
than which there is nothing more excellent or more distinguished
🚻⑥⨂(pāsaṇḍa) 🚹⑥⨂(dhamma)
channavutīnaṃ pāsaṇḍānaṃ, dhammānaṃ pavaraṃ yadidaṃ sugatavinayo
of the ninety-six sectarian doctrines the foremost is this, the discipline of the Sugata (⑥)
Ārappayoge — in construction with [words of] abstaining.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑤⨀(gāmadhamma) 🚹⑤⨀(vasaladhamma) 🚹⑤⨀(asaddhamma)
gāmadhammā vasaladhammā asaddhammā ārati virati paṭivirati
abstaining, refraining, desisting from vulgar practice, low practice, wrong practice
🚹⑤⨀(pāṇātipāta)
pāṇātipātā veramaṇī
abstention from killing living beings
pāṇātipātā veramaṇī (3V 1.42: Sikkhāpadakathā)
brahmacārī hoti ārācārī virato asaddhammā gāmadhammā (15A4 4.5.8: Attantapasutta)
Suddhe — in purity.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑤⨂(lobhanīya) 🚹⑤⨂(dhamma)
lobhaniyehi dhammehi suddho asaṃsaṭṭho
pure, unmixed with things that provoke greed
🚺⑤⨀(mātu + to) 🚹⑤⨀(pitu + to)
mātito ca pitito ca suddho asaṃsaṭṭho anupakuddho agarahito
pure on the mother’s side and the father’s, unmixed, unreproached, unblamed
yathārūpehi lobhanīyehi dhammehi pariyādinnacitto (10M 5.5: Caṅkīsutta)
Pamocane — in release.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻⑤⨀(dukkha)
parimutto dukkhasmāti vadāmi
he is released from suffering, I say
🚻⑤⨀(mārabandhana)
muttosmi mārabandhanā
I am freed from Māra’s bond
🚹⑤⨀(maccu)
na te muccanti maccunā
they are not freed from death
yāya dhīrā pamuccanti, jhāyino mārabandhanā (12S1 1.4.5: Ujjhānasaññisutta)
Hetvatthe — in the sense of cause.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️⑤⨀(kiṃ)
kasmā hetunā
for what reason?
⚧️③⨀(kiṃ)
kena hetunā
by what reason? (③)
⚧️⑥⨀(kiṃ)
kissa hetunā
by reason of what? (⑥)
⚧️⑤⨀(kiṃ)
kasmā nu tumhaṃ daharā na mīyare
why do your young ones not die?
⚧️⑤⨀(kiṃ)
kasmā idheva maraṇaṃ bhavissati
why will there be death right here?
kasmā nu tumhaṃ daharā na miyyare (22J 10.1.9: Mahādhammapālajātaka)
Vivittatthe — in the sense of seclusion.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑤⨀(pāpaka) 🚹⑤⨀(dhamma)
vivitto pāpakā dhammā
secluded from an evil state
🚹⑤⨂(kāma) 🚹⑤⨂(akusala) 🚹⑤⨂(dhamma)
vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi
quite secluded from sense pleasures, secluded from unwholesome states
vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi (1V Veranjakanda: Verañjakaṇḍa)
Pamāṇe — in extent.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺⑤⨀(sugatavidatthi)
dīghaso navavidatthiyo sugatavidatthiyā pamāṇikā kāretabbā
in length nine spans by the Sugata’s span, they are to be made to measure
🚹⑤⨀(aḍḍhateḷasahattha)
majjhimassa purisassa aḍḍha teḷasahatthā
twelve and a half cubits of an average man
dīghaso dvādasa vidatthiyo, sugatavidatthiyā (1V 1.2.6: Kuṭikārasikkhāpada)
Pubbayoge — in construction with pubba.13
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑤⨀(sambodha)
pubbeva sambodhā
even before the awakening
pubbeva sambodhā anabhisambuddhassa bodhisattasseva sato (9M 1.4: Bhayabheravasutta)
Bandhanatthe — in the sense of bondage. Tatiyā ca — the third ③ too.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻⑤⨀(sata)
satasmā bandho naro
the man is bound for a hundred
🚻③⨀(sata)
satena bandho naro raññā iṇatthena
the man is bound by the king for a hundred, on account of the debt (③)
Guṇavacane — in the statement of a quality.14
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻⑤⨀(puñña)
puññāya sugatiṃ yanti
by merit they go to a happy destination
🚹⑤⨀(cāga)
cāgāya vipulaṃ dhanaṃ
by generosity, abundant wealth
🚺⑤⨀(paññā)
paññāya vimuttimano
by wisdom, a mind released
🚻⑤⨀(issariya)
issariyāya janaṃ rakkhati rājā
by his lordship the king protects the people
Pañhe — in a question, when tvā is elided, for the object and the location. Dutiyā ca tatiyā ca — the second ② and the third ③ too.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑤⨀(abhidhamma)
abhidhammā pucchanti, abhidhammaṃ sutvā, abhidhamme ṭhatvā vā
they ask about the Abhidhamma — having heard, or standing on, the Abhidhamma
🚹⑤⨀(vinaya)
vinayā pucchanti, vinayaṃ sutvā, vinaye ṭhatvā vā
they ask about the Vinaya
🚹②⨀(abhidhamma) 🚹③⨀(abhidhamma)
abhidhammaṃ, abhidhammena vā
about the Abhidhamma (②, ③)
🚹②⨀(vinaya) 🚹③⨀(vinaya)
vinayaṃ, vinayena vā
about the Vinaya (②, ③)
🚻⑤⨀(sutta) 🚻⑤⨀(geyya) 🚺⑤⨀(gāthā) 🚻⑤⨀(veyyākaraṇa) 🚹⑤⨀(udāna) 🚻⑤⨀(itivuttaka) 🚻⑤⨀(jātaka) 🚻⑤⨀(abbhutadhamma) 🚻⑤⨀(vedalla)
evaṃ suttā, geyyā, gāthāya, veyyākaraṇā, udānā, itivuttakā, jātakā, abbhutadhammā, vedallā
so too about the discourses, the mixed prose and verse, the verses, the expositions, the inspired utterances, the quotations, the birth stories, the marvels, the catechisms
Kathane — in telling, when tvā is elided, for the object and the location.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑤⨀(abhidhamma)
abhidhammā kathayanti, abhidhammaṃ sutvā, abhidhamme ṭhatvā vā
they speak about the Abhidhamma — having heard, or standing on, the Abhidhamma
🚹⑤⨀(vinaya)
vinayā kathayanti, vinayaṃ sutvā, vinaye ṭhatvā vā
they speak about the Vinaya
🚹②⨀(abhidhamma) 🚹③⨀(abhidhamma)
abhidhammaṃ, abhidhammena vā
about the Abhidhamma (②, ③)
🚹②⨀(vinaya) 🚹③⨀(vinaya)
vinayaṃ vinayena vā
about the Vinaya (②, ③)
🚻⑤⨀(sutta)
evaṃ suttā, geyyā … vedallā
so too about the discourses … the catechisms
Thoke — in the sense of a little. Tatiyā ca — the third ③ too.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻⑤⨀(thoka)
thokā muccanti
they escape by a little
🚻⑤⨀(appamattaka)
appamattakā muccanti
they escape by a trifle
🚻⑤⨀(kiccha)
kicchā muccanti
they escape with difficulty
🚻③⨀(thoka) 🚻③⨀(appamattaka) 🚻③⨀(kiccha)
thokena, appamattakena, kicchena vā
by a little, by a trifle, with difficulty (③)
Akattari — for a non-agent.15
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻⑤⨀(katatta) 🚻⑤⨀(upacitatta) 🚻⑤⨀(ussannatta) 🚻⑤⨀(vipulatta)
kammassa katattā upacitattā ussannattā vipulattā cakkhuviññāṇaṃ uppannaṃ hoti
because the deed has been done, accumulated, made plentiful and extensive, eye consciousness has arisen
kāmāvacarassa kusalassa kammassa katattā upacitattā vipākaṃ cakkhuviññāṇaṃ uppannaṃ hoti (29Dhs 2.1.7.1: Kusalavipākapañcaviññāṇa)
Caggahaṇena sesesupi ye mayā nopadiṭṭhā apādānapayogikā, te payogavicakkhaṇehi yathāyogaṃ yojetabbā.
By the mention of ca (“and”), in the remaining instances too, the apādāna constructions that I have not pointed out are to be applied, as applicable, by those who are discerning in usage.
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
yassa dātukāmo | rocate | dhārayate — taṃ (kārakaṃ)
(saññaṃ hoti)
sampadānaṃ
or
the one to whom [one] wishes to give, to whom [something] is pleasing, or to whom [one] owes — that kāraka
(is named)
sampadāna
Yassa vā dātukāmo yassa vārocate, yassa vā dhārayate, taṃ kārakaṃ sampadānasaññaṃ hoti.
Samaṇassa cīvaraṃ dadāti, samaṇassa rocate saccaṃ, devadattassa suvaṇṇacchattaṃ dhārayate yaññadatto.
Sampadānamiccanena kvattho? Sampadāne catutthī.
Vāti vikappanatthaṃ, dhātunāmānaṃ payoge vā upasaggappayoge vā nipātappayoge vā sati atthavikappanatthaṃ vāti padaṃ payujjati.
The kāraka to whom one wishes to give, to whom [something] is pleasing, or to whom one owes16 sampadāna (the recipient).
samaṇassa cīvaraṃ dadāti
samaṇassa rocate saccaṃ
devadattassa suvaṇṇacchattaṃ dhārayate yaññadatto
Vā is there for the sake of an option (vikappana): where there is a construction with roots and nouns, with prefixes or with particles, the word vā is employed for the sake of an alternative sense (atthavikappana).
Silāgha hanu ṭhā sapa dhāra piha kudha duha issaiccetesaṃ dhātūnaṃ payoge, usūyatthānañca payoge, rādhikkhappayoge, paccāsuṇaanupatigiṇānaṃ pubbakattari, ārocanatthe, tadatthe, tumatthe, alamatthe, maññatippayoge anādare appāṇini, gatyatthānaṃ dhātūnaṃ kammani, āsīsatthe ca sammuti bhiyya sattamyatthesu ca, taṃ kārakaṃ sampadānasaññaṃ hoti.
That kāraka is termed sampadāna also in construction with the roots silāgha, hanu, ṭhā, sapa, dhāra, piha, kudha, duha and issa, and with roots in the sense of usūya (envy); in construction with rādha and ikkha; as the prior agent of paccāsuṇa and anupatigiṇa; in the sense of announcing; in the sense of purpose (tadattha); in the sense of an infinitive (tumattha); in the sense of alaṃ; in construction with maññati, in contempt and regarding an inanimate thing; as the object of roots in the sense of going; in the sense of wishing well; and in construction with sammuti and bhiyya, and in the sense of the seventh ⑦.
Silāghappayoge tāva – buddhassa silāghate, dhammassa silāghate, saṅghassa silāghate, sakaupajjhāyassa17
Hanuppayoge – hanute tuyhameva, hanute mayhameva iccevamādi.
Ṭhāpayoge – upatiṭṭheyya sakyaputtānaṃ vaḍḍhakī, bhikkhussa bhuñjantassa pānīyena vā vidhūpanena vā upatiṭṭheyya bhikkhunī iccevamādi.
Sapappayoge – tuyhaṃ sapate, mayhaṃ sapate iccevamādi.
Dhārappayoge – suvaṇṇaṃ te dhārayate iccevamādi.
Pihappayoge – buddhassa aññatitthiyā pihayanti, devā dassanakāmā te, yato icchāmi bhaddantassa, samiddhānaṃ pihayanti daliddā iccevamādi.
Kudhaduhaissausūyappayoge – kodhayati deva dattassa, tassa kujjha mahāvīra, mā raṭṭhaṃ vinassa idaṃ. Duhayati disānaṃ megho, titthiyā samaṇānaṃ issayanti guṇagiddhena, titthiyā samaṇānaṃ issayanti lābhagiddhena, dujjanā guṇavantānaṃ usūyanti guṇagiddhena, kā usūyā vijānataṃ iccevamādi.
Silāghappayoge tāva — in construction with silāgha, first.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(buddha)
buddhassa silāghate
he praises the Buddha
🚹④⨀(dhamma)
dhammassa silāghate
he praises the Dhamma
🚹④⨀(saṅgha)
saṅghassa silāghate
he praises the Saṅgha
🚹④⨀(sakaupajjhāya)
sakaupajjhāyassa silāghate
he praises his own preceptor
⚧️④⨀(tumha) ⚧️④⨀(amha)
tava silāghate, mama silāghate
he praises you, he praises me
Hanuppayoge — in construction with hanu.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️④⨀(tumha)
hanute tuyhameva
he conceals [it] from you alone
⚧️④⨀(amha)
hanute mayhameva
he conceals [it] from me alone
Ṭhāpayoge — in construction with ṭhā.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨂(sakyaputta)
upatiṭṭheyya sakyaputtānaṃ vaḍḍhakī
the carpenter would attend on the sons of the Sakyans
🚹④⨀(bhikkhu)
bhikkhussa bhuñjantassa pānīyena vā vidhūpanena vā upatiṭṭheyya bhikkhunī
a nun would attend on a monk while he eats, with drinking water or a fan
yā pana bhikkhunī bhikkhussa bhuñjantassa pānīyena vā vidhūpanena vā upatiṭṭheyya (2V 2.4.1.6: Upatiṭṭhanasikkhāpada)
Sapappayoge — in construction with sapa.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️④⨀(tumha) ⚧️④⨀(amha)
tuyhaṃ sapate, mayhaṃ sapate
he swears to you, he swears to me
Dhārappayoge — in construction with dhāra.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️④⨀(tumha)
suvaṇṇaṃ te dhārayate
he owes you gold
Pihappayoge — in construction with piha.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(buddha)
buddhassa aññatitthiyā pihayanti
the followers of other sects envy the Buddha
⚧️④⨀(tumha)
devā dassanakāmā te
the gods long to see you
🚹④⨀(bhaddanta)
yato icchāmi bhaddantassa
since I wish for the venerable one
🚹④⨂(samiddha)
samiddhānaṃ pihayanti daliddā
the poor envy the rich
devā dassanakāmā te, tāvatiṃsā saindakā (22J 14.1.11: Sādhinajātaka)
tassa te bahukā pihayanti (12S1 9.1.9: Vajjiputtasutta)
Kudhaduhaissausūyappayoge — in construction with kudha, duha, issa and usūya.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(devadatta)
kodhayati devadattassa
he is angry with Devadatta
⚧️④⨀(ta)
tassa kujjha mahāvīra, mā raṭṭhaṃ vinassa idaṃ
be angry with him, great hero; let not this realm perish
🚺④⨂(disā)
duhayati disānaṃ megho
the cloud is hostile to the quarters
🚹④⨂(samaṇa)
titthiyā samaṇānaṃ issayanti guṇagiddhena
the sectarians are jealous of the ascetics out of greed for virtue
🚹④⨂(samaṇa)
titthiyā samaṇānaṃ issayanti lābhagiddhena
the sectarians are jealous of the ascetics out of greed for gain
🚹④⨂(guṇavantu)
dujjanā guṇavantānaṃ usūyanti guṇagiddhena
bad people envy the virtuous out of greed for virtue
🚹④⨂(vijānanta)
kā usūyā vijānataṃ
what envy [is there] towards those who understand?
tassa kujjha mahāvīra, mā raṭṭhaṃ vinasā idaṃ (22J 4.2.3: Khantīvādījātaka)
dhammena nayamānānaṃ, kā usūyā vijānataṃ (3V 1.14.1: Abhiññātānaṃpabbajjā)
Rādha ikkha iccetesaṃ dhātūnaṃ payoge yassa akathitassa pucchanaṃ kammavikkhyāpanatthañca, taṃ kārakaṃ sampadānasaññaṃ hoti, dutiyā ca.
Ārādhohaṃ rañño, ārādhohaṃ rājānaṃ, kyāhaṃ ayyānaṃ aparajjhāmi, kyāhaṃ ayye aparajjhāmi, cakkhuṃ janassa dassanāya taṃ viya maññe, āyasmato upālittherassa upasampadāpekkho upatisso, āyasmantaṃ vā iccevamādi.
In construction with the roots rādha and ikkha, the unstated one about whom there is enquiry, and for the sake of making the action known — that kāraka is termed sampadāna, and the second form ② as well.18
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(rāja)
ārādhohaṃ rañño
I have won the king’s favour
🚹②⨀(rāja)
ārādhohaṃ rājānaṃ
I have won the king’s favour (②)
🚹④⨂(ayya)
kyāhaṃ ayyānaṃ aparajjhāmi
what wrong do I do to the masters?
🚹②⨂(ayya)
kyāhaṃ ayye aparajjhāmi
what wrong do I do to the masters? (②)
🚹④⨀(jana)
cakkhuṃ janassa dassanāya taṃ viya maññe
I take that to be like an eye for people to see with
🚹④⨀(āyasmantu) 🚹④⨀(upālitthera)
āyasmato upālittherassa upasampadāpekkho upatisso
Upatissa looks to the venerable elder Upāli for higher ordination
🚹②⨀(āyasmantu)
āyasmantaṃ vā
or: to the venerable one (②)
kyāhaṃ ayyānaṃ aparajjhāmi? kissa maṃ ayyā nālapantī (1V 1.2.8: Duṭṭhadosasikkhāpada)
ayaṃ itthannāmo itthannāmassa āyasmato upasampadāpekkho (3V 1.17: Paṇāmitakathā)
Paccāsuṇa anupatigiṇānaṃ pubbakattari suṇotissa paccāyoge yassa kammuno pubbassa yo kattā, so sampadānasañño hoti.
Taṃ yathā? Bhagavā bhikkhū etadavoca.
Bhikkhūti akathitakammaṃ19
Taṃ yathā? Te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ, āsuṇanti buddhassa bhikkhū.
Giṇassa anupatiyoge yassa kammuno pubbassa yo kattā, so sampadānasañño hoti.
Taṃ yathā? Bhikkhu janaṃ dhammaṃ sāveti, tassa bhikkhuno jano anugiṇāti, tassa bhikkhuno jano patigiṇāti.
Yo vadeti sa‘kattā’ti,
Iccevamādi.
As the prior agent of paccāsuṇa and anupatigiṇa: in the construction of suṇoti with pati and ā, the agent of the prior action is termed sampadāna. bhikkhū is the unstated object (akathitakamma) and etaṃ the stated object (kathitakamma); the agent of the prior action, bhagavā, is termed kattā by the wording of the sutta §281 (294): Yo karoti sa kattā , and so the agent of the prior action is termed sampadāna. In the construction of giṇa with anu and pati, the agent of the prior action is termed sampadāna.
The one who speaks is the kattā, kamma, sampadāna.
And so on.
bhagavā bhikkhū etadavoca (12S1 11.2.2: Sakkanāmasutta)
te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ (3V 8.18: Visākhāvatthu)
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(buddha)
āsuṇanti buddhassa bhikkhū
the monks listen assenting to the Buddha
🚹④⨀(bhikkhu)
bhikkhu janaṃ dhammaṃ sāveti, tassa bhikkhuno jano anugiṇāti
a monk makes the people hear the Dhamma; the people approve that monk
🚹④⨀(bhikkhu)
tassa bhikkhuno jano patigiṇāti
the people respond approvingly to that monk
Ārocanatthe – ārocayāmi vo bhikkhave, āmantayāmi vo bhikkhave, paṭivedayāmi vo bhikkhave, ārocayāmi te mahārāja, āmantayāmi te mahārāja, paṭivedayāmi te mahārāja iccevamādi.
Tadatthe – ūnassa pāripūriyā taṃ cīvaraṃ nikkhipitabbaṃ. Buddhassa atthāya, dhammassa atthāya, saṅghassa atthāya, jīvitaṃ pariccajāmi iccevamādi.
Tumatthe -lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ buddho loke uppajjati. Bhikkhūnaṃ phāsuvihārāya vinayo paññatto iccevamādi.
Alamatthappayoge-alamiti arahati paṭikkhittesu. Alaṃ me buddho, alaṃ me rajjaṃ, alaṃ bhikkhu pattassa, alaṃ mallo mallassa, arahati mallo mallassa. Paṭikkhitte alaṃ te rūpaṃ karaṇīyaṃ, alaṃ me hiraññasuvaṇṇena iccevamādi.
Maññatippayoge anādare appāṇini-kaṭṭhassa tuvaṃ maññe, kaliṅgarassa tuvaṃ maññe.
Anādareti kimatthaṃ? Suvaṇṇaṃ viya taṃ maññe.
Appāṇinīti kimatthaṃ? Gadrabhaṃ tuvaṃ maññe iccevamādi.
Ārocanatthe — in the sense of announcing.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️④⨂(tumha)
ārocayāmi vo bhikkhave
I announce to you, monks
⚧️④⨂(tumha)
āmantayāmi vo bhikkhave
I address you, monks
⚧️④⨂(tumha)
paṭivedayāmi vo bhikkhave
I make known to you, monks
⚧️④⨀(tumha)
ārocayāmi te mahārāja, āmantayāmi te mahārāja, paṭivedayāmi te mahārāja
I announce to you, great king; I address you; I make known to you
ārocayāmi vo, bhikkhave, paṭivedayāmi vo, bhikkhave (9M 4.9: Mahāassapurasutta)
handa dāni, bhikkhave, āmantayāmi vo (7D 3.20: Ānandayācanakathā)
Tadatthe — in the sense of purpose.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺④⨀(pāripūrī)
ūnassa pāripūriyā taṃ cīvaraṃ nikkhipitabbaṃ
that robe may be laid aside for the completion of what is lacking
🚹④⨀(attha)
buddhassa atthāya, dhammassa atthāya, saṅghassa atthāya, jīvitaṃ pariccajāmi
for the sake of the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Saṅgha I give up my life
taṃ cīvaraṃ nikkhipitabbaṃ ūnassa pāripūriyā (1V 1.4.1.3: Tatiyakathinasikkhāpada)
Tumatthe — in the sense of an infinitive.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺④⨀(lokānukampā) 🚹④⨀(attha) 🚻④⨀(hita) 🚻④⨀(sukha)
lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ buddho loke uppajjati
for compassion on the world, for the good, welfare and happiness of gods and men, a Buddha arises in the world
🚹④⨀(phāsuvihāra)
bhikkhūnaṃ phāsuvihārāya vinayo paññatto
the discipline was laid down for the comfortable living of the monks
lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ (3V 1.8: Mārakathā)
bhikkhūnaṃ phāsuvihārāya (1V 1.1.1.1: Sudinnabhāṇavāra)
Alamatthappayoge — in construction in the sense of alaṃ. Alamiti arahati paṭikkhittesu — the word alaṃ has the senses of being fit (arahati) and of refusal (paṭikkhitta).
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️④⨀(amha)
alaṃ me buddho
the Buddha suffices for me, is fit for me [arahati]
⚧️④⨀(amha)
alaṃ me rajjaṃ
kingship is fitting for me [arahati]
🚹④⨀(patta)
alaṃ bhikkhu pattassa
the monk is worthy of the bowl
🚹④⨀(malla)
alaṃ mallo mallassa
the wrestler is a match for the wrestler
🚹④⨀(malla)
arahati mallo mallassa
the wrestler is worthy of the wrestler
⚧️④⨀(tumha)
alaṃ te rūpaṃ karaṇīyaṃ
enough of the form you are to make [in refusal]
⚧️④⨀(amha) 🚻③⨀(hiraññasuvaṇṇa)
alaṃ me hiraññasuvaṇṇena
enough of unwrought and wrought gold for me [in refusal; hiraññasuvaṇṇena ③ by §287]
Maññatippayoge anādare appāṇini — in construction with maññati, in contempt and regarding an inanimate thing.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻④⨀(kaṭṭha)
kaṭṭhassa tuvaṃ maññe
I take you for a stick
🚹④⨀(kaliṅgara)
kaliṅgarassa tuvaṃ maññe
I take you for a log
Gatyatthakammani-gāmassa pādena gato, nagarassa pādena gato, appo saggāya gacchati, saggassa gamanena vā, mūlāya paṭikasseyya saṅgho. Dutiyā ca, gāmaṃ pādena gato, nagaraṃ pādena gato, appo saggaṃ gacchati, saggaṃ gamanena vā, mūlaṃ paṭikasseyya saṅgho iccevamādi.
Āsīsatthe-āyasmato dīghāyuko hotu, bhaddaṃ bhavato hotu, kusalaṃ bhavato hotu, anāmayaṃ bhavato hotu, sukhaṃ bhavato hotu, svāgataṃ bhavato hotu, attho bhavato hotu, hitaṃ bhavato hotu iccevamādi.
Sammutippayoge– aññatra saṅghasammutiyā bhikkhussa vippavatthuṃ na vaṭṭati, sādhu sammuti me tassa bhagavato dassanāya iccevamādi.
Bhiyyappayoge – bhiyyoso mattāya22
Sattamyatthe – tuyhañcassa āvi karomi, tassa me sakko pāturahosi iccevamādi.
Gatyatthakammani — for the object of [roots] in the sense of going. Dutiyā ca — the second ② too.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(gāma)
gāmassa pādena gato
gone to the village on foot
🚻④⨀(nagara)
nagarassa pādena gato
gone to the city on foot
🚹④⨀(sagga)
appo saggāya gacchati
few go to heaven
🚹④⨀(sagga)
saggassa gamanena vā
or: by going to heaven
🚻④⨀(mūla)
mūlāya paṭikasseyya saṅgho
the Saṅgha should send [him] back to the beginning
🚹②⨀(gāma) 🚻②⨀(nagara)
gāmaṃ pādena gato, nagaraṃ pādena gato
gone to the village, to the city, on foot (②)
🚹②⨀(sagga)
appo saggaṃ gacchati, saggaṃ gamanena vā
few go to heaven; or by going to heaven (②)
🚻②⨀(mūla)
mūlaṃ paṭikasseyya saṅgho
the Saṅgha should send [him] back to the beginning (②)
sakuṇo jālamuttova, appo saggāya gacchati (18Dh 13.7: Pesakāradhītāvatthu)
parivāsaṃ dadeyya, mūlāya paṭikasseyya, mānattaṃ dadeyya (3V 9.5: Pārivāsikādikathā)
Āsīsatthe — in the sense of wishing well.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(āyasmantu)
āyasmato dīghāyuko hotu
may the venerable one be long-lived
🚹④⨀(bhavanta)
bhaddaṃ bhavato hotu, kusalaṃ bhavato hotu, anāmayaṃ bhavato hotu, sukhaṃ bhavato hotu
may there be good fortune, wellbeing, health, happiness for you, sir
🚹④⨀(bhavanta)
svāgataṃ bhavato hotu, attho bhavato hotu, hitaṃ bhavato hotu
welcome to you, sir; may there be gain, benefit for you
Sammutippayoge — in construction with sammuti.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(bhikkhu)
aññatra saṅghasammutiyā bhikkhussa vippavatthuṃ na vaṭṭati
except by the Saṅgha’s consent it is not proper for a monk to live apart
⚧️④⨀(amha)
sādhu sammuti me tassa bhagavato dassanāya
good is the agreement for me to see that Blessed One
Bhiyyappayoge — in construction with bhiyya.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺④⨀(mattā)
bhiyyoso mattāya
to a still greater measure, exceedingly
bhiyyoso mattāya (1V 1.2.6: Kuṭikārasikkhāpada)
Sattamyatthe — in the sense of the seventh.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️④⨀(tumha) 🔼(ca) ⚧️④⨀(ima)
tuyhañcassa āvi karomi
I make [it] plain to you and to him
⚧️④⨀(amha)
tassa me sakko pāturahosi
then Sakka appeared to me
te te āvikaromi sakkhipuṭṭho (18Sn 1.5: Cundasutta)
Atthaggahaṇena bahūsu akkharappayogesu dissati.
Taṃ yathā? Upamaṃ te23
Sāratthe ca – desetu bhante bhagavā dhammaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ. Tassa phāsu vihārāya hoti, etassa pahiṇeyya, yathā no bhagavā byākareyya, tathāpi tesaṃ byākarissāma, kappati samaṇānaṃ āyogo, amhākaṃ maṇinā attho, kimattho me buddhena, seyyo me attho, bahūpakārā bhante mahāpajā patigotamī bhagavato, bahūpakārā bhikkhave mātāpitaro puttānaṃ iccevamādi.
Sesesu akkharappayogesupi aññepi payogā payogavicakkhaṇehi yojetabbā.
By the mention of attha (“sense”), [the fourth form ④] is seen in many constructions of words. And in the essential sense (sārattha)24
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️④⨀(tumha)
upamaṃ te karissāmi
I shall make a simile for you
⚧️④⨂(tumha)
dhammaṃ vo desessāmi
I shall teach you the Dhamma
🚹④⨂(bhikkhu)
desetu bhante bhagavā dhammaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ
let the Blessed One, sir, teach the Dhamma to the monks
🚹④⨀(phāsuvihāra)
tassa phāsuvihārāya hoti
it is for his comfortable living
⚧️④⨀(eta)
etassa pahiṇeyya
he should send to him
⚧️④⨂(amha)
yathā no bhagavā byākareyya
as the Blessed One would explain to us
⚧️④⨂(ta)
tathāpi tesaṃ byākarissāma
even so we shall explain to them
🚹④⨂(samaṇa)
kappati samaṇānaṃ āyogo
the practice is allowable for ascetics
⚧️④⨂(amha)
amhākaṃ maṇinā attho
we have need of the jewel
⚧️④⨀(amha)
kimattho me buddhena
what need have I of the Buddha?
⚧️④⨀(amha)
seyyo me attho
the better goal is for me
🚹④⨀(bhagavantu)
bahūpakārā bhante mahāpajāpatigotamī bhagavato
Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī, sir, has been of great service to the Blessed One
🚹④⨂(putta)
bahūpakārā bhikkhave mātāpitaro puttānaṃ
parents, monks, are of great service to their children
tena hi, rājañña, upamaṃ te karissāmi (7D 10.2.10: Aggikajaṭilaupamā)
dhammaṃ vo, bhikkhave, desessāmi (11M 5.6: Chachakkasutta)
desetu, bhante, bhagavā dhammaṃ (3V 1.5: Brahmayācanakathā)
yathā no bhagavā byākareyya (9M 2.8: Madhupiṇḍikasutta)
na kappati samaṇānaṃ sakyaputtiyānaṃ evarūpaṃ kātuṃ (1V 1.2.5: Sañcarittasikkhāpada)
bhikkhussa maṇinā attho (1V 1.2.6: Kuṭikārasikkhāpada)
bahūpakārā, bhante, mahāpajāpati gotamī bhagavato (4V 10.1.1: Mahāpajāpatigotamīvatthu)
bahukārā, bhikkhave, mātāpitaro puttānaṃ (15A2 1.4.2)
Caggahaṇaṃ vikappanatthavāggahaṇānukaḍḍhanatthaṃ. Ye keci saddā sampadānappayogikā mayā nopadiṭṭhā, tesaṃ gahaṇatthaṃ idha vikappīyati vāsaddo.
Taṃ yathā? Bhikkhusaṅghassa pabhū ayaṃ bhagavā, desassa pabhū ayaṃ rājā. Khettassa pabhū ayaṃ gahapati, araññassa pabhū ayaṃ luddako iccevamādi. Kvaci dutiyā tatiyā pañcamī25
The mention of ca is there to draw along (anukaḍḍhana) the mention of vā in the sense of an option: the word vā is applied here as an option so as to take in whatever words in a sampadāna construction I have not pointed out. And in some places [the fourth form ④ stands] in the senses of the second ②, the third ③, the fifth ⑤, the sixth ⑥ and the seventh ⑦.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(bhikkhusaṅgha)
bhikkhusaṅghassa pabhū ayaṃ bhagavā
this Blessed One is master over the community of monks
🚹④⨀(desa)
desassa pabhū ayaṃ rājā
this king is master over the country
🚻④⨀(khetta)
khettassa pabhū ayaṃ gahapati
this householder is master over the field
🚻④⨀(arañña)
araññassa pabhū ayaṃ luddako
this hunter is master over the forest
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
yo ādhāro — taṃ (kārakaṃ)
(saññaṃ hoti)
okāsaṃ
that which is the support [of the action] — that kāraka
(is named)
okāsa
Yo ādhāro, taṃ okāsasaññaṃ hoti. Svādhāro catubbidho byāpiko, opasilesiko, vesayiko sāmīpiko cāti.
Tattha byāpiko tāva–jalesu khīraṃ tiṭṭhati, tilesu telaṃ, ucchūsu raso.
Opasilesiko–pariyaṅke rājā seti, āsane upaviṭṭho saṅgho.
Vesayiko–bhūmīsu manussā caranti, antalikkhe vāyū vāyanti. Ākāse sakuṇā pakkhandanti.
Sāmīpiko–vane hatthino caranti, gaṅgāyaṃ ghoso tiṭṭhati, vaje gāvo duhanti, sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane.
Okāsamiccanena kvattho? Okāse sattamī.
That which is the support (ādhāra) is termed okāsa (the location). That support is of four kinds: pervading (byāpika), by contact (opasilesika), by domain (vesayika) and by proximity (sāmīpika).
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
yena kayirate (passati, suṇāti) — taṃ (kārakaṃ)
(saññaṃ hoti)
karaṇaṃ
or
that by which [something] is done, seen or heard — that kāraka
(is named)
karaṇa
Yena vā kayirate, yena vā passati, yena vā suṇāti, taṃ kārakaṃ karaṇasaññaṃ hoti.
Dattena vīhiṃ26 27 28
Karaṇamiccanena kvattho? Karaṇe tatiyā.
The kāraka by which [something] is done, or by which one sees or hears, is termed karaṇa (the instrument).
dattena vīhiṃ lunāti
vāsiyā kaṭṭhaṃ tacchati
araṇisahitaṃ vāsiyā tacchi (7D 10.2.10: Aggikajaṭilaupamā)
pharasunā rukkhaṃ chindati
tato sā bhañjatha sākhā, chinnā pharasunā viya (22J 16.1.6: Mahākapijātaka)
kudālena pathaviṃ khaṇati
satthena kammaṃ karoti
cakkhunā rūpaṃ passati (13S4 1.3.4.2: Khaṇasutta)
sotena saddaṃ suṇāti (13S4 1.3.4.2: Khaṇasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(vā)
yaṃ karoti (passati, suṇāti) — taṃ (kārakaṃ)
(saññaṃ hoti)
kammaṃ
(or)
what [one] does, sees or hears — that kāraka
(is named)
kamma
Yaṃ vā karoti, yaṃ vā passati, yaṃ vā suṇāti, taṃ kārakaṃ kammasaññaṃ hoti.
Chattaṃ karoti, rathaṃ karoti, rūpaṃ passati, saddaṃ suṇāti, kaṇṭakaṃ maddati, visaṃ gilati.
Kammamiccanena kvattho? Kammatthe dutiyā.
Whatever one does, sees or hears — that kāraka is termed kamma (the object).
chattaṃ karoti
rathaṃ karoti
rūpaṃ passati
saddaṃ suṇāti
cakkhunā rūpaṃ passati … sotena saddaṃ suṇāti (7D 10.2.9: Saṅkhadhamaupamā)
kaṇṭakaṃ maddati
visaṃ gilati
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
yo karoti — so
(saññaṃ hoti)
kattā
the one who does — he
(is named)
kattā
Yo karoti, so kattusañño hoti.
Ahinā daṭṭho naro, garuḷena hato nāgo. Buddhena jito māro, upaguttena māro bandho29
Kattuiccanena kvattho? Kattari ca.
The one who acts is termed kattā (the agent).
ahinā daṭṭho naro
aññataro bhikkhu ahinā daṭṭho hoti (2V 1.5.9.3: Vikālagāmappavisanasikkhāpada)
garuḷena hato nāgo
buddhena jito māro
upaguttena māro bandho
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
yo (kattāraṃ) kāreti — so
(saññaṃ hoti)
hetu (kattā ca)
the one who makes [the agent] act — he
(is named)
hetu (and kattā)
The Rūpasiddhi prints 293 for this rule, repeating the number of Kattari ca; the CST prints 295, its place in the Rūpasiddhi’s sequence, which the heading gives.
Yo kattāraṃ kāreti, so hetusañño hoti, kattā ca.
So puriso taṃ purisaṃ kammaṃ kāreti so puriso tena purisena kammaṃ kāreti, so puriso tassa purisassa kammaṃ kāreti. Evaṃ hāreti pāṭheti pāceti, dhāreti.
Hetuiccanena kvattho? Dhātūhi ṇe ṇaya ṇāpe ṇāpayā kāritāni hetvatthe.
The one who makes the agent act is termed hetu (the causer), and kattā as well.
so puriso taṃ purisaṃ kammaṃ kāreti
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹③⨀(purisa)
so puriso tena purisena kammaṃ kāreti
that man makes that man do the work (the one made to act in ③)
🚹⑥⨀(purisa)
so puriso tassa purisassa kammaṃ kāreti
that man makes that man do the work (the one made to act in the sa form, read as ⑥)
Evaṃ — likewise:
lemma
inflected
meaning
▶️🤟⨀(√kara + ṇe + ti)
kāreti
he makes [someone] do
▶️🤟⨀(√hara + ṇe + ti)
hāreti
he makes [someone] carry
▶️🤟⨀(√paṭha + ṇe + ti)
pāṭheti
he makes [someone] recite
▶️🤟⨀(√paca + ṇe + ti)
pāceti
he makes [someone] cook
▶️🤟⨀(√dhara + ṇe + ti)
dhāreti
he makes [someone] hold
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
yassa pariggaho — taṃ
(saññaṃ hoti)
sāmī
or
one who has a possession — that
(is named)
sāmī
Yassa vā pariggaho, taṃ sāmīsaññaṃ hoti.
Tassa bhikkhuno paṭivīso, tassa bhikkhuno patto, tassa bhikkhuno cīvaraṃ, attano mukhaṃ.
Sāmīiccanena kvattho? Sāmismiṃ chaṭṭhī.
Optionally, one who has a possession (pariggaha) is termed sāmī (the owner).30
tassa bhikkhuno paṭivīso
khādanīyassa ca bhojanīyassa ca te paṭivīso ṭhapito (3V 1.12: Uruvelapāṭihāriyakathā)
tassa bhikkhuno patto
aññatarassa bhikkhuno patto bhinno hoti (1V 1.4.3.2: Ūnapañcabandhanasikkhāpada)
tassa bhikkhuno cīvaraṃ
attano mukhaṃ
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
liṅgatthe (abhidhānamatte)
(vibhatti hoti)
paṭhamā
in [merely] expressing the meaning of the lemma
(the inflection is)
the first ①
Liṅgatthābhidhānamatte paṭhamāvibhatti hoti.
Puriso, purisā, eko, dve, ca, vā, he, ahe, re, are.
The first inflection ① is used merely to express the meaning of the lemma (liṅgattha).31
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(purisa)
puriso
a man
🚹①⨂(purisa)
purisā
men
⚧️①⨀(eka)
eko
one
⚧️①⨂(dvi)
dve
two
🔼(ca)
ca
and
🔼(vā)
vā
or
🔼(he)
he
hey!
🔼(ahe)
ahe
friend!
🔼(re)
re
hey, you!
🔼(are)
are
away with you!
purisa + si (①⨀)
rule
→
purisa + (si→o)
§104
→
puris + (a + o)
§83
→
puriso
purisa + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
purisa + (yo→ā)
§107
→
puris + (a + ā)
§83
→
purisā
dvi + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
(dvi + yo → dve)
§132
→
dve
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
ālapane (ālapanatthādhike liṅgatthābhidhānamatte)
(vibhatti hoti)
(paṭhamā)
and
in the vocative — the meaning of the lemma with the sense of the vocative added
(the inflection is)
(the first ①, shown as ⓪)
Ālapanatthā dhike liṅgatthābhidhānamatte ca paṭhamāvibhatti hoti.
Bho purisa, bhavanto purisā, bho rāja, bhavanto rājāno, he sakhe, he sakhino.
The first inflection ① is used also when the sense of the vocative (ālapana) is added to the mere expression of the meaning of the lemma.32
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⓪⨀(bhavanta) 🚹⓪⨀(purisa)
bho purisa
sir, man!
🚹⓪⨂(bhavanta) 🚹⓪⨂(purisa)
bhavanto purisā
sirs, men!
🚹⓪⨀(bhavanta) 🚹⓪⨀(rāja)
bho rāja
sir, king!
🚹⓪⨂(bhavanta) 🚹⓪⨂(rāja)
bhavanto rājāno
sirs, kings!
🔼(he) 🚹⓪⨀(sakha)
he sakhe
hey, friend!
🔼(he) 🚹⓪⨂(sakha)
he sakhino
hey, friends!
purisa + ga (⓪⨀)
rule
→
puris + (a→ā) + ga
§244
→
puris + (ā→a) + ga
§246
→
purisa + ga
§220
→
purisa
sakha + ga (⓪⨀)
rule
→
sakha + (ga→e)
§113
→
sakh + (a + e)
§83
→
sakhe
ehi tvaṃ, bho purisa (8D 1.5: Iddhipāṭihāriyakathā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
karaṇe (kārake)
(vibhatti hoti)
tatiyā
for the karaṇa (instrument)
(the inflection is)
the third ③
Karaṇakārake tatiyāvibhatti hoti.
Agginā kuṭiṃ jhāpeti, manasā ce paduṭṭhena, manasā ce pasannena, kāyena kammaṃ karoti.
The third inflection ③ is used for the instrument (karaṇa) kāraka.
Sahādiyogatthe ca tatiyāvibhatti hoti.
Sahāpi gaggena saṅgho uposathaṃ kareyya, vināpi gaggena, mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ, sahassena samaṃ mitā.
The third inflection ③ is also used in the sense of construction with saha and the like.
sahāpi gaggena saṅgho uposathaṃ kareyya
vināpi gaggena
saṃgho saha vā gaggena vinā vā gaggena uposathaṃ kareyya (3V 2.23: Ummattakasammuti)
mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ
appasmā dakkhiṇā dinnā, sahassena samaṃ mitā (12S1 1.4.2: Maccharisutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
kattari (kārake)
(vibhatti hoti)
(tatiyā)
and
for the kattā (agent)
(the inflection is)
(the third ③)
Kattari ca tatiyāvibhatti hoti.
Raññā hato poso, yakkhena dinno varo, ahinā daṭṭho naro.
The third inflection ③ is also used for the agent (kattā).
raññā hato poso
yakkhena dinno varo
ahinā daṭṭho naro
tena kho pana samayena aññataro bhikkhu ahinā daṭṭho hoti (2V 1.5.9.3: Vikālagāmappavisanasikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
hetvatthe
(vibhatti hoti)
(tatiyā)
and
in the sense of hetu (cause)
(the inflection is)
(the third ③)
Hetvatthe ca tatiyāvibhatti hoti.
Annena vasati, dhammena vasati, vijjāya vasati, sakkārena vasati.
The third inflection ③ is also used in the sense of cause (hetu).
annena vasati
dhammena vasati
vijjāya vasati
sakkārena vasati
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
sattamyatthe
(vibhatti hoti)
(tatiyā)
and
in the sense of the seventh ⑦
(the inflection is)
(the third ③)
Sattamyatthe ca tatiyāvibhatti hoti.
Tena kālena, tena samayena. (Yena kālena, yena samayena,) tena kho pana samayena.
The third inflection ③ is also used in the sense of the seventh ⑦.33
tena kālena (20Ap1 1.8: Upālittheraapadāna)
tena samayena buddho bhagavā rājagahe viharati … tena kho pana samayena sambahulā … bhikkhū (1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️③⨀(ya) 🚹③⨀(kāla)
yena kālena
at which time
⚧️③⨀(ya) 🚹③⨀(samaya)
yena samayena
at which time
⚧️③⨀(ta) 🚹③⨀(samaya)
tena kho pana samayena
now at that time
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
yena (aṅgena aṅgino vikāro lakkhīyate) — tattha
(vibhatti hoti)
(tatiyā)
the limb by which the defect of its owner is marked — there
(the inflection is)
(the third ③)
Yena byādhimatā aṅgena aṅgino vikāro lakkhīyate. Tattha tatiyāvibhatti hoti.
Akkhinā kāṇo, hatthena kuṇī, kāṇaṃ passati nettena, pādena khañjo, piṭṭhiyā khujjo.
The third inflection ③ is used for the diseased limb by which the defect of the one who has the limb is marked.34
akkhinā kāṇo
hatthena kuṇī
kāṇaṃ passati nettena
pādena khañjo
piṭṭhiyā khujjo
na, bhikkhave, kāṇo pabbājetabbo … na, bhikkhave, kuṇī pabbājetabbo … na, bhikkhave, khañjo pabbājetabbo (3V 1.57: Napabbājetabbadvattiṃsavāra)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
visesane (visesanatthe)
(vibhatti hoti)
(tatiyā)
and
in the sense of visesana (a distinguishing attribute)
(the inflection is)
(the third ③)
Visesanatthe ca tatiyāvibhatti hoti.
Gottena gotamo nātho, suvaṇṇena abhirūpo, tapasā uttamo.
The third inflection ③ is also used in the sense of a distinguishing attribute (visesana).
gottena gotamo nātho
vipassī, bhikkhave, bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho koṇḍañño gottena ahosi (7D 1.1: Pubbenivāsapaṭisaṃyuttakathā)
suvaṇṇena abhirūpo
tapasā uttamo
Sampadānakārake catutthīvibhatti hoti.
Buddhassa vā dhammassa vā saṅghassa vā dānaṃ deti, dātā hoti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā.
The fourth inflection ④ is used for the recipient (sampadāna) kāraka.
buddhassa vā dhammassa vā saṅghassa vā dānaṃ deti
dātā hoti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā (11M 4.5: Cūḷakammavibhaṅgasutta)
buddha + sa (④⨀)
rule
→
buddha + (s) + sa
§61
→
buddhassa
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
api ca
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(catutthī vibhatti)
namoyogādīsu
also, and
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the fourth form ④)
in construction with namo and the like
Namoyogādīsvapi ca catutthīvibhatti hoti.
Namo te buddha vīratthu, sotthi pajānaṃ, namo karohi nāgassa, svāgataṃ te mahārāja.
And the fourth inflection ④ is also used in construction with namo and the like.
namo te buddha vīratthu (12S1 2.1.9: Candimasutta)
sotthi pajānaṃ
namo karohi nāgassa (9M 3.3: Vammikasutta)
svāgataṃ te mahārāja (7D 4.2.1: Cakkaratana)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
pañcamī (vibhatti)
apādāne (kārake)
(after the lemma)
(is used)
the fifth form ⑤
for the apādāna (point of departure)
Apādānakārake pañcamīvibhatti hoti.
Pāpā cittaṃ nivāraye, abbhā muttova candimā, bhayā muccati so naro.
The fifth inflection ⑤ is used for the point of departure (apādāna) kāraka.
pāpā cittaṃ nivāraye (18Dh 9.1: Cūḷekasāṭakabrāhmaṇavatthu)
abbhā muttova candimā (10M 4.6: Aṅgulimālasutta)
bhayā muccati so naro
pāpa + smā (⑤⨀)
rule
→
pāpa + (smā→ā)
§108
→
pāp + (a + ā)
§83
→
pāpā
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(pañcamī vibhatti)
kāraṇatthe
and
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the fifth form ⑤)
in the sense of cause
Kāraṇatthe ca pañcamīvibhatti hoti.
Ananubodhā appaṭivedhā catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ yathābhūtaṃ adassanā.
The fifth inflection ⑤ is also used in the sense of cause (kāraṇa).
ananubodhā appaṭivedhā catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ yathābhūtaṃ adassanā (3V 6.16: Koṭigāmesaccakathā)
catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ, yathābhūtaṃ adassanā (3V 6.16: Koṭigāmesaccakathā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
dutiyā (vibhatti)
kammatthe
(after the lemma)
(is used)
the second form ②
in the sense of the kamma (object)
Kammatthe dutiyāvibhatti hoti.
Gāvaṃ hanati35 36 37
The second inflection ② is used in the sense of the object (kamma).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹②⨀(go) ▶️🤟⨀(hanati)
gāvaṃ hanati
he kills a cow
🚹②⨂(vīhi) ▶️🤟⨀(lunāti)
vīhayo lunāti
he reaps the rice
🚻②⨀(sattha) ▶️🤟⨀(karoti)
satthaṃ karoti
he composes a treatise
🚹②⨀(ghaṭa) ▶️🤟⨀(karoti)
ghaṭaṃ karoti
he makes a pot
🚹②⨀(ratha) ▶️🤟⨀(karoti)
rathaṃ karoti
he makes a chariot
🚹②⨀(dhamma) ▶️🤟⨀(suṇāti)
dhammaṃ suṇāti
he hears the teaching
🚹②⨀(buddha) ▶️🤟⨀(pūjeti)
buddhaṃ pūjeti
he honours the Buddha
🚺②⨀(vācā) ▶️🤟⨀(bhāsati)
vācaṃ bhāsati
he speaks a word
🚹②⨀(taṇḍula) ▶️🤟⨀(pacati)
taṇḍulaṃ pacati
he cooks rice grains
🚹②⨀(cora) ▶️🤟⨀(ghāteti)
coraṃ ghāteti
he has the thief put to death
taṃ dhammaṃ suṇāti gahapati vā gahapatiputto vā (6D 2.4.3: Paṇītatarasāmaññaphala)
go + aṃ (②⨀)
rule
→
g + (o→āva) + aṃ
§75
→
gāv + (a + aṃ)
§83
→
gāvaṃ
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
kāladdhānaṃ
(hoti)
(dutiyā vibhatti)
accantasaṃyoge
after [words of] time and distance
(is used)
(the second form ②)
in [the sense of] unbroken connection
Kāladdhānaṃ accantasaṃyoge dutiyāvibhatti hoti.
Māsaṃ maṃsodanaṃ bhuñjati, saradaṃ ramaṇīyā nadī, māsaṃ sajjhāyati, yojanaṃ vanarāji, yojanaṃ dīgho pabbato, kosaṃ sajjhāyati.
Accantasaṃyogeti kimatthaṃ?
Saṃvacchare bhojanaṃ bhuñjati.
The second inflection ② is used after [words of] time and distance in unbroken connection (accantasaṃyoga).38
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹②⨀(māsa) 🚹②⨀(maṃsodana) ▶️🤟⨀(bhuñjati)
māsaṃ maṃsodanaṃ bhuñjati
for a month he eats rice with meat
🚹②⨀(sarada) 🚺①⨀(ramaṇīya) 🚺①⨀(nadī)
saradaṃ ramaṇīyā nadī
through the autumn the river is delightful
🚹②⨀(māsa) ▶️🤟⨀(sajjhāyati)
māsaṃ sajjhāyati
for a month he recites
🚻②⨀(yojana) 🚺①⨀(vanarāji)
yojanaṃ vanarāji
the belt of forest [runs] for a league
🚻②⨀(yojana) 🚹①⨀(dīgha) 🚹①⨀(pabbata)
yojanaṃ dīgho pabbato
the mountain is a league long
🚹②⨀(kosa) ▶️🤟⨀(sajjhāyati)
kosaṃ sajjhāyati
for a kosa [of the way] he recites
temāsaṃ paṭisallīyituṃ (1V 1.4.2.5: Nisīdanasanthatasikkhāpada)
samantā yojanaṃ passati (7D 1.4: Vipassīsamaññā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(dutiyā vibhatti)
kammappavacanīyayutte
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the second form ②)
in [a word] joined with a kammappavacanīya
Kammappavacanīyayutte dutiyāvibhatti hoti.
Taṃ kho pana bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggato, pabbajitamanupabbajiṃsu.
The second inflection ② is used in construction with a kammappavacanīya.
taṃ kho pana bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggato (1V Veranjakanda: Verañjakaṇḍa)
pabbajitamanupabbajiṃsu (7D 1.10: Mahājanakāyaanupabbajjā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
gati buddhi bhuja paṭha hara kara sayādīnaṃ (payoge)
(hoti)
(dutiyā vibhatti)
kārite
optionally
with [roots meaning] going, knowing, eating, reciting, carrying, doing, lying and the like
(is used)
(the second form ②)
in the causative
Gati buddhi bhuja paṭha hara kara sayādīnaṃ payoge kārite dutiyāvibhatti hoti vā.
Puriso purisaṃ (gāmaṃ) gāmayati, puriso purisena vā, puriso purisassa vā. Evaṃ bodhayati, bhojayati, pāṭhayati, hārayati, kārayati, sayāpayati. Evaṃ sabbattha kārite.
In the causative (kārita), the second inflection ② is optionally used in construction with [roots meaning] going, knowing, eating, reciting, carrying, doing, lying down and the like.
Sāmismiṃ chaṭṭhīvibhatti hoti.
Tassa bhikkhuno paṭivīso, tassa bhikkhuno patto, tassa bhikkhuno cīvaraṃ, attano mukhaṃ.
The sixth inflection ⑥ is used for the owner (sāmī).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(paṭivīsa)
tassa bhikkhuno paṭivīso
that bhikkhu’s share
🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(patta)
tassa bhikkhuno patto
that bhikkhu’s bowl
🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(cīvara)
tassa bhikkhuno cīvaraṃ
that bhikkhu’s robe
🚹⑥⨀(atta) 🚻①⨀(mukha)
attano mukhaṃ
one’s own face
bhikkhu + sa (⑥⨀)
rule
→
bhikkhu + (sa→no)
§117
→
bhikkhuno
bhikkhuno cīvaraṃ kataṃ vā hoti naṭṭhaṃ vā (1V 1.4.1.1: Kathinasikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
sattamī (vibhatti)
okāse (kārake)
(after the lemma)
(is used)
the seventh form ⑦
for the okāsa (location)
Okāsakārake sattamīvibhatti hoti.
Gambhīre odakantike, pāpasmiṃ ramati mano, bhagavati brahmacariyaṃ vussati kulaputto.
The seventh inflection ⑦ is used for the location (okāsa) kāraka.
gambhīre odakantike (18Kh 8: Nidhikaṇḍasutta)
pāpasmiṃ ramati mano (18Dh 9.1: Cūḷekasāṭakabrāhmaṇavatthu)
bhagavati brahmacariyaṃ vussati kulaputto (13S4 1.2.3.8: Sambahulabhikkhusutta)
bhagavantu + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
bhagava + (ntu + smiṃ → ti)
§127
→
bhagavati
§303 (321): Sāmissarādhipati dāyāda sakkhīpatibhū pasutakusalehi ca (⑥, and ⑦, with owner, lord, chief, heir, witness, surety, intent, skilled) apavada Section titled “§303 (321): Sāmissarādhipati dāyāda sakkhīpatibhū pasutakusalehi ca (⑥, and ⑦, with owner, lord, chief, heir, witness, surety, intent, skilled) apavada ”
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(chaṭṭhī) | (sattamī)
sāmi-issara-adhipati-dāyāda-sakkhī-patibhū-pasuta-kusalehi (payoge)
and
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the sixth ⑥) | (the seventh ⑦)
in construction with sāmī, issara, adhipati, dāyāda, sakkhī, patibhū, pasuta, kusala
Sāmī issara adhipati dāyāda sakkhīpatibhū pasutakusala iccetehi payoge chaṭṭhīvibhatti hoti, sattamī ca.
Goṇānaṃ sāmī, goṇesu sāmī, goṇānaṃ issaro, goṇesu issaro. Goṇānaṃ adhipati, goṇesu adhipati. Goṇānaṃ dāyādo, goṇesu dāyādo. Goṇānaṃ sakkhī, goṇesu sakkhī, goṇānaṃ patibhū, goṇesu patibhū. Goṇānaṃ pasuto, goṇesu pasuto. Goṇānaṃ kusalo, goṇesu kusalo.
In construction with sāmī (owner), issara (lord), adhipati (chief), dāyāda (heir), sakkhī (witness), patibhū (surety), pasuta (intent on) and kusala (skilled), the sixth inflection ⑥ is used, and the seventh ⑦ as well.41
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑥⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(sāmī)
goṇānaṃ sāmī
owner of the cattle
🚹⑦⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(sāmī)
goṇesu sāmī
owner over the cattle
🚹⑥⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(issara)
goṇānaṃ issaro
lord of the cattle
🚹⑦⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(issara)
goṇesu issaro
lord over the cattle
🚹⑥⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(adhipati)
goṇānaṃ adhipati
chief of the cattle
🚹⑦⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(adhipati)
goṇesu adhipati
chief over the cattle
🚹⑥⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(dāyāda)
goṇānaṃ dāyādo
heir to the cattle
🚹⑦⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(dāyāda)
goṇesu dāyādo
heir in respect of the cattle
🚹⑥⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(sakkhī)
goṇānaṃ sakkhī
witness to the cattle
🚹⑦⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(sakkhī)
goṇesu sakkhī
witness concerning the cattle
🚹⑥⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(patibhū)
goṇānaṃ patibhū
surety for the cattle
🚹⑦⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(patibhū)
goṇesu patibhū
surety in respect of the cattle
🚹⑥⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(pasuta)
goṇānaṃ pasuto
intent on the cattle
🚹⑦⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(pasuta)
goṇesu pasuto
engaged with the cattle
🚹⑥⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(kusala)
goṇānaṃ kusalo
skilled in cattle
🚹⑦⨂(goṇa) 🚹①⨀(kusala)
goṇesu kusalo
skilled with cattle
maggassa kusalo satthā (20Ap1 55.5: Nandakattheraapadāna)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(chaṭṭhī) | (sattamī)
niddhāraṇe
and
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the sixth ⑥) | (the seventh ⑦)
in [the sense of] singling out
Niddhāraṇatthe ca chaṭṭhīvibhatti hoti, sattamī ca.
Kaṇhā gāvīnaṃ sampannakhīratamā, kaṇhā gāvīsu sampannakhīratamā. Sāmā nārīnaṃ dassanīyatamā, sāmā nārīsu dassanīyatamā. Manussānaṃ khattiyo sūratamo, manussesu khattiyo sūratamo. Pathikānaṃ dhāvanto sīghatamo, pathikesu dhāvanto sīghatamo.
And in the sense of singling out (niddhāraṇa) the sixth inflection ⑥ is used, and the seventh ⑦ as well.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺①⨀(kaṇha) 🚺⑥⨂(gāvī) 🚺①⨀(sampannakhīratama)
kaṇhā gāvīnaṃ sampannakhīratamā
of the cows, the black one is richest in milk
🚺①⨀(kaṇha) 🚺⑦⨂(gāvī) 🚺①⨀(sampannakhīratama)
kaṇhā gāvīsu sampannakhīratamā
among the cows, the black one is richest in milk
🚺①⨀(sāma) 🚺⑥⨂(nārī) 🚺①⨀(dassanīyatama)
sāmā nārīnaṃ dassanīyatamā
of women, the brown-skinned one is the loveliest
🚺①⨀(sāma) 🚺⑦⨂(nārī) 🚺①⨀(dassanīyatama)
sāmā nārīsu dassanīyatamā
among women, the brown-skinned one is the loveliest
🚹⑥⨂(manussa) 🚹①⨀(khattiya) 🚹①⨀(sūratama)
manussānaṃ khattiyo sūratamo
of men, the khattiya is the bravest
🚹⑦⨂(manussa) 🚹①⨀(khattiya) 🚹①⨀(sūratama)
manussesu khattiyo sūratamo
among men, the khattiya is the bravest
🚹⑥⨂(pathika) 🚹①⨀(dhāvanta) 🚹①⨀(sīghatama)
pathikānaṃ dhāvanto sīghatamo
of travellers, the one running is the swiftest
🚹⑦⨂(pathika) 🚹①⨀(dhāvanta) 🚹①⨀(sīghatama)
pathikesu dhāvanto sīghatamo
among travellers, the one running is the swiftest
khattiyo seṭṭho janetasmiṃ, ye gottapaṭisārino (6D 3.3: Khattiyaseṭṭhabhāva)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(chaṭṭhī) | (sattamī)
anādare
and
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the sixth ⑥) | (the seventh ⑦)
in [the sense of] disregard
Anādare chaṭṭhīvibhatti hoti, sattamī ca.
Rudato dārakassa pabbaji, rudantasmiṃ dārake pabbaji.
For disregard (anādara) the sixth inflection ⑥ is used, and the seventh ⑦ as well.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑥⨀(rudanta) 🚹⑥⨀(dāraka) ⏮🤟⨀(pabbajati)
rudato dārakassa pabbaji
though the boy wept, he went forth
🚹⑦⨀(rudanta) 🚹⑦⨀(dāraka) ⏮🤟⨀(pabbajati)
rudantasmiṃ dārake pabbaji
though the boy wept, he went forth
rudanta + sa (⑥⨀)
rule
→
ruda + (nta = ntu) + sa
§187
→
ruda + (ntu + sa → to)
§127
→
rudato
akāmakānaṃ mātāpitūnaṃ assumukhānaṃ rudantānaṃ kesamassuṃ ohāretvā (6D 4.3: Buddhaguṇakathā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
kvaci
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
dutiyā (vibhatti)
chaṭṭhīnamatthe
in some places
(after the lemma)
(is used)
the second form ②
in the sense of the sixth [inflections]
Chaṭṭhīnamatthe kvaci dutiyāvibhatti hoti.
Apissu maṃ aggivessana tisso upamā paṭibhaṃsu.
In some places the second inflection ② is used in the sense of the sixth ⑥.
apissu maṃ aggivessana tisso upamā paṭibhaṃsu (9M 4.6: Mahāsaccakasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca (kvaci)
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(dutiyā vibhatti)
tatiyāsattamīnaṃ (atthe)
and (in some places)
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the second form ②)
in the sense of the third and the seventh
Tatiyāsattamīnaṃ atthe ca kvaci dutiyāvibhatti hoti.
Sace maṃ samaṇo gotamo ālapissati, tvañca maṃ nābhibhāsasi. Evaṃ tatiyatthe.
Pubbaṇhasamayaṃ nivāsetvā, ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā. Evaṃ sattamyatthe.
And in some places the second inflection ② is used in the sense of the third ③ and the seventh ⑦.
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca (kvaci)
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
chaṭṭhī (vibhatti)
(tatiyāsattamīnaṃ atthe)
and (in some places)
(after the lemma)
(is used)
the sixth form ⑥
(in the sense of the third and the seventh)
Tatiyāsattamīnaṃ atthe ca kvaci chaṭṭhīvibhatti hoti.
Kato me kalyāṇo, kataṃ me pāpaṃ. Evaṃ tatiyatthe.
Kusalā naccagītassa sikkhitā cāturitthiyo, kusalo tvaṃ rathassa aṅgapaccaṅgānaṃ. Evaṃ sattamyatthe.
Kvacīti kimatthaṃ?
Yo vo ānanda mayā dhammo ca vinayo ca desito paññatto, ānando atthesu vicakkhaṇo.
And in some places the sixth inflection ⑥ is used in the sense of the third ③ and the seventh ⑦.
By saying kvaci (in some places) we exclude mayā, which keeps the third ③, and atthesu, which keeps the seventh ⑦:
yo vo ānanda mayā dhammo ca vinayo ca desito paññatto (7D 3.35: Tathāgatapacchimavācā)
ānando atthesu vicakkhaṇo
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca (kvaci)
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(chaṭṭhī vibhatti)
dutiyāpañcamīnaṃ (atthe)
and (in some places)
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the sixth form ⑥)
in the sense of the second and the fifth
Dutiyāpañcamīnañca atthe kvaci chaṭṭhīvibhatti hoti.
Tassa bhavanti vattāro, sahasā kammassa kattāro, evaṃ dutiyatthe.
Assavanatā dhammassa parihāyanti, kinnu kho ahaṃ tassa sukhassa bhāyāmi, sabbe tasanti daṇḍassa, sabbe bhāyanti maccuno, bhīto catunnaṃ āsīvisānaṃ ghoravisānaṃ, bhāyāmi ghoravisassa nāgassa. Evaṃ pañcamyatthe.
And in some places the sixth inflection ⑥ is used in the sense of the second ② and the fifth ⑤.42
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
sattamī (vibhatti)
kamma-karaṇa-nimittatthesu
(after the lemma)
(is used)
the seventh form ⑦
in the senses of object, instrument and motive
Kammakaraṇanimittatthesu sattamīvibhatti hoti.
Sundarāvuso ime ājīvakā bhikkhūsu abhivādenti. Evaṃ kammatthe.
Hatthesu piṇḍāya caranti, pattesu piṇḍāya caranti, pathesu gacchanti. Evaṃ karaṇatthe.
Dīpi cammesu haññate, kuñjaro dantesu haññate, evaṃ nimittatthe.
The seventh inflection ⑦ is used in the senses of object (kamma), instrument (karaṇa) and motive (nimitta).
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(sattamī vibhatti)
sampadāne
and
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the seventh form ⑦)
for the sampadāna (recipient)
Sampadāne ca sattamīvibhatti hoti.
Saṅghe dinnaṃ mahapphalaṃ43 44
The seventh inflection ⑦ is also used for the recipient (sampadāna).
saṅghe dinnaṃ mahapphalaṃ (12S1 11.2.6: Yajamānasutta)
saṅghe gotami dehi (11M 4.12: Dakkhiṇāvibhaṅgasutta)
saṅghe te dinne ahañceva pūjito bhavissāmi (11M 4.12: Dakkhiṇāvibhaṅgasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(sattamī vibhatti)
pañcamyatthe
and
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the seventh form ⑦)
in the sense of the fifth
Pañcamyatthe ca sattamīvibhatti hoti.
Kadalīsu gaje rakkhanti.
The seventh inflection ⑦ is also used in the sense of the fifth ⑤.
kadalīsu gaje rakkhanti
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(liṅgamhā)
(hoti)
(sattamī vibhatti)
kālabhāvesu (kattari payujjamāne)
and
(after the lemma)
(is used)
(the seventh form ⑦)
for time and for a state, when [its] agent is expressed
Kālabhāvesu ca kattari payujjamāne sattamīvibhatti hoti.
Pubbaṇhasamaye gato, sāyanhasamaye āgato. Bhikkhūsu bhojīyamānesu gato, bhuttesu āgato. Gosu duyhamānāsu45
The seventh inflection ⑦ is also used for time (kāla), and for a state (bhāva) when its agent is expressed.46
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨀(pubbaṇhasamaya) 🚹①⨀(gata)
pubbaṇhasamaye gato
in the forenoon he went
🚹⑦⨀(sāyanhasamaya) 🚹①⨀(āgata)
sāyanhasamaye āgato
in the evening he came back
🚹⑦⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹⑦⨂(bhojīyamāna) 🚹①⨀(gata)
bhikkhūsu bhojīyamānesu gato
while the bhikkhus were being fed he went
🚹⑦⨂(bhutta) 🚹①⨀(āgata)
bhuttesu āgato
when they had eaten he came back
🚺⑦⨂(go) 🚺⑦⨂(duyhamāna) 🚹①⨀(gata)
gosu duyhamānāsu gato
while the cows were being milked he went
🚺⑦⨂(duddha) 🚹①⨀(āgata)
duddhāsu āgato
when they had been milked he came back
pubbaṇhasamaye vā majjhanhikasamaye vā sāyanhasamaye vā (5V 15.7: Pucchāvibhāga)
Upaadhi iccetesaṃ payoge adhikaissaravacane sattamīvibhatti hoti.
Upa khāriyaṃ doṇo, upa nikkhe kahāpaṇaṃ. Adhi brahmadatte pañcālā, adhi naccesu47
The seventh inflection ⑦ is used in construction with upa and adhi in the expression of exceeding (adhika) and of lordship (issara).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🔼(upa) 🚺⑦⨀(khārī) 🚹①⨀(doṇa)
upa khāriyaṃ doṇo
a doṇa over a khārī
🔼(upa) 🚹⑦⨀(nikkha) 🚻①⨀(kahāpaṇa)
upa nikkhe kahāpaṇaṃ
a kahāpaṇa over a nikkha
🔼(adhi) 🚹⑦⨀(brahmadatta) 🚹①⨂(pañcāla)
adhi brahmadatte pañcālā
the Pañcālas are under Brahmadatta
🔼(adhi) 🚻⑦⨂(nacca) 🚺①⨀(gotamī)
adhi naccesu gotamī
Gotamī is mistress of the dances
🔼(adhi) 🚹⑦⨂(deva) 🚹①⨀(buddha)
adhi devesu buddho
the Buddha is above the gods
khārī + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
khār + (ī→i) + smiṃ
§84
→
khāri + (smiṃ→yaṃ)
§216
→
khāriyaṃ
Maṇḍitaussukka iccetesvatthesu tatiyāvibhatti hoti, sattamī ca.
Ñāṇena pasīdito, ñāṇasmiṃ vā pasīdito, ñāṇena ussukko, ñāṇasmiṃ vā ussukko tathāgato vā tathāgatagotto vā.
In the senses of maṇḍita (gladdened)49 ussukka (zealous), the third inflection ③ is used, and the seventh ⑦ as well.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻③⨀(ñāṇa) 🚹①⨀(pasīdita)
ñāṇena pasīdito
gladdened through knowledge
🚻⑦⨀(ñāṇa) 🚹①⨀(pasīdita)
ñāṇasmiṃ pasīdito
gladdened in knowledge
🚻③⨀(ñāṇa) 🚹①⨀(ussukka)
ñāṇena ussukko
zealous through knowledge
🚻⑦⨀(ñāṇa) 🚹①⨀(ussukka)
ñāṇasmiṃ ussukko
zealous in knowledge
🚹①⨀(tathāgata) 🔼(vā) 🚹①⨀(tathāgatagotta) 🔼(vā)
tathāgato vā tathāgatagotto vā
the Tathāgata, or one of the Tathāgata’s lineage
Iti nāmakappe kārakakappo chaṭṭho kaṇḍo.
Thus ends the kāraka chapter, the sixth section of the nāma chapter.
Kārakakappo niṭṭhito.
The kāraka chapter is finished.
