4. Samāsakappa (Compound chapter)

13 Oct 2026 · 90 min read

The samāsa chapter defines the compound and its six kinds — abyayībhāva, kammadhāraya, digu, tappurisa, bahubbīhi, dvanda — and the changes the members undergo.

The six kinds of compound, what each joins, an example, and the rules that name them; the last rules of the chapter treat the changes at the end of a compound.

flowchart LR
  S(["samāsa §316<br/>nouns joined in one sense; their inflections elided §317"]) --> A["abyayībhāva §319–§320<br/>a prefix or particle first; neuter<br/>upanagaraṃ"]
  S --> K["kammadhāraya §324<br/>two words with one referent<br/>mahāpuriso"]
  S --> D["digu §325<br/>a number first<br/>tilokaṃ"]
  S --> T["tappurisa §327<br/>a word in ② to ⑦ with the word after it<br/>rājaputto"]
  S --> B["bahubbīhi §328<br/>stands for another word<br/>chinnahattho"]
  S --> V["dvanda §329<br/>a combination of nouns<br/>candimasūriyā"]
  K -. "counted as tappurisa §326" .-> T
  D -. "counted as tappurisa §326" .-> T
  S --> E["changes in the members §330–§343<br/>mahā for mahanta §330 · na → a §333<br/>the final vowel §337 · neuter shortening §342"]

Sattamakaṇḍa (Seventh Section)

§316 (331): Nāmānaṃ samāso yuttattho (a `samāsa` is [a joining of] nouns whose meanings are connected) anvattha

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		nāmānaṃ (payujjamānapadatthānaṃ) yuttattho	(saññā)	samāso
		nouns (word-meanings used together) whose meanings are connected	(is named)	`samāsa` (compound)

Tesaṃ nāmānaṃ payujjamānapadatthānaṃ yo yuttattho, so samāsasañño hoti.

Kathinadussaṃ, āgantukabhattaṃ, jīvitindriyaṃ¹, samaṇabrāhmaṇā, sāriputtamoggallānā, brāhmaṇa gahapatikā.

Nāmānamiti kimatthaṃ? Devadatto pacati, yaññadatto pacati.

Yuttatthoti kimatthaṃ? Bhato rañño putto devadattassa.

Samāsaiccanena kvattho? Kvaci samāsantagatānamakāranto.

Of those nouns whose word-meanings are being employed, whatever has a connected meaning is named samāsa (compound).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(kathina + dussa)	kathinadussaṃ	cloth for the `kathina` [frame] — `kathinassa dussaṃ`, “cloth for the kathina”
🚻①⨀(āgantuka + bhatta)	āgantukabhattaṃ	food for newcomers — `āgantukassa bhattaṃ`
🚻①⨀(jīvita + indriya)	jīvitindriyaṃ	the life faculty — `jīvitaṃ eva indriyaṃ`, “the faculty that is life”
🚹①⨂(samaṇa + brāhmaṇa)	samaṇabrāhmaṇā	ascetics and brahmins — `samaṇo ca brāhmaṇo ca`
🚹①⨂(sāriputta + moggallāna)	sāriputtamoggallānā	Sāriputta and Moggallāna
🚹①⨂(brāhmaṇa + gahapatika)	brāhmaṇagahapatikā	brahmins and householders

	kathinassa + dussaṃ (kathina + sa ⑥⨀, dussa + si ①⨀)	rule
→	kathina + sa + dussa + si	§317
→	kathina + dussa	§318
→	kathinadussa + si	§601
→	kathinadussa + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	kathinadussaṃ

idaṃ saṃghassa kathinadussaṃ uppannaṃ
(3V 7.1: Kathinānujānana)
🚻①⨀(ima) 🚹⑥⨀(saṃgha) 🚻①⨀(kathina + dussa) 🚻①⨀(uppanna)
this | the Saṅgha’s | kathina cloth | has arisen

jīvitindriyaṃ upacchindati
(1V 1.1.3: Tatiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
🚻②⨀(jīvita + indriya) ▶️🤟⨀(upacchindati)
the life faculty | he cuts off

santi, bhante, samaṇabrāhmaṇā lajjino kukkuccakā sikkhākāmā
(1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
▶️🤟⨂(atthi) 🚹⓪⨀(bhadanta) 🚹①⨂(samaṇa + brāhmaṇa) 🚹①⨂(lajjī) 🚹①⨂(kukkuccaka) 🚹①⨂(sikkhākāma)
there are | venerable sir | ascetics and brahmins | scrupulous | conscientious | desirous of training

By saying nāmānaṃ (of nouns) we exclude a noun with a verb:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(devadatta) ▶️🤟⨀(pacati)	devadatto pacati	Devadatta cooks
🚹①⨀(yaññadatta) ▶️🤟⨀(pacati)	yaññadatto pacati	Yaññadatta cooks

By saying yuttattho (whose meanings are connected) we exclude nouns that merely stand side by side without a connected meaning²³:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(bhata) 🚹⑥⨀(rāja) 🚹①⨀(putta) 🚹⑥⨀(devadatta)	bhato rañño putto devadattassa	the king’s servant, Devadatta’s son

§317 (332): Tesaṃ vibhattiyo lopā ca (and the inflections of the members are elided) utsarga

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca		tesaṃ (yuttatthānaṃ samāsānaṃ) vibhattiyo	lopā	~~vibhattiyo~~
and		the inflections of those [nouns compounded]	elision	~~inflections~~

Tesaṃ yuttatthānaṃ samāsānaṃ vibhattiyo lopā ca honti.

Kathinadussaṃ, āgantukabhattaṃ.

And the inflections of those compounds whose meanings are connected are elided.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(kathina + dussa)	kathinadussaṃ	cloth for the `kathina` — the `sa` of `kathinassa` and the `si` of `dussaṃ` elided
🚻①⨀(āgantuka + bhatta)	āgantukabhattaṃ	food for newcomers — the `sa` of `āgantukassa` and the `si` of `bhattaṃ` elided

	āgantukassa + bhattaṃ (āgantuka + sa ⑥⨀, bhatta + si ①⨀)	rule
→	āgantuka + sa + bhatta + si	§317
→	āgantuka + bhatta	§318
→	āgantukabhatta + si	§601
→	āgantukabhatta + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	āgantukabhattaṃ

āgantukabhattaṃ dātuṃ, gamikabhattaṃ dātuṃ
(3V 8.18: Visākhāvatthu)
🚻②⨀(āgantuka + bhatta) 🔼(dātuṃ) 🚻②⨀(gamika + bhatta) 🔼(dātuṃ)
food for newcomers | to give | food for travellers | to give

Tesaṃgahaṇena samāsataddhitākhyātakitakānaṃ vibhattipaccayapadakkharāgamā ca lopā honti. Vāsiṭṭho, venateyyo.

By the mention of tesaṃ (“of those”), the inflections, suffixes, words, letters and insertions (āgama) of compounds, secondary derivatives (taddhita), verbs (ākhyāta) and primary derivatives (kitaka) are elided as well.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(vasiṭṭha + ṇa)	vāsiṭṭho	a descendant of Vasiṭṭha — the `ṇ` of the suffix `ṇa` elided
🚹①⨀(vinatā + ṇeyya)	venateyyo	Vinatā’s son (the garuḷa) — the `ṇ` of `ṇeyya` elided

	vasiṭṭha + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇa	rule
→	vasiṭṭha + sa + ṇa	§317
→	vasiṭṭha + (ṇa)	§396
→	v + (a→ā) + siṭṭha + a	§400, §405
→	vāsiṭṭh + (a + a)	§83
→	vāsiṭṭha	§11
→	vāsiṭṭha + si (a noun)	§601, §55
→	vāsiṭṭha + (si→o)	§104
→	vāsiṭṭho

vāsiṭṭho mayā diṭṭho
(1V 1.2.9: Dutiyaduṭṭhadosasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(vasiṭṭha + ṇa) ⚧️③⨀(amha) 🚹①⨀(diṭṭha)
Vāsiṭṭha | by me | was seen

Caggahaṇa mavadhāraṇatthaṃ, pabhaṅkaro, amatandado⁴, medhaṅkaro, dīpaṅkaro.

The mention of ca is for restriction (avadhāraṇa): pabhaṅkaro, amatandado, medhaṅkaro, dīpaṅkaro.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(pabhaṃ + kara)	pabhaṅkaro	the maker of light
🚹①⨀(amataṃ + dada)	amatandado	the giver of the deathless
🚹①⨀(medhaṃ + kara)	medhaṅkaro	the maker of wisdom (a former Buddha)
🚹①⨀(dīpaṃ + kara)	dīpaṅkaro	the maker of light (the Buddha Dīpaṅkara)

	pabhaṃ + karo (pabhā + aṃ ②⨀, kara + si)	rule
→	pabhaṃ + kara (the `aṃ` kept)	§317 `ca`
→	pabha + (ṃ→ṅ) + kara	§31
→	pabhaṅkara + si	§601, §55
→	pabhaṅkara + (si→o)	§104
→	pabhaṅkaro

esa devamanussānaṃ, sammūḷhānaṃ pabhaṅkaro
(12S1 10.1.7: Punabbasusutta)
🚹①⨀(eta) 🚹⑥⨂(deva + manussa) 🚹⑥⨂(sammūḷha) 🚹①⨀(pabhaṃ + kara)
this one | of gods and men | bewildered | the maker of light

taṇhaṅkaro medhaṅkaro, athopi saraṇaṅkaro; dīpaṅkaro ca sambuddho
(21Bu 28: Buddhapakiṇṇakakaṇḍa)
🚹①⨀(taṇhaṃ + kara) 🚹①⨀(medhaṃ + kara) 🔼(atho pi) 🚹①⨀(saraṇaṃ + kara) 🚹①⨀(dīpaṃ + kara) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨀(sambuddha)
Taṇhaṅkara | Medhaṅkara | and also | Saraṇaṅkara | Dīpaṅkara | and | the Fully Awakened

§318 (333): Pakati cassa sarantassa (and a member ending in a vowel returns to its original form) utsarga

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca		assa sarantassa (liṅgassa)	pakati	(pakatirūpāni)		(luttāsu vibhattīsu)
and		of that [lemma] ending in a vowel	original form	(its original shape)		(when the inflections have been elided)

Luttāsu vibhattīsu assa sarantassa liṅgassa pakatirūpāni honti.

Cakkhusotaṃ, mukhanāsikaṃ, rājaputto, rājapuriso.

When the inflections have been elided, that lemma ending in a vowel has its original form (pakatirūpa).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(cakkhu + sota)	cakkhusotaṃ	eye and ear — `cakkhu ca sotañca`; `sotaṃ` gives back `sota`
🚻①⨀(mukha + nāsikā)	mukhanāsikaṃ	mouth and nose — `mukhañca nāsikā ca`; `mukhaṃ` gives back `mukha`
🚹①⨀(rāja + putta)	rājaputto	the king’s son — `rañño putto`; `rañño` gives back `rāja`
🚹①⨀(rāja + purisa)	rājapuriso	the king’s man — `rañño puriso`

	rañño + putto (rāja + sa ⑥⨀, putta + si ①⨀)	rule
→	rāja + sa + putta + si	§317
→	rāja + putta	§318
→	rājaputta + si	§601
→	rājaputta + (si→o)	§104
→	rājaputto

ayaṃ kho khaṇḍo ca rājaputto tisso ca purohitaputto
(7D 1.13: Aggasāvakayuga)
🚹①⨀(ima) 🔼(kho) 🚹①⨀(khaṇḍa) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨀(rāja + putta) 🚹①⨀(tissa) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨀(purohita + putta)
this | indeed | Khaṇḍa | and | the king’s son | Tissa | and | the chaplain’s son

te, ānanda, rājapurisā ghaṭikāraṃ kumbhakāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā
(10M 4.1: Ghaṭikārasutta)
🚹①⨂(ta) 🚹⓪⨀(ānanda) 🚹①⨂(rāja + purisa) 🚹②⨀(ghaṭikāra) 🚹②⨀(kumbhakāra) 🔽(upasaṅkamitvā)
those | Ānanda | the king’s men | Ghaṭikāra | the potter | having approached

§319 (330): Upasagganipātapubbako abyayībhāvo (an `abyayībhāva` begins with a prefix or a particle) anvattha

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		upasagganipātapubbako (samāso)	(saññā)	abyayībhāvo
		[a compound] whose first member is a prefix or a particle	(is named)	`abyayībhāva`

Upasagganipātapubbako samāso abyayībhāvasañño hoti.

Nagarassa samīpe pavattati kathā iti upanagaraṃ, darathānaṃ abhāvo niddarathaṃ, makasānaṃ abhāvo nimmakasaṃ, vuḍḍhānaṃ paṭipāṭi yathāvuḍḍhaṃ, ye ye vuḍḍhā vā yathāvuḍḍhaṃ, jīvassa yattako paricchedo yāvajīvaṃ, cittamadhikicca pavattanti te dhammāti adhicittaṃ, pabbatassa tiro tiropabbataṃ, sotassa pati pavattati nāvā iti patisotaṃ, pāsādassa anto antopāsādaṃ.

Abyayībhāvamiccanena kvattho? Aṃvibhattīna makārantā abyayībhāvā.

A compound whose first member is a prefix (upasagga) or a particle (nipāta) is named abyayībhāva.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(upa + nagara)	upanagaraṃ	near the town — `nagarassa samīpe pavattati kathā`, “talk that goes on near the town”
🚻①⨀(ni + daratha)	niddarathaṃ	free from distress — `darathānaṃ abhāvo`, “the absence of distress”
🚻①⨀(ni + makasa)	nimmakasaṃ	free from mosquitoes — `makasānaṃ abhāvo`
🚻①⨀(yathā + vuḍḍha)	yathāvuḍḍhaṃ	in order of seniority — `vuḍḍhānaṃ paṭipāṭi`, “the succession of the elders”; or, distributively, `ye ye vuḍḍhā`, “each elder in turn”
🚻①⨀(yāva + jīva)	yāvajīvaṃ	as long as life lasts — `jīvassa yattako paricchedo`, “whatever the limit of life”
🚻①⨀(adhi + citta)	adhicittaṃ	with reference to the mind, the higher mind — `cittaṃ adhikicca pavattanti te dhammā`, “the states that proceed with reference to the mind”
🚻①⨀(tiro + pabbata)	tiropabbataṃ	beyond the mountain — `pabbatassa tiro`
🚻①⨀(pati + sota)	patisotaṃ	against the stream — `sotassa pati pavattati nāvā`, “a boat that moves against the current”
🚻①⨀(anto + pāsāda)	antopāsādaṃ	inside the mansion — `pāsādassa anto`

	upa + nagarassa (nagara + sa ⑥⨀)	rule
→	upa + nagara + sa	§317
→	upanagara + si	§601
→	upanagara + (si→aṃ)	§320, §341
→	upanagaraṃ

	ni + darathānaṃ (daratha + naṃ ⑥⨂)	rule
→	ni + daratha + ~~naṃ~~	§317
→	ni + (d→dd) + aratha	§28
→	niddaratha + si	§601, §55
→	niddaratha + (si→aṃ)	§320, §341
→	niddarathaṃ

nāsakkhiṃ yāvajīvaṃ paripuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ carituṃ
(1V 1.1.1.1: Sudinnabhāṇavāra)
🔼(na) ⏮👆⨀(sakkoti) 🚻②⨀(yāva + jīva) 🚻②⨀(paripuṇṇa) 🚻②⨀(parisuddha) 🚻②⨀(brahmacariya) 🔼(carituṃ)
not | I was able | for life | complete | pure | the holy life | to live

tirokuṭṭaṃ tiropākāraṃ tiropabbataṃ asajjamāno gacchati
(6D 10.3: Paññākkhandha)
🚻②⨀(tiro + kuṭṭa) 🚻②⨀(tiro + pākāra) 🚻②⨀(tiro + pabbata) 🚹①⨀(asajjamāna) ▶️🤟⨀(gacchati)
through the wall | through the rampart | through the mountain | unhindered | he goes

yathāvuḍḍhaṃ abhivādanaṃ paccuṭṭhānaṃ añjalikammaṃ sāmīcikammaṃ karissāma
(3V 10.1: Kosambakavivādakathā)
🚻②⨀(yathā + vuḍḍha) 🚻②⨀(abhivādana) 🚻②⨀(paccuṭṭhāna) 🚻②⨀(añjalikamma) 🚻②⨀(sāmīcikamma) ⏯👆⨂(karoti)
according to seniority | salutation | rising up | reverential greeting | proper conduct | we shall do

§320 (335): So napuṃsakaliṅgo (it is neuter) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		so (abyayībhāvasamāso)	(daṭṭhabbo)	napuṃsakaliṅgo
		that [`abyayībhāva` compound]	(is to be regarded as)	neuter in gender

So abyayībhāvasamāso napuṃsakaliṅgova daṭṭhabbo.

Kumārīsu adhikicca pavattati kathā iti adhikumāri, vadhuyā samīpe pavattati kathā iti upavadhu, gaṅgāya samīpe pavattati kathā iti upagaṅgaṃ, maṇikāya samīpe pavattati kathā iti upamaṇikaṃ⁵.

That abyayībhāva compound is to be regarded as neuter in gender only.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(adhi + kumārī)	adhikumāri	concerning girls — `kumārīsu adhikicca pavattati kathā`, “talk that goes on with reference to girls”
🚻①⨀(upa + vadhū)	upavadhu	near the young wife — `vadhuyā samīpe pavattati kathā`
🚻①⨀(upa + gaṅgā)	upagaṅgaṃ	near the Ganges — `gaṅgāya samīpe pavattati kathā`
🚻①⨀(upa + maṇikā)	upamaṇikaṃ	near the water-jar — `maṇikāya samīpe pavattati kathā`

	adhi + kumārīsu (kumārī + su ⑦⨂)	rule
→	adhi + kumārī + su	§317
→	adhikumār + (ī→i)	§320, §342
→	adhikumāri + si	§601, §55
→	adhikumāri + si	§343
→	adhikumāri

	upa + gaṅgāya (gaṅgā + sa ⑥⨀)	rule
→	upa + gaṅgā + sa	§317
→	upagaṅg + (ā→a)	§320, §342
→	upagaṅga + si	§601, §55
→	upagaṅga + (si→aṃ)	§341
→	upagaṅgaṃ

§321 (349): Digussekattaṃ (a `digu` is singular [and neuter]) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		digussa (samāsassa)	(hoti)	ekattaṃ (napuṃsakaliṅgattañca)
		of a `digu` [compound]	(there is)	singular number (and neuter gender)

The digu is defined below, in §325 (348): Saṅkhyāpubbo digu.

Digussa samāsassa ekattaṃ hoti, napuṃsakaliṅgattañca.

Tayo lokā tilokaṃ, tayo daṇḍā tidaṇḍaṃ, tīṇi nayanāni tinayanaṃ, tayo siṅgā tisiṅgaṃ. Catasso disā catuddisaṃ⁶, pañca indriyāni pañcindriyaṃ.

A digu compound has singular number and neuter gender.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(ti + loka)	tilokaṃ	the three worlds [as one] — `tayo lokā`
🚻①⨀(ti + daṇḍa)	tidaṇḍaṃ	the three staves (an ascetic’s tripod) — `tayo daṇḍā`
🚻①⨀(ti + nayana)	tinayanaṃ	the three eyes — `tīṇi nayanāni`
🚻①⨀(ti + siṅga)	tisiṅgaṃ	the three horns — `tayo siṅgā`
🚻①⨀(catu + disā)	catuddisaṃ	the four directions — `catasso disā`
🚻①⨀(pañca + indriya)	pañcindriyaṃ	the five faculties — `pañca indriyāni`

	ti + yo, loka + yo — `tayo lokā samāhaṭā`	rule
→	tayo lokā — a `kammadhāraya`, a `samāsa`	§324, §316
→	ti + yo + loka + yo	§317
→	ti + loka	§318
→	ti loka — a `digu`, and a `tappurisa`	§325, §326
→	tiloka + si (as a noun; singular, neuter)	§601, §321
→	tiloka + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	tilokaṃ

	catu + yo, disā + yo — `catasso disā`	rule
→	catu + yo + disā + yo	§324, §316, §317
→	catu + disā — a `digu`; singular, neuter	§325, §321
→	catu + dis + (ā→a)	§342
→	catu + (d→dd) + isa	§28
→	catuddisa + si	§601, §55
→	catuddisa + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	catuddisaṃ

	pañca + indriyāni (indriya + yo ①⨂)	rule
→	pañca + indriya + yo	§317
→	pañc + (a + i) + ndriya	§12
→	pañcindriya + si	§601, §55
→	pañcindriya + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	pañcindriyaṃ

cattāro naṃ devaputtā catuddisaṃ rakkhāya upagacchanti
(7D 1.2: Bodhisattadhammatā)
⚧️①⨂(catu) ⚧️②⨀(ta) 🚹①⨂(devaputta) 🚻②⨀(catu + disā) 🚺④⨀(rakkhā) ▶️🤟⨂(upagacchati)
four | him | young gods | in the four directions | for protection | approach

ekamūlaṃ dvirāvaṭṭaṃ, timalaṃ pañcapattharaṃ
(12S1 1.5.4: Ekamūlasutta)
🚹②⨀(eka + mūla) 🚹②⨀(dvi + āvaṭṭa) 🚹②⨀(ti + mala) 🚹②⨀(pañca + patthara)
one-rooted | twice-whirling | with three stains | spreading fivefold

§322 (359): Tathā dvande pāṇi tūriya yoggasenaṅgakhuddajantuka vividhaviruddha visabhāgatthādīnañca (likewise in a `dvanda` of limbs, instruments, gear, army parts, small creatures, natural enemies, unlike pairs and the rest) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca		pāṇi tūriya yogga senaṅga khuddajantuka vividhaviruddha visabhāgatthādīnaṃ	(hoti)	(ekattaṃ napuṃsakaliṅgattaṃ)		tathā dvande
and		of [`dvanda` compounds] in the sense of limbs, instruments, gear, army parts, small creatures, natural enemies, unlike pairs and the rest	(there is)	(singular number and neuter gender)		likewise in a `dvanda`

Tathā dvande samāse pāṇi tūriya yogga senaṅgakhuddajantuka vividhaviruddha visabhāgatthaiccevamādīnaṃ ekattaṃ hoti, napuṃsakaliṅgattañca.

Taṃ yathā? Cakkhu ca sotañca cakkhusotaṃ, mukhañca nāsikā ca mukhanāsikaṃ, chavi ca maṃsañca lohitañca chavimaṃsalohitaṃ. Evaṃ pāṇyaṅgatthe.

Saṅkho ca paṇavo ca saṅkhapaṇavaṃ, gītañca vāditañca gītavāditaṃ, daddari ca ḍiṇḍimo ca daddariḍiṇḍimaṃ⁷. Evaṃ tūriyaṅgatthe.

Phālo ca pācanañca phālapācanaṃ, yugañca naṅgalañca yuganaṅgalaṃ. Evaṃ yoggaṅgatthe.

Asi ca cammañca asicammaṃ, dhanu ca kalāpo ca dhanukalāpaṃ⁸, hatthī ca asso ca hatthiassaṃ, ratho ca pattiko ca rathapattikaṃ. Evaṃ senaṅgatthe.

Ḍaṃsā ca makasā ca ḍaṃsamakasaṃ, kuntho ca kipilliko ca kunthakipillikaṃ, kīṭo ca sarīsapo ca kīṭasarīsapaṃ⁹. Evaṃ khuddajantukatthe.

Ahi ca nakulo ca ahinakulaṃ, biḷāro ca mūsiko ca biḷāramūsikaṃ, kāko ca ulūko ca kākolūkaṃ. Evaṃ vividhaviruddhatthe.

Sīlañca paññāṇañca sīlapaññāṇaṃ, samatho ca vipassanā ca samathavipassanaṃ, vijjā ca caraṇañca vijjācaraṇaṃ. Evaṃ visabhāgatthe.

Ādiggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Dāsī ca dāso ca dāsidāsaṃ, itthī ca pumā ca itthipumaṃ, patto ca cīvarañca pattacīvaraṃ, chattañca upāhanā ca chattupāhanaṃ, tikañca catukkañca tikacatukkaṃ, veno ca rathakāro ca venarathakāraṃ, sākuṇiko ca māgaviko ca sākuṇikamāgavikaṃ¹⁰, dīgho ca majjhimo ca dīghamajjhimaṃ iccevamādi.

Likewise, a dvanda compound in the sense of limbs, instruments, gear, parts of an army, small creatures, natural enemies, unlike pairs and the like takes singular number and neuter gender.¹¹

The vutti’s Taṃ yathā? (“for example”) introduces the classes one by one and closes each with evaṃ … atthe (“thus in the sense of …”).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(cakkhu + sota)	cakkhusotaṃ	eye and ear — `cakkhu ca sotañca` (limbs)
🚻①⨀(mukha + nāsikā)	mukhanāsikaṃ	mouth and nose (limbs)
🚻①⨀(chavi + maṃsa + lohita)	chavimaṃsalohitaṃ	skin, flesh and blood (limbs)
🚻①⨀(saṅkha + paṇava)	saṅkhapaṇavaṃ	conch and drum (instruments)
🚻①⨀(gīta + vādita)	gītavāditaṃ	song and instrumental music (instruments)
🚻①⨀(daddari + ḍiṇḍima)	daddariḍiṇḍimaṃ	the `daddari` drum and the tom-tom (instruments)
🚻①⨀(phāla + pācana)	phālapācanaṃ	ploughshare and goad (gear)
🚻①⨀(yuga + naṅgala)	yuganaṅgalaṃ	yoke and plough (gear)
🚻①⨀(asi + camma)	asicammaṃ	sword and shield (army)
🚻①⨀(dhanu + kalāpa)	dhanukalāpaṃ	bow and quiver (army)
🚻①⨀(hatthī + assa)	hatthiassaṃ	elephants and horses (army)
🚻①⨀(ratha + pattika)	rathapattikaṃ	chariots and foot-soldiers (army)
🚻①⨀(ḍaṃsa + makasa)	ḍaṃsamakasaṃ	gadflies and mosquitoes (small creatures)
🚻①⨀(kuntha + kipillika)	kunthakipillikaṃ	biting ants and ants (small creatures)
🚻①⨀(kīṭa + sarīsapa)	kīṭasarīsapaṃ	insects and reptiles (small creatures)
🚻①⨀(ahi + nakula)	ahinakulaṃ	snake and mongoose (natural enemies)
🚻①⨀(biḷāra + mūsika)	biḷāramūsikaṃ	cat and mouse (natural enemies)
🚻①⨀(kāka + ulūka)	kākolūkaṃ	crow and owl (natural enemies)
🚻①⨀(sīla + paññāṇa)	sīlapaññāṇaṃ	virtue and wisdom (unlike pairs)
🚻①⨀(samatha + vipassanā)	samathavipassanaṃ	calm and insight (unlike pairs)
🚻①⨀(vijjā + caraṇa)	vijjācaraṇaṃ	knowledge and conduct (unlike pairs)

	mukhañca + nāsikā ca (mukha + si, nāsikā + si)	rule
→	mukha + si + nāsikā + si	§317
→	mukha + nāsik + (ā→a)	§322, §342
→	mukhanāsika + si	§601, §55
→	mukhanāsika + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	mukhanāsikaṃ

	kāko ca + ulūko ca (kāka + si, ulūka + si)	rule
→	kāka + si + ulūka + si	§317
→	kāk + (a + u) + lūka	§12
→	kāk + (u→o) + lūka	§14
→	kākolūka + si	§601, §55
→	kākolūka + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	kākolūkaṃ

saddhā bījaṃ tapo vuṭṭhi, paññā me yuganaṅgalaṃ; hirī īsā mano yottaṃ, sati me phālapācanaṃ
(18Sn 1.4: Kasibhāradvājasutta)
🚺①⨀(saddhā) 🚻①⨀(bīja) 🚹①⨀(tapa) 🚺①⨀(vuṭṭhi) 🚺①⨀(paññā) ⚧️⑥⨀(amha) 🚻①⨀(yuga + naṅgala) 🚺①⨀(hirī) 🚺①⨀(īsā) 🚹①⨀(mana) 🚻①⨀(yotta) 🚺①⨀(sati) ⚧️⑥⨀(amha) 🚻①⨀(phāla + pācana)
faith | the seed | austerity | the rain | wisdom | my | yoke and plough | shame | the pole | mind | the strap | mindfulness | my | ploughshare and goad

so eko puriso asicammaṃ gahetvā dhanukalāpaṃ sannayhitvā
(4V 7.2.3: Abhimārapesana)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(eka) 🚹①⨀(purisa) 🚻②⨀(asi + camma) 🔽(gahetvā) 🚻②⨀(dhanu + kalāpa) 🔽(sannayhitvā)
that | one | man | sword and shield | having taken | bow and quiver | having strapped on

antamaso kunthakipillikaṃ upādāya
(3V 1.65: Cattāriakaraṇīya)
🔼(antamaso) 🚻②⨀(kuntha + kipillika) 🔽(upādāya)
even | biting ants and ants | including

na hi pana tvaṃ, tāta bhadramukha, tassa bhagavato sīlapaññāṇaṃ jānāsi
(10M 5.10: Saṅgāravasutta)
🔼(na hi pana) ⚧️①⨀(tumha) 🚹⓪⨀(tāta) 🚹⓪⨀(bhadramukha) 🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(bhagavantu) 🚻②⨀(sīla + paññāṇa) ▶️🤘⨀(jānāti)
but indeed not | you | dear | good sir | of that | Blessed One | the virtue and wisdom | know

Ādiggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? — what is the purpose of the mention of ādi (“and the rest”)? The following, and so on (iccevamādi):

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(dāsī + dāsa)	dāsidāsaṃ	female and male slaves — `dāsī ca dāso ca` (the `ī` shortened)
🚻①⨀(itthī + puma)	itthipumaṃ	woman and man — `itthī ca pumā ca`
🚻①⨀(patta + cīvara)	pattacīvaraṃ	bowl and robe
🚻①⨀(chatta + upāhanā)	chattupāhanaṃ	sunshade and sandals
🚻①⨀(tika + catukka)	tikacatukkaṃ	threes and fours
🚻①⨀(vena + rathakāra)	venarathakāraṃ	basket-makers and carriage-makers
🚻①⨀(sākuṇika + māgavika)	sākuṇikamāgavikaṃ	fowlers and deer-hunters
🚻①⨀(dīgha + majjhima)	dīghamajjhimaṃ	long and medium

puttabhariyaṃ, bhikkhave, jātidhammaṃ, dāsidāsaṃ jātidhammaṃ, ajeḷakaṃ jātidhammaṃ
(9M 3.6: Pāsarāsisutta)
🚻①⨀(putta + bhariyā) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(jāti + dhamma) 🚻①⨀(dāsī + dāsa) 🚻①⨀(jāti + dhamma) 🚻①⨀(aja + eḷaka) 🚻①⨀(jāti + dhamma)
children and wife | bhikkhus | are subject to birth | female and male slaves | are subject to birth | goats and sheep | are subject to birth

chabbaggiyā bhikkhuniyo chattupāhanaṃ dhārenti
(2V 2.4.9.1: Chattupāhanasikkhāpada)
🚺①⨂(chabbaggiyā) 🚺①⨂(bhikkhunī) 🚻②⨀(chatta + upāhanā) ▶️🤟⨂(dhāreti)
of the group of six | bhikkhunīs | sunshade and sandals | carry

§323 (360): Vibhāsā rukkha tiṇa pasu dhana dhañña janapadā dīnañca (optionally for trees, grasses, animals, wealth, grain, countries and the rest) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
vibhāsā		rukkha tiṇa pasu dhana dhañña janapadādīnaṃ	(hoti)	(ekattaṃ napuṃsakaliṅgattaṃ)		(dvande samāse)
optionally		of [`dvanda` compounds] of trees, grasses, animals, wealth, grain, countries and the rest	(there is)	(singular number and neuter gender)		(in a `dvanda` compound)

The option marker vibhāsā makes the neuter singular of the previous rule an alternative to the plural of §329 (357): Nāmānaṃ samuccayo dvando. The heading follows the CST’s sutta list and the Rūpasiddhi, pasu dhana dhañña; the CST’s vutti section prints pasukha na dhañña.

Rukkhatiṇa pasu dhana dhañña janapadaiccevamādīnaṃ vibhāsā ekattaṃ hoti, napuṃsakaliṅgattañca dvande samāse. Assattho ca kapītano¹² ca assatthakapītanaṃ, assatthakapītanā vā. Usīrañca bīraṇañca usīrabīraṇaṃ, usīrabīraṇā vā. Ajo ca eḷako ca ajeḷakaṃ, ajeḷakā vā. Hiraññañca suvaṇṇañca hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ, hiraññasuvaṇṇā vā. Sāli ca yavo ca sāliyavaṃ, sāliyavā vā. Kāsī ca kosalā ca kāsikosalaṃ, kāsikosalā vā.

Ādiggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Sāvajjañca anavajjañca sāvajjānavajjaṃ, sāvajjā navajjā vā. Hīnañca paṇītañca hīnapaṇītaṃ. Hīnapaṇītā vā. Kaṇho ca sukko ca kaṇhasukkaṃ, kaṇhasukkā vā.

A dvanda compound of trees, grasses, animals, wealth, grain, countries and the like optionally takes singular number and neuter gender.

Each pair is given in both forms: the neuter singular of this rule, and the plural of §329 when the option is not taken.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(assattha + kapītana)	assatthakapītanaṃ	the bodhi tree and the kapītana tree (trees) — `kapītana` is the Abhidhānappadīpikā’s `gaddabhaṇḍa`, a portia-type tree (Thespesia populneoides)
🚹①⨂(assattha + kapītana)	assatthakapītanā	the same, plural
🚻①⨀(usīra + bīraṇa)	usīrabīraṇaṃ	vetiver root and vetiver grass (grasses)
🚻①⨂(usīra + bīraṇa)	usīrabīraṇā	the same, plural
🚻①⨀(aja + eḷaka)	ajeḷakaṃ	goats and sheep (animals)
🚹①⨂(aja + eḷaka)	ajeḷakā	the same, plural
🚻①⨀(hirañña + suvaṇṇa)	hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ	bullion and gold (wealth)
🚻①⨂(hirañña + suvaṇṇa)	hiraññasuvaṇṇā	the same, plural
🚻①⨀(sāli + yava)	sāliyavaṃ	rice and barley (grain)
🚹①⨂(sāli + yava)	sāliyavā	the same, plural
🚻①⨀(kāsī + kosala)	kāsikosalaṃ	Kāsi and Kosala (countries)
🚹①⨂(kāsī + kosala)	kāsikosalā	the same, plural

	ajo ca + eḷako ca (aja + si, eḷaka + si)	rule
→	aja + si + eḷaka + si	§317
→	aj + (a + e) + ḷaka	§12
→	ajeḷaka + si	§601, §55
→	ajeḷaka + (si→aṃ)	§323, §219
→	ajeḷakaṃ

When the option is not taken:

	ajeḷaka + yo (①⨂)	rule
→	ajeḷak + (a + yo → ā)	§107
→	ajeḷakā

ajeḷakaṃ jātidhammaṃ
(9M 3.6: Pāsarāsisutta)
🚻①⨀(aja + eḷaka) 🚻①⨀(jāti + dhamma)
goats and sheep | are subject to birth

neva gāvo haññiṃsu, na ajeḷakā haññiṃsu
(6D 5.4.6: Soḷasākāra)
🔼(na eva) 🚹①⨂(go) 🔵⏮🤟⨂(haññati) 🔼(na) 🚹①⨂(aja + eḷaka) 🔵⏮🤟⨂(haññati)
neither | cows | were killed | nor | goats and sheep | were killed

rājā pasenadi kosalo kāsikosalaṃ ajjhāvasati
(6D 12.1: Lohiccabrāhmaṇānuyoga)
🚹①⨀(rāja) 🚹①⨀(pasenadi) 🚹①⨀(kosala) 🚻②⨀(kāsī + kosala) ▶️🤟⨀(ajjhāvasati)
the king | Pasenadi | of Kosala | Kāsi and Kosala | rules over

piyā me kāsikosalā
(10M 4.7: Piyajātikasutta)
🚹①⨂(piya) ⚧️④⨀(amha) 🚹①⨂(kāsī + kosala)
dear | to me | Kāsi and Kosala

Ādiggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? — what is the purpose of the mention of ādi (“and the rest”)? The following:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(sāvajja + anavajja)	sāvajjānavajjaṃ	the blameworthy and the blameless
🚻①⨂(sāvajja + anavajja)	sāvajjānavajjā	the same, plural
🚻①⨀(hīna + paṇīta)	hīnapaṇītaṃ	the inferior and the superior
🚻①⨂(hīna + paṇīta)	hīnapaṇītā	the same, plural
🚻①⨀(kaṇha + sukka)	kaṇhasukkaṃ	the dark and the bright
🚻①⨂(kaṇha + sukka)	kaṇhasukkā	the same, plural

sutvā sabbadhammaṃ abhiññāya loke, sāvajjānavajjaṃ yadatthi kiñci
(18Sn 3.6: Sabhiyasutta)
🔽(sutvā) 🚹②⨀(sabba + dhamma) 🔽(abhiññāya) 🚹⑦⨀(loka) 🚻②⨀(sāvajja + anavajja) ⚧️①⨀(ya) ▶️🤟⨀(atthi) ⚧️①⨀(kiṃ + ci)
having heard | every teaching | having understood | in the world | blameworthy and blameless | whatever | there is | anything

dve dve pakāsitā sabbe, kaṇhasukkaṃ vijānathā
(5V 17.9: Ubbāhikavagga)
⚧️①⨂(dvi) ⚧️①⨂(dvi) 🚹①⨂(pakāsita) 🚹①⨂(sabba) 🚻②⨀(kaṇha + sukka) ⏯🤘⨂(vijānāti)
two | by two | declared | all | the dark and the bright | you should understand

§324 (339): Dvipade tulyādhikaraṇe kammadhārayo (two words with the same referent make a `kammadhāraya`) anvattha

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		dvipade tulyādhikaraṇe (samāso)	(saññā)	kammadhārayo
		[a compound] of two words with the same referent	(is named)	`kammadhāraya`

Dve padāni tulyādhikaraṇāni yadā samasyante, tadā so samāso kammadhārayasañño hoti.

Mahanto ca so puriso cāti mahāpuriso, kaṇho ca so sappo cāti kaṇhasappo, nīlañca taṃ uppalañcāti nīluppalaṃ, lohitañca taṃ candanañcāti lohitacandanaṃ, brāhmaṇī ca sā dārikā cāti brāhmaṇadārikā, khattiyā ca sā kaññā cāti khattiyakaññā.

Kammadhārayaiccanena kvattho? Kammadhārayasaññe ca.

When two words with the same referent (tulyādhikaraṇa)¹³ are compounded, that compound is named kammadhāraya.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(mahanta + purisa)	mahāpuriso	a great man — `mahanto ca so puriso ca`, “he is great and he is a man”
🚹①⨀(kaṇha + sappa)	kaṇhasappo	a black snake — `kaṇho ca so sappo ca`
🚻①⨀(nīla + uppala)	nīluppalaṃ	a blue lotus — `nīlañca taṃ uppalañca`
🚻①⨀(lohita + candana)	lohitacandanaṃ	red sandalwood — `lohitañca taṃ candanañca`
🚺①⨀(brāhmaṇī + dārikā)	brāhmaṇadārikā	a brahmin girl — `brāhmaṇī ca sā dārikā ca`
🚺①⨀(khattiyā + kaññā)	khattiyakaññā	a khattiya maiden — `khattiyā ca sā kaññā ca`

	mahanto ca so + puriso ca (mahanta + si, purisa + si)	rule
→	mahanta + si + purisa + si	§317
→	(mahanta→mahā) + purisa	§330
→	mahāpurisa + si	§601, §55
→	mahāpurisa + (si→o)	§104
→	mahāpuriso

	nīlañca taṃ + uppalañca (nīla + si, uppala + si)	rule
→	nīla + si + uppala + si	§317
→	nīl + (a + u) + ppala	§12
→	nīluppala + si	§601, §55
→	nīluppala + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	nīluppalaṃ

	brāhmaṇī ca sā + dārikā ca (brāhmaṇī + si, dārikā + si)	rule
→	brāhmaṇī + si + dārikā + si	§317
→	(brāhmaṇī→brāhmaṇa) + dārikā	§332
→	brāhmaṇadārikā + si	§601, §55
→	brāhmaṇadārikā + si	§220
→	brāhmaṇadārikā

tasmiñca susire kaṇhasappo agginā santatto nikkhamitvā bhikkhū paripātesi
(2V 1.5.6.6: Jotikasikkhāpada)
🚻⑦⨀(ta) 🔼(ca) 🚻⑦⨀(susira) 🚹①⨀(kaṇha + sappa) 🚹③⨀(aggi) 🚹①⨀(santatta) 🔽(nikkhamitvā) 🚹②⨂(bhikkhu) ⏮🤟⨀(paripāteti)
in that | and | hollow | a black snake | by the fire | scorched | having come out | the bhikkhus | attacked

nīluppalaṃ vātasameritaṃva
(23J 18.1.1: Niḷinikājātaka)
🚻①⨀(nīla + uppala) 🚻①⨀(vāta + samerita) 🔼(iva)
a blue lotus | stirred by the wind | like

ye keci sāragandhā, lohitacandanaṃ tesaṃ aggamakkhāyati
(11M 1.7: Gaṇakamoggallānasutta)
🚹①⨂(ya) 🚹①⨂(kiṃ + ci) 🚹①⨂(sāra + gandha) 🚻①⨀(lohita + candana) 🚹⑥⨂(ta) 🚻①⨀(agga) 🔵▶️🤟⨀(akkhāyati)
whatever | any | scents of heartwood | red sandalwood | of them | the best | is declared

seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, khattiyakaññā vā brāhmaṇakaññā vā gahapatikaññā vā
(9M 2.3: Mahādukkhakkhandhasutta)
🔼(seyyathā pi) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚺①⨀(khattiyā + kaññā) 🔼(vā) 🚺①⨀(brāhmaṇī + kaññā) 🔼(vā) 🚺①⨀(gahapatikā + kaññā) 🔼(vā)
just as | bhikkhus | a khattiya maiden | or | a brahmin maiden | or | a householder’s maiden | or

§325 (348): Saṅkhyāpubbo digu (a `digu` [is a `kammadhāraya`] beginning with a numeral) anvattha

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		saṅkhyāpubbo (kammadhārayasamāso)	(saññā)	digu
		[a `kammadhāraya` compound] whose first member is a numeral	(is named)	`digu`

Saṅkhyāpubbo kammadhārayasamāso digusañño hoti.

Tīṇi malāni timalaṃ, tīṇi phalāni tiphalaṃ, tayo lokā tilokaṃ, tayo daṇḍā tidaṇḍaṃ, catasso disā catuddisaṃ, pañca indriyāni pañcindriyaṃ, satta godāvariyo sattagodāvaraṃ.

Diguiccanena kvattho? Digusse kattaṃ.

A kammadhāraya compound whose first member is a numeral is named digu.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(ti + mala)	timalaṃ	the three stains — `tīṇi malāni`
🚻①⨀(ti + phala)	tiphalaṃ	the three fruits (the myrobalans) — `tīṇi phalāni`
🚻①⨀(ti + loka)	tilokaṃ	the three worlds — `tayo lokā`
🚻①⨀(ti + daṇḍa)	tidaṇḍaṃ	the three staves — `tayo daṇḍā`
🚻①⨀(catu + disā)	catuddisaṃ	the four directions — `catasso disā`
🚻①⨀(pañca + indriya)	pañcindriyaṃ	the five faculties — `pañca indriyāni`
🚻①⨀(satta + godāvarī)	sattagodāvaraṃ	the seven Godāvarī [streams] — `satta godāvariyo`

	satta + godāvariyo (satta + yo, godāvarī + yo ①⨂)	rule
→	satta + yo + godāvarī + yo	§317
→	satta + godāvar + (ī + a)	§337, §83
→	sattagodāvara + si (⨀)	§601, §321
→	sattagodāvara + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	sattagodāvaraṃ

kubbaraṃ hanati, tidaṇḍaṃ bhañjati
(17A8 1.2.4: Assakhaḷuṅkasutta)
🚹②⨀(kubbara) ▶️🤟⨀(hanati) 🚻②⨀(ti + daṇḍa) ▶️🤟⨀(bhañjati)
the chariot-pole | it strikes | the triple pole | it breaks

§326 (341): Ubhe tappurisā (both [`digu` and `kammadhāraya`] are `tappurisa`) saññaṅga

Ubhe digukammadhārayasamāsā tappurisasaññā honti.

Na brāhmaṇo abrāhmaṇo, na vasalo avasalo, na bhikkhu abhikkhu, na pañcavassaṃ apañcavassaṃ, na pañcapūlī apañcapūlī, na sattagodāvaraṃasattagodāvaraṃ, na dasagavaṃ adasagavaṃ, na pañcagavaṃ apañcagavaṃ¹⁴.

Tappurisaiccanena kvattho? Attaṃ nassa tappurise.

Both the digu and the kammadhāraya compounds are named tappurisa.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(na + brāhmaṇa)	abrāhmaṇo	a non-brahmin — `na brāhmaṇo`
🚹①⨀(na + vasala)	avasalo	not an outcaste — `na vasalo`
🚹①⨀(na + bhikkhu)	abhikkhu	not a bhikkhu — `na bhikkhu`
🚻①⨀(na + pañca + vassa)	apañcavassaṃ	not five years — `na pañcavassaṃ`
🚺①⨀(na + pañca + pūlī)	apañcapūlī	not five sheaves — `na pañcapūlī`
🚻①⨀(na + satta + godāvarī)	asattagodāvaraṃ	not the seven Godāvarīs — `na sattagodāvaraṃ`
🚻①⨀(na + dasa + go)	adasagavaṃ	not ten cows — `na dasagavaṃ`
🚻①⨀(na + pañca + go)	apañcagavaṃ	not five cows — `na pañcagavaṃ`

	na + brāhmaṇo (brāhmaṇa + si)	rule
→	na + brāhmaṇa + si	§317
→	(na→a) + brāhmaṇa	§326, §333
→	abrāhmaṇa + si	§601, §55
→	abrāhmaṇa + (si→o)	§104
→	abrāhmaṇo

	na + pañca + gāvo (go + yo ①⨂)	rule
→	na + pañca + go + yo	§317
→	na + pañca + go + a	§337
→	na + pañca + g + (o→av) + a	§78
→	(na→a) + pañcagava	§326, §333
→	apañcagava + si	§601, §55
→	apañcagava + (si→aṃ)	§321, §219
→	apañcagavaṃ

na jaccā brāhmaṇo hoti, na jaccā hoti abrāhmaṇo; kammunā brāhmaṇo hoti, kammunā hoti abrāhmaṇo
(10M 5.8: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🔼(na) 🚺③⨀(jāti) 🚹①⨀(brāhmaṇa) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🔼(na) 🚺③⨀(jāti) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚹①⨀(na + brāhmaṇa) 🚻③⨀(kamma) 🚹①⨀(brāhmaṇa) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚻③⨀(kamma) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚹①⨀(na + brāhmaṇa)
not | by birth | a brahmin | one is | not | by birth | one is | a non-brahmin | by action | a brahmin | one is | by action | one is | a non-brahmin

§327 (351): Amādayo parapadebhi ([a word in] `aṃ` or a later inflection with the word that follows: `tappurisa`) anvattha

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		amādayo (nāmehi) parapadebhi (samasyante)	(saññā)	(tappuriso)
		[words ending in] `aṃ` and the following [inflections], compounded with the nouns that follow them	(is named)	(`tappurisa`)

Tā amādayo nāmehi parapadebhi yadā samasyante, tadā so samāso tappurisasañño hoti.

Bhūmiṃ gato bhūmigato, sabbarattiṃ sobhaṇo sabbarattisobhaṇo. Apāyaṃ gato apāyagato, issarena kataṃ issarakataṃ, sallena viddho sallaviddho, kathinassa dussaṃ kathinadussaṃ, āgantukassa bhattaṃ āgantukabhattaṃ, methunā apeto methunāpeto, corā bhayaṃ corabhayaṃ, rañño putto rājaputto, dhaññānaṃ rāsi dhaññarāsi, rūpe saññā rūpasaññā, saṃsāre dukkhaṃ saṃsāradukkhaṃ.

When those [inflections], aṃ and the rest, are compounded with the nouns that follow them,¹⁵ that compound is named tappurisa.

The vutti gives the phrase (viggaha) and then the compound, working through the forms ② to ⑦; the Kārakakappa rule that assigns each form is named in the last column.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(bhūmi + gata)	bhūmigato	gone to the ground — `bhūmiṃ gato` ② (§297 (284): Kammatthe dutiyā)
🚹①⨀(sabbaratti + sobhaṇa)	sabbarattisobhaṇo	beautiful the whole night — `sabbarattiṃ sobhaṇo` ② of duration (§298 (287): Kāladdhānamaccantasaṃyoge)
🚹①⨀(apāya + gata)	apāyagato	gone to a state of loss — `apāyaṃ gato` ②
🚻①⨀(issara + kata)	issarakataṃ	made by a lord — `issarena kataṃ` ③ of the agent (§288 (293): Kattari ca)
🚹①⨀(salla + viddha)	sallaviddho	pierced by an arrow — `sallena viddho` ③ of the instrument (§286 (291): Karaṇe tatiyā)
🚻①⨀(kathina + dussa)	kathinadussaṃ	cloth for the `kathina` — `kathinassa dussaṃ` ④, “for the purpose of” (§293 (85, 301): Sampadāne catutthī)
🚻①⨀(āgantuka + bhatta)	āgantukabhattaṃ	food for newcomers — `āgantukassa bhattaṃ` ④
🚹①⨀(methuna + apeta)	methunāpeto	abstaining from sexual intercourse — `methunā apeto` ⑤ (§295 (307): Apādāne pañcamī)
🚻①⨀(cora + bhaya)	corabhayaṃ	fear of thieves — `corā bhayaṃ` ⑤ (§271 (88, 308): Yasmā dapeti bhayamādatte vā tadapādānaṃ)
🚹①⨀(rāja + putta)	rājaputto	the king’s son — `rañño putto` ⑥ (§301 (315): Sāmismiṃ chaṭṭhī)
🚹①⨀(dhañña + rāsi)	dhaññarāsi	a heap of grain — `dhaññānaṃ rāsi` ⑥
🚺①⨀(rūpa + saññā)	rūpasaññā	perception of form — `rūpe saññā` ⑦ (§302 (319): Okāse sattamī)
🚻①⨀(saṃsāra + dukkha)	saṃsāradukkhaṃ	the suffering of the round of rebirth — `saṃsāre dukkhaṃ` ⑦

	bhūmiṃ + gato (bhūmi + aṃ ②⨀, gata + si)	rule
→	bhūmi + aṃ + gata + si	§317
→	bhūmi + gata	§318
→	bhūmigata + si	§601, §55
→	bhūmigata + (si→o)	§104
→	bhūmigato

	methunā + apeto (methuna + smā ⑤⨀, apeta + si)	rule
→	methuna + ~~smā~~ + apeta + si	§317
→	methun + (a + a → ā) + peta	§12, §15
→	methunāpeta + si	§601, §55
→	methunāpeta + (si→o)	§104
→	methunāpeto

atthāpatti bhūmigato āpajjati, no vehāsagato
(5V 7.2: Dukavāra)
▶️🤟⨀(atthi) 🚺①⨀(āpatti) 🚹①⨀(bhūmi + gata) ▶️🤟⨀(āpajjati) 🔼(no) 🚹①⨀(vehāsa + gata)
there is | an offence | one standing on the ground | commits | not | one in the air

idaṃ tato dukkhataraṃ, sallaviddho yathā vaṇo
(23J 22.1.10.9: Maddīpabba)
🚻①⨀(ima) ⚧️⑤⨀(ta + to) 🚻①⨀(dukkhatara) 🚹①⨀(salla + viddha) 🔼(yathā) 🚹①⨀(vaṇa)
this | than that | more painful | pierced by an arrow | like | a wound

aggibhayaṃ, udakabhayaṃ, rājabhayaṃ, corabhayaṃ
(15A4 3.2.10: Dutiyabhayasutta)
🚻①⨀(aggi + bhaya) 🚻①⨀(udaka + bhaya) 🚻①⨀(rāja + bhaya) 🚻①⨀(cora + bhaya)
fear of fire | fear of water | fear of kings | fear of thieves

tassa yā purimā rūpasaññā, sā nirujjhati
(6D 9.1.2: Sahetukasaññuppādanirodhakathā)
🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🚺①⨀(ya) 🚺①⨀(purima) 🚺①⨀(rūpa + saññā) 🚺①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(nirujjhati)
his | which | former | perception of form | that | ceases

§328 (352): Aññapadatthesu bahubbīhi ([nouns compounded] in the sense of another word: `bahubbīhi`) anvattha

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		aññapadatthesu (dve nāmāni bahūni nāmāni samasyante)	(saññā)	bahubbīhi
		[two or many nouns compounded] in the senses of other words	(is named)	`bahubbīhi`

Aññesaṃ padānaṃ atthesu dve nāmāni bahūni nāmāni yadā samasyante, tadā so samāso bahubbīhi sañño hoti.

Āgatā samaṇā imaṃ saṅghārāmaṃ soyaṃ āgatasamaṇo, saṅghārāmo. Jitāni indriyāni anena samaṇena soyaṃ jitindriyo, samaṇo. Dinno suṅko yassa rañño soyaṃ dinnasuṅko, rājā. Niggatā janā asmā gāmā soyaṃ niggatajano, gāmo. Chinno hattho¹⁶ yassa purisassa soyaṃ chinnahattho, puriso. Sampannāni sassāni yasmiṃ janapade soyaṃ sampannasasso, janapado.

Nigrodhassa parimaṇḍalo nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo, nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo iva parimaṇḍalo yo rājakumāro soyaṃ nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo. Atha vā nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo iva parimaṇḍalo yassa rājakumārassa soyaṃ nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo, rājakumāro¹⁷.

Cakkhuno bhūto cakkhubhūto, cakkhubhūto iva bhūto yo bhagavā soyaṃ cakkhubhūto, bhagavā.

Suvaṇṇassa vaṇṇo suvaṇṇavaṇṇo, suvaṇṇavaṇṇo viya vaṇṇo yassa bhagavato soyaṃ suvaṇṇavaṇṇo, bhagavā.

Brahmuno saro brahmassaro, brahmassaro viya saro yassa bhagavato soyaṃ brahmassaro, bhagavā.

Sayaṃ patita paṇṇa pupphaphalavāyutoyāhārāti paṇṇañca pupphañca phalañca paṇṇapupphaphalāni, sayameva patitāni sayaṃpatitāni, sayaṃpatitāni ca tāni paṇṇapupphaphalāni ceti sayaṃpatitapaṇṇapupphaphalāni vāyu ca toyañca vāyutoyāni, sayaṃpatitapaṇṇapupphaphalāni ca vāyutoyāni ca sayaṃpatitapaṇṇapupphaphalavāyutoyāni. Sayaṃpatitapaṇṇapupphaphalavāyutoyāni āhārā yesaṃ te sayaṃpatitapaṇṇapupphaphalavāyutoyāhārā, isayo. Yamettha vattabbaṃ, taṃ heṭṭhā vuttameva. Ayaṃ pana dvandakammadhārayagabbho tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi¹⁸.

Atha vā – sayaṃpatitapaṇṇapupphaphalavāyutoyehi āhārā yesaṃ te sayaṃpatitapaṇṇapupphaphalavāyutoyāhārā. Ayaṃ pana bhinnādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Nānā dumapatita pupphavāsita sānūti nānāpakārā dumā nānādumā, nānādumehi patitāni nānādumapatitāni, nānādumapatitāni ca tāni pupphāni ceti nānādumapatitapupphāni, nānādumapatitapupphehi vāsitā nānādumapatitapupphavāsitā, nānādumapatitapupphavāsitā sānū yassa pabbatarājassa soyaṃ nānādumapatitapupphavāsitasānu, pabbatarājā. Ayaṃ pana kammadhārayatappurisagabbho tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Atha vā – vāsitā sānū vāsitasānu, sāpekkhatte satipi gamakattā samāso. Nānādumapatitapupphehi vāsitasānū yassa pabbatarājassa soyaṃ nānādumapatitapupphavāsitasānu, pabbatarājā. Ayaṃ pana bhinnādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Byālambambudharabinducumbitakūṭoti ambuṃ dhāretīti ambudharo, ko so? Pajjunno. Vividhā ālambo byālambo, byālambo ca so ambudharo cāti byālambambudharo, byālambambudharassa bindū byālambambudharabindū, byālambambudharabindūhi cumbito byālambambudharabinducumbito, byālambambudharabinducumbito¹⁹ kūṭo yassa pabbatarājassa soyaṃ byālambambudharabinducumbitakūṭo. Ayaṃ pana kammadhārayatappurisagabbho tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Atha vā – cumbito kūṭo cumbitakūṭo, sāpekkhatte satipi gamakattā samāso. Byālambambudharabindūhi cumbitakūṭo yassa pabbatarājassa soyaṃ byālambambudharabinducumbitakūṭo. Ayaṃ pana bhinnādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Amita bala parakkamajutīti na mitā amitā, balañca parakkamo ca juti ca balaparakkamajutiyo, amitā balaparakkamajutiyo yassa soyaṃ amitabalaparakkamajuti, ayaṃ pana kammadhārayadvandagabbho tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Pīṇorakkhaṃsa bāhūti uro ca akkhañca aṃso ca bāhu ca urakkhaṃsabāhavo, pīṇā urakkhaṃsabāhavo yassa bhagavato soyaṃ pīṇorakkhaṃsabāhu. Ayaṃ pana dvandagabbho²⁰ tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Pīṇa gaṇḍa vadana thanūrujaghanāti gaṇḍo ca vadanañca thano ca ūru ca jaghanañca gaṇḍavadanathanūrujaghanā, pīṇā gaṇḍavadanathanūrujaghanā yassā sāyaṃ pīṇagaṇḍavadanathanūrujaghanā. Ayampi dvandagabbho tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Pavara²¹ surāsura garuḍa manuja bhujaga gandhabba makuṭa kūṭa cumbita selasaṅghaṭṭita caraṇoti surā ca asurā ca garuḍā ca manujā ca bhujagā ca gandhabbā ca surāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbā, pavarā ca te surāsuragaruḍamanujabhujaga gandhabbā ceti pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbā, pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbānaṃ makuṭāni pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭāni, pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭānaṃ kūṭāni pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭakūṭāni, pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭakūṭesu cumbitā pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭakūṭacumbitā, pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭakūṭacumbitā ca te selā cāti pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭakūṭacumbitaselā, pavarasurāsura garuḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭakūṭacumbitaselehi saṅghaṭṭitā pavarasurāsura garuḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭakūṭacumbitaselasaṅghaṭṭitā, pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭakūṭacumbitaselasaṅghaṭṭitā caraṇā yassa tathāgatassa soyaṃ pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭakūṭacumbitaselasaṅghaṭṭitacaraṇo, tathāgato, ayaṃ pana dvandakammadhārayatappurisagabbho tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Atha vā – saṅghaṭṭitā caraṇā saṅghaṭṭitacaraṇā, sāpekkhatte satipi gamakattā samāso. Pavarasurāsura garuḍamanujabhujaga gandhabbamakuṭakūṭacumbitaselehi saṅghaṭṭitacaraṇā yassa tathāgatassa soyaṃ pavarasurāsuragaruḍa manujabhujaga gandhabbamakuṭakūṭacumbitaselasaṅghaṭṭita caraṇo. Ayaṃ pana bhinnādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Catuddisoti catasso disā yassa soyaṃ catuddiso, bhagavā.

Pañcacakkhūti pañca cakkhūni yassa tathāgatassa soyaṃ pañcacakkhu, tathāgato.

Dasabaloti dasa balāni yassa soyaṃ dasabalo, bhagavā.

Anantañāṇoti nassa anto anantaṃ, anantaṃ ñāṇaṃ yassa tathāgatassa soyaṃ anantañāṇo, tathāgato.

Amita ghana sarīroti na mitaṃ amitaṃ, ghanaṃ eva sarīraṃ ghanasarīraṃ, amitaṃ ghanasarīraṃ yassa tathāgatassa soyaṃ amitaghanasarīro, tathāgato.

Amita bala parakkama pattoti na mitā amitā, balañca parakkamo ca balaparakkamā, amitā eva balaparakkamā amitabalaparakkamā, amitabalaparakkamā pattā yena soyaṃ amitabalaparakkamapatto, bhagavā. Ayaṃ pana kammadhārayadvandagabbho tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Matta bhamara gaṇa cumbita vikasitapupphavallināgarukkho pasobhita kandaroti mattā eva bhamarā mattabhamarā, mattabhamarānaṃ gaṇā mattabhamaragaṇā, mattabhamaragaṇehi cumbitāni mattabhamaragaṇacumbitāni²², vikasitāni eva pupphāni vikasitapupphāni, mattabhamaragaṇacumbitāni vikasitapupphāni yesaṃ tehi mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapupphā, valli ca nāgarukkho ca vallināgarukkhā²³, mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapupphā ca te vallināgarukkhā ceti mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapupphavallināgarukkhā, mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapupphavallināgarukkhehi upasobhitāni mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapupphavallināgarukkho pasobhitāni, mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapupphavallināgarukkho pasobhitāni kandarāni yassa pabbatarājassa soyaṃ mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapuppha vallināgarukkho pasobhitakandaro, pabbatarājā. Ayaṃ pana dvandakammadhārayatappurisagabbho tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Atha vā – upasobhitāni kandarāni upasobhitakandarāni, sāpekkhatte satipi gamakattā samāso. Mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapupphavallināgarukkhehi upasobhitakandarāni yassa pabbatarājassa soyaṃ mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapupphavallināgarukkho pasobhitakandaro, pabbatarājā. Ayaṃ pana bhinnādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Nānā rukkha tiṇa patita pupphopasobhita kandaroti rukkho ca tiṇañca rukkhatiṇāni, nānā pakārāni eva rukkhatiṇāni nānārukkhatiṇāni, nānārukkhatiṇehi patitāni nānārukkhatiṇapatitāni, nānārukkhatiṇapatitāni ca tāni pupphāni ceti nānārukkhatiṇapatitapupphāni, nānārukkhatiṇapatitapupphehi upasobhitāni nānārukkhatiṇapatita pupphopasobhitāni, nānārukkhatiṇapatitapupphopasobhitāni kandarāni yassa pabbatarājassa soyaṃ nānārukkhatiṇapatitapupphopasobhitakandaro, pabbatarājā. Ayaṃ pana dvandakammadhārayatappurisagabbho tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Atha vā – upasobhitāni eva kandarāni upasobhitakandarāni, (sāpekkhatte satipi gamakattā samāso.) Nānārukkhatiṇapatitapupphehi upasobhitakandarāni yassa pabbatarājassa soyaṃ nānārukkhatiṇapatitapupphopasobhitakandaro, pabbatarājā. Ayaṃ pana bhinnādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Nānā musala phāla pabbata taru kaliṅgara sara dhanugadāsi tomarahatthāti musalo ca phālo ca pabbato ca taru ca kaliṅgaro ca saro ca dhanu ca gadā ca asi ca tomaro ca musalaphālapabbatatarukaliṅgarasaradhanugadāsitomarā, nānā pakārā eva musalaphālapabbatatarukaliṅgarasaradhanugadāsitomarā nānāmusalaphālapabbatatarukaliṅgarasaradhanugadāsitomarā, nānāmusalaphālapabbatatarukaliṅgarasaradhanugadāsitomarā hatthesu yesaṃ te nānāmusalaphālapabbatatarukaliṅgara saradhanugadāsitomarahatthā. Ayaṃ pana dvandakammadhārayagabbho bhinnādhikaraṇabahubbīhi.

Bahubbīhi iccanena kvattho? Bahubbīhimhi ca.

When two or more nouns are compounded in the sense of other words, that compound is named bahubbīhi.

The vutti first shows the “other word” in each form from the second ② to the seventh ⑦; the word after the comma (saṅghārāmo, samaṇo …) is the thing the compound denotes.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(āgata + samaṇa)	āgatasamaṇo, saṅghārāmo	a monastery to which ascetics have come — `āgatā samaṇā imaṃ saṅghārāmaṃ` ②
🚹①⨀(jita + indriya)	jitindriyo, samaṇo	an ascetic by whom the senses have been conquered — `jitāni indriyāni anena samaṇena` ③
🚹①⨀(dinna + suṅka)	dinnasuṅko, rājā	a king to whom tax is paid — `dinno suṅko yassa rañño` ④
🚹①⨀(niggata + jana)	niggatajano, gāmo	a village from which the people have gone — `niggatā janā asmā gāmā` ⑤
🚹①⨀(chinna + hattha)	chinnahattho, puriso	a man whose hand is cut off — `chinno hattho yassa purisassa` ⑥
🚹①⨀(sampanna + sassa)	sampannasasso, janapado	a country in which the crops have ripened — `sampannāni sassāni yasmiṃ janapade` ⑦

	āgatā samaṇā imaṃ saṅghārāmaṃ (āgata + yo, samaṇa + yo)	rule
→	āgatā samaṇā — compounded in the sense of `imaṃ saṅghārāmaṃ` ②	§328
→	āgata + yo + samaṇa + yo — named `samāsa`, inflections elided	§316, §317
→	āgata + samaṇa	§318
→	āgatasamaṇa + si — treated as a noun, `si` of the monastery denoted	§601
→	āgatasamaṇa + (si→o)	§104
→	āgatasamaṇo

	jitāni indriyāni (jita + yo, indriya + yo) → samaṇo	rule
→	jita + yo + indriya + yo	§317
→	jit + (a + i) + ndriya	§12
→	jitindriya + si	§601, §55
→	jitindriya + (si→o)	§104
→	jitindriyo

Then come compounds whose first member is a standard of comparison (iva, viya), with the “other word” in the first form (yo rājakumāro) or the sixth (yassa rājakumārassa):

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(nigrodha + parimaṇḍala)	nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo, rājakumāro	a prince as rounded as a banyan — `nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo iva parimaṇḍalo yo`, or `yassa`
🚹①⨀(cakkhu + bhūta)	cakkhubhūto, bhagavā	the Blessed One, who is as an eye — `cakkhubhūto iva bhūto yo bhagavā`
🚹①⨀(suvaṇṇa + vaṇṇa)	suvaṇṇavaṇṇo, bhagavā	golden-hued — `suvaṇṇavaṇṇo viya vaṇṇo yassa bhagavato`
🚹①⨀(brahma + sara)	brahmassaro, bhagavā	with the voice of Brahmā — `brahmassaro viya saro yassa bhagavato`

ayañhi, deva, kumāro nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo
(7D 1.3: Dvattiṃsamahāpurisalakkhaṇā)
🚹①⨀(ima) 🔼(hi) 🚹⓪⨀(deva) 🚹①⨀(kumāra) 🚹①⨀(nigrodha + parimaṇḍala)
this | indeed | sire | prince | is rounded like a banyan

ayañhi, deva, kumāro suvaṇṇavaṇṇo kañcanasannibhattaco
(7D 1.3: Dvattiṃsamahāpurisalakkhaṇā)
🚹①⨀(ima) 🔼(hi) 🚹⓪⨀(deva) 🚹①⨀(kumāra) 🚹①⨀(suvaṇṇa + vaṇṇa) 🚹①⨀(kañcanasannibha + taca)
this | indeed | sire | prince | is golden-hued | with skin like gold

ayañhi, deva, kumāro brahmassaro karavīkabhāṇī
(7D 1.3: Dvattiṃsamahāpurisalakkhaṇā)
🚹①⨀(ima) 🔼(hi) 🚹⓪⨀(deva) 🚹①⨀(kumāra) 🚹①⨀(brahma + sara) 🚹①⨀(karavīka + bhāṇī)
this | indeed | sire | prince | has the voice of Brahmā | speaking like the cuckoo

cakkhubhūto ñāṇabhūto dhammabhūto brahmabhūto
(9M 2.8: Madhupiṇḍikasutta)
🚹①⨀(cakkhu + bhūta) 🚹①⨀(ñāṇa + bhūta) 🚹①⨀(dhamma + bhūta) 🚹①⨀(brahma + bhūta)
who is as an eye | who is as knowledge | who is as the Dhamma | who is as Brahmā

The rest of the vutti analyses long compounds member by member, naming the kinds nested (gabbha) inside each and classing each as a bahubbīhi of members with the same referent (tulyādhikaraṇa) or with different referents (bhinnādhikaraṇa).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(sayaṃpatitapaṇṇapupphaphalavāyutoya + āhāra)	sayaṃpatitapaṇṇapupphaphalavāyutoyāhārā, isayo	sages whose food is leaves, flowers and fruit fallen of themselves, wind and water — `dvanda` and `kammadhāraya` inside a `tulyādhikaraṇa` bahubbīhi; read with `-toyehi` ③, a `bhinnādhikaraṇa` one
🚹①⨀(nānādumapatitapupphavāsita + sānu)	nānādumapatitapupphavāsitasānu, pabbatarājā	the king of mountains whose plateaus are scented with blossoms fallen from trees of many kinds — `kammadhāraya` and `tappurisa` inside a `tulyādhikaraṇa` bahubbīhi; or, with `vāsitasānu` formed first, a `bhinnādhikaraṇa` one
🚹①⨀(byālambambudharabinducumbita + kūṭa)	byālambambudharabinducumbitakūṭo, pabbatarājā	whose peak is kissed by the drops of the low-hanging cloud (`ambudhara`, “water-bearer”, is Pajjunna, the rain-cloud) — `kammadhāraya` and `tappurisa` inside; both readings
🚹①⨀(amita + balaparakkamajuti)	amitabalaparakkamajuti	whose strength, striving and splendour are measureless — `kammadhāraya` and `dvanda` inside a `tulyādhikaraṇa` bahubbīhi
🚹①⨀(pīṇa + urakkhaṃsabāhu)	pīṇorakkhaṃsabāhu, bhagavā	whose chest, collar-bones, shoulders and arms are full — a `dvanda` inside
🚺①⨀(pīṇa + gaṇḍavadanathanūrujaghana)	pīṇagaṇḍavadanathanūrujaghanā	[a woman] whose cheeks, face, breasts, thighs and hips are full — a `dvanda` inside; feminine after `yassā sā`
🚹①⨀(pavarasurāsuragaruḍamanujabhujagagandhabbamakuṭakūṭacumbitaselasaṅghaṭṭita + caraṇa)	…selasaṅghaṭṭitacaraṇo, tathāgato	the Tathāgata whose feet are rubbed by the rocks kissed by the crests of the crowns of the noble gods, asuras, garuḷas, men, snakes and gandhabbas — `dvanda`, `kammadhāraya` and `tappurisa` inside; both readings
🚹①⨀(catu + disā)	catuddiso, bhagavā	to whom the four directions [are open] — `catasso disā yassa`
🚹①⨀(pañca + cakkhu)	pañcacakkhu, tathāgato	who has the five eyes — `pañca cakkhūni yassa`
🚹①⨀(dasa + bala)	dasabalo, bhagavā	who has the ten powers — `dasa balāni yassa`
🚹①⨀(ananta + ñāṇa)	anantañāṇo, tathāgato	whose knowledge is without end — `nassa anto anantaṃ` (`na` → `a`, §333), `anantaṃ ñāṇaṃ yassa`
🚹①⨀(amita + ghanasarīra)	amitaghanasarīro, tathāgato	whose solid body is measureless — a `kammadhāraya` inside
🚹①⨀(amitabalaparakkama + patta)	amitabalaparakkamapatto, bhagavā	by whom measureless strength and striving have been attained — `amitabalaparakkamā pattā yena` ③; `kammadhāraya` and `dvanda` inside
🚹①⨀(mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapupphavallināgarukkha + upasobhita + kandara)	mattabhamaragaṇacumbitavikasitapupphavallināgarukkhopasobhitakandaro, pabbatarājā	whose caves are adorned with creepers and ironwood trees whose open blossoms are kissed by swarms of drunken bees — `dvanda`, `kammadhāraya` and `tappurisa` inside; both readings
🚹①⨀(nānārukkhatiṇapatitapuppha + upasobhita + kandara)	nānārukkhatiṇapatitapupphopasobhitakandaro, pabbatarājā	whose caves are adorned with blossoms fallen from trees and grasses of many kinds — both readings
🚹①⨂(nānāmusalaphālapabbatatarukaliṅgarasaradhanugadāsitomara + hattha)	nānāmusalaphālapabbatatarukaliṅgarasaradhanugadāsitomarahatthā	[warriors] in whose hands are clubs, ploughshares, rocks, trees, logs, arrows, bows, maces, swords and goads of many kinds — `dvanda` and `kammadhāraya` inside a `bhinnādhikaraṇa` bahubbīhi (`hatthesu` ⑦)

dasavāso dasabalo, dasadhammavidū dasabhi cupeto
(3V 1.13: Bimbisārasamāgamakathā)
🚹①⨀(dasa + vāsa) 🚹①⨀(dasa + bala) 🚹①⨀(dasa + dhammavidū) ⚧️③⨂(dasa) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨀(upeta)
of the ten abodes | of the ten powers | knower of the ten things | with ten | and | endowed

anantañāṇo asamasamo, atulo aggataṃ gato
(20Ap1 40.2: Selattheraapadāna)
🚹①⨀(ananta + ñāṇa) 🚹①⨀(asama + sama) 🚹①⨀(atula) 🚺②⨀(aggatā) 🚹①⨀(gata)
of endless knowledge | equal to the unequalled | incomparable | to supremacy | gone

§329 (357): Nāmānaṃ samuccayo dvando (a combination of nouns is a `dvanda`) anvattha

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		nāmānaṃ (ekavibhattikānaṃ) samuccayo	(saññā)	dvando
		a combination of nouns (that have the same inflection)	(is named)	`dvanda`

Nāmānaṃ ekavibhattikānaṃ yo samuccayo, so dvandasañño hoti.

Candimā ca sūriyo ca candimasūriyā, samaṇo ca brāhmaṇo ca samaṇabrāhmaṇā, sāriputto ca moggallāno ca sāriputtamoggallānā, brāhmaṇo ca gahapatiko ca brāhmaṇagahapatikā, yamo ca varuṇo ca yamavaruṇā, kuvero ca vāsavo ca kuveravāsavā.

Dvandaiccanena kvattho? Dvandaṭṭhā vā.

A combination of nouns that have the same inflection is named dvanda.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(candima + sūriya)	candimasūriyā	moon and sun — `candimā ca sūriyo ca`
🚹①⨂(samaṇa + brāhmaṇa)	samaṇabrāhmaṇā	ascetics and brahmins — `samaṇo ca brāhmaṇo ca`
🚹①⨂(sāriputta + moggallāna)	sāriputtamoggallānā	Sāriputta and Moggallāna
🚹①⨂(brāhmaṇa + gahapatika)	brāhmaṇagahapatikā	brahmins and householders
🚹①⨂(yama + varuṇa)	yamavaruṇā	Yama and Varuṇa
🚹①⨂(kuvera + vāsava)	kuveravāsavā	Kuvera and Vāsava (Sakka)

	candimā ca + sūriyo ca (candima + si, sūriya + si)	rule
→	candima + si + sūriya + si	§317
→	candima + sūriya	§318
→	candimasūriya + yo (①⨂, two referents)	§601
→	candimasūriy + (a + yo → ā)	§107
→	candimasūriyā

yehi upakkilesehi upakkiliṭṭhā candimasūriyā na tapanti, na bhāsanti, na virocanti
(4V 12.1: Paṭhamabhāṇavāra)
🚹③⨂(ya) 🚹③⨂(upakkilesa) 🚹①⨂(upakkiliṭṭha) 🚹①⨂(candima + sūriya) 🔼(na) ▶️🤟⨂(tapati) 🔼(na) ▶️🤟⨂(bhāsati) 🔼(na) ▶️🤟⨂(virocati)
by which | defilements | defiled | moon and sun | not | blaze | not | shine | not | glow

sāriputtamoggallānā bhagavato paccassosuṃ
(1V 1.2.13: Kuladūsakasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨂(sāriputta + moggallāna) 🚹④⨀(bhagavantu) ⏮🤟⨂(paṭissuṇāti)
Sāriputta and Moggallāna | to the Blessed One | assented

dvādasanahutā māgadhikā brāhmaṇagahapatikā
(3V 1.13: Bimbisārasamāgamakathā)
🚹①⨂(dvādasa + nahuta) 🚹①⨂(māgadhika) 🚹①⨂(brāhmaṇa + gahapatika)
twelve myriads of | Magadhan | brahmins and householders

§330 (340): Mahataṃ mahā tulyādhikaraṇe pade (`mahā` for `mahanta` before a word with the same referent) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		(tesaṃ) mahataṃ (mahantasaddānaṃ)	(ādeso)	mahā	tulyādhikaraṇe pade
		of the words `mahanta`	(replaced by)	`mahā`	before a word with the same referent

Tesaṃ mahantasaddānaṃ mahā ādeso hoti tulyādhikaraṇe pade.

Mahanto ca so puriso cāti mahāpuriso, mahantī ca sā devī cāti mahādevī, mahantañca taṃ balañcāti mahābalaṃ, mahanto ca so nāgo cāti mahānāgo, mahanto ca so yaso cāti mahāyaso, mahantañca taṃ padumavanañcāti mahāpadumavanaṃ, mahantī ca sā nadī cāti mahānadī, mahanto ca so maṇi cāti mahāmaṇi, mahanto ca so gahapatiko cāti mahāgahapatiko, mahantañca taṃ dhanañcāti mahādhanaṃ, mahanto ca so puñño cāti mahāpuñño²⁴.

Those words mahanta (“great”) are replaced by mahā before a word with the same referent.²⁵

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(mahanta + purisa)	mahāpuriso	a great man — `mahanto ca so puriso ca`
🚺①⨀(mahanta + devī)	mahādevī	a great queen — `mahantī ca sā devī ca`
🚻①⨀(mahanta + bala)	mahābalaṃ	great strength — `mahantañca taṃ balañca`
🚹①⨀(mahanta + nāga)	mahānāgo	a great elephant, a great one — `mahanto ca so nāgo ca`
🚹①⨀(mahanta + yasa)	mahāyaso	great fame — `mahanto ca so yaso ca`
🚻①⨀(mahanta + padumavana)	mahāpadumavanaṃ	a great lotus-grove
🚺①⨀(mahanta + nadī)	mahānadī	a great river — `mahantī ca sā nadī ca`
🚹①⨀(mahanta + maṇi)	mahāmaṇi	a great gem — `mahanto ca so maṇi ca`
🚹①⨀(mahanta + gahapatika)	mahāgahapatiko	a great householder
🚻①⨀(mahanta + dhana)	mahādhanaṃ	great wealth — `mahantañca taṃ dhanañca`
🚹①⨀(mahanta + puñña)	mahāpuñño	one of great merit — `mahanto ca so puñño ca`

	mahanto ca so + puriso ca (mahanta + si, purisa + si)	rule
→	mahanta + si + purisa + si	§317
→	(mahanta→mahā) + purisa	§330
→	mahāpurisa + si	§601, §55
→	mahāpurisa + (si→o)	§104
→	mahāpuriso

	mahantī ca sā + devī ca (mahantī + si, devī + si)	rule
→	mahantī + si + devī + si	§317
→	(mahantī→mahā) + devī	§330
→	mahādevī + si	§601, §55
→	mahādevī + si	§220
→	mahādevī

idha, bhikkhave, mahāpuriso suppatiṭṭhitapādo hoti
(8D Dvattimsamahapurisalakkhanani: Lakkhaṇasutta)
🔼(idha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨀(mahanta + purisa) 🚹①⨀(suppatiṭṭhita + pāda) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
here | bhikkhus | the great man | with well-planted feet | is

mahānāgo mahāpañño, saddhammavaṃsakovido
(5V 1.1.1.1: Pārājikakaṇḍa)
🚹①⨀(mahanta + nāga) 🚹①⨀(mahanta + paññā) 🚹①⨀(saddhammavaṃsa + kovida)
a great one | of great wisdom | versed in the lineage of the true Dhamma

aḍḍho mahaddhano mahābhogo mahāyaso
(14S5 11.5.5: Dutiyamahaddhanasutta)
🚹①⨀(aḍḍha) 🚹①⨀(mahanta + dhana) 🚹①⨀(mahanta + bhoga) 🚹①⨀(mahanta + yasa)
rich | of great wealth | of great possessions | of great fame

Bahuvacanaggahaṇena kvaci mahanta saddassa mahādeso hoti. Mahantañca taṃ phalañcāti mahapphalaṃ, mahabbalaṃ, evaṃ mahaddhanaṃ, mahabbhayaṃ.

By the mention of the plural [mahataṃ], in some places the word mahanta is replaced by maha: mahantañca taṃ phalañca (“it is great, and it is a fruit”) gives mahapphalaṃ (“of great fruit”) and mahabbalaṃ (“of great strength”), and likewise mahaddhanaṃ (“of great wealth”) and mahabbhayaṃ (“great danger”).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(mahanta + phala)	mahapphalaṃ	of great fruit — `mahantañca taṃ phalañca`
🚻①⨀(mahanta + bala)	mahabbalaṃ	of great strength
🚻①⨀(mahanta + dhana)	mahaddhanaṃ	of great wealth
🚻①⨀(mahanta + bhaya)	mahabbhayaṃ	great danger

	mahantañca taṃ + phalañca (mahanta + si, phala + si)	rule
→	mahanta + si + phala + si	§317
→	(mahanta→maha) + phala	§330
→	maha + (ph→pph) + ala	§29
→	mahapphala + si	§601, §55
→	mahapphala + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	mahapphalaṃ

	mahantañca taṃ + bhayañca (mahanta + si, bhaya + si)	rule
→	mahanta + si + bhaya + si	§317
→	(mahanta→maha) + bhaya	§330
→	maha + (bh→bbh) + aya	§29
→	mahabbhaya + si	§601, §55
→	mahabbhaya + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	mahabbhayaṃ

mayhameva dinnaṃ mahapphalaṃ
(3V 6.19: Sīhasenāpativatthu)
⚧️④⨀(amha) 🔼(eva) 🚻①⨀(dinna) 🚻①⨀(mahanta + phala)
to me | only | what is given | is of great fruit

taggha te dukkaṭaṃ bāle, yaṃ khattiyaṃ mahabbalaṃ
(23J 20.1.1: Kusajātaka)
🔼(taggha) ⚧️③⨀(tumha) 🚻①⨀(dukkaṭa) 🚺⓪⨀(bālā) 🚹②⨀(ya) 🚹②⨀(khattiya) 🚹②⨀(mahanta + bala)
truly | by you | ill done | foolish girl | that | khattiya | of great strength

idaṃ, tāta sudinna, kulaṃ aḍḍhaṃ mahaddhanaṃ mahābhogaṃ
(1V 1.1.1.1: Sudinnabhāṇavāra)
🚻①⨀(ima) 🚹⓪⨀(tāta) 🚹⓪⨀(sudinna) 🚻①⨀(kula) 🚻①⨀(aḍḍha) 🚻①⨀(mahanta + dhana) 🚻①⨀(mahanta + bhoga)
this | dear | Sudinna | family | is rich | of great wealth | of great possessions

etamādīnavaṃ ñatvā, nissayesu mahabbhayaṃ
(18Sn 3.12: Dvayatānupassanāsutta)
🚹②⨀(eta) 🚹②⨀(ādīnava) 🔽(ñatvā) 🚹⑦⨂(nissaya) 🚻②⨀(mahanta + bhaya)
this | danger | having known | in supports | great peril

§331 (353): Itthiyaṃ bhāsitapumitthī pumāva ce (a feminine word also spoken as masculine counts as masculine before a feminine word with the same referent) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ce		bhāsitapumitthī	(daṭṭhabbā)	pumāva	itthiyaṃ (tulyādhikaraṇe pade)
if		a feminine word that has [also] been spoken as masculine	(is to be regarded as)	just as masculine	when a feminine word with the same referent [follows]

Itthiyaṃ tulyādhikaraṇe pade ce bhāsitapumitthī pumāva daṭṭhabbā.

Dīghā jaṅghā yassa soyaṃ dīghajaṅgho, kalyāṇabhariyo, pahūtapañño.

Bhāsitapumeti²⁶ kimatthaṃ? Brāhmaṇabandhu ca sā bhariyā cātibrāhmaṇabandhubhariyā.

If a feminine word that has been spoken as masculine stands before a feminine word with the same referent, it is to be regarded just as masculine.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(dīgha + jaṅghā)	dīghajaṅgho	one whose shins are long — `dīghā jaṅghā yassa so`
🚹①⨀(kalyāṇa + bhariyā)	kalyāṇabhariyo	one whose wife is good — `kalyāṇī bhariyā yassa so`
🚹①⨀(pahūta + paññā)	pahūtapañño	one whose wisdom is abundant — `pahūtā paññā yassa so`

	dīghā jaṅghā yassa (dīghā + si, jaṅghā + si) → so	rule
→	dīghā jaṅghā — compounded in the sense of `yassa` ⑥	§328
→	dīghā + si + jaṅghā + si	§316, §317
→	(dīghā→dīgha) + jaṅghā — the feminine suffix of the first member withdrawn	§331
→	dīgha + jaṅgh + (ā→a) — the last member shortened in the masculine	§403
→	dīghajaṅgha + si	§601, §55
→	dīghajaṅgha + (si→o)	§104
→	dīghajaṅgho

	kalyāṇī + bhariyā (kalyāṇī + si, bhariyā + si) → yassa so	rule
→	kalyāṇī + si + bhariyā + si	§317
→	(kalyāṇī→kalyāṇa) + bhariyā	§331
→	kalyāṇa + bhariy + (ā→a)	§403
→	kalyāṇabhariya + si	§601, §55
→	kalyāṇabhariya + (si→o)	§104
→	kalyāṇabhariyo

jutimā mutimā pahūtapañño
(18Sn 3.6: Sabhiyasutta)
🚹①⨀(jutimantu) 🚹①⨀(mutimantu) 🚹①⨀(pahūta + paññā)
splendid | intelligent | of abundant wisdom

By saying bhāsitapuma (spoken as masculine) we exclude brāhmaṇabandhu,²⁷ a feminine word that has not been spoken as masculine:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(brāhmaṇabandhu + bhariyā)	brāhmaṇabandhubhariyā	a wife who is a brahmin’s kinswoman — `brāhmaṇabandhu ca sā bhariyā ca`

§332 (343): Kammadhārayasaññe ca (and in a compound named `kammadhāraya`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca		(pubbe bhāsitapumitthī)	(daṭṭhabbā)	(pumāva)	(itthiyaṃ tulyādhikaraṇe pade)	kammadhārayasaññe (samāse)
and		(a feminine word formerly spoken as masculine)	(is to be regarded as)	(just as masculine)	(when a feminine word with the same referent follows)	in a compound named `kammadhāraya`

Kammadhārayasaññe ca samāse itthiyaṃ tulyādhikaraṇe pade pubbe bhāsitapumitthī ce, pumāva daṭṭhabbā. Brāhmaṇadārikā, khattiyakaññā, khattiyakumārikā.

Bhāsitapumeti kimatthaṃ? Khattiyabandhudārikā, brāhmaṇabandhudārikā.

And in a compound named kammadhāraya, if a feminine word that has formerly²⁸ been spoken as masculine stands before a feminine word with the same referent, it is to be regarded just as masculine.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(brāhmaṇī + dārikā)	brāhmaṇadārikā	a brahmin girl — `brāhmaṇī ca sā dārikā ca`
🚺①⨀(khattiyā + kaññā)	khattiyakaññā	a khattiya maiden — `khattiyā ca sā kaññā ca`
🚺①⨀(khattiyā + kumārikā)	khattiyakumārikā	a khattiya girl — `khattiyā ca sā kumārikā ca`

	khattiyā + si, kaññā + si — `khattiyā ca sā kaññā ca`	rule
→	khattiyā + si + kaññā + si	§324, §316, §317
→	(khattiyā→khattiya) + kaññā	§331, §332
→	khattiyakaññā + si (as a noun; feminine after `kaññā`)	§601, §326
→	khattiyakaññā + si	§220
→	khattiyakaññā

khattiyakaññā paṭilobhayanti naṃ
(22J 16.1.9: Sambulājātaka)
🚺①⨂(khattiyā + kaññā) ▶️🤟⨂(paṭilobheti) ⚧️②⨀(ta)
khattiya maidens | entice | him

By saying bhāsitapuma (spoken as masculine) we exclude khattiyabandhu and brāhmaṇabandhu,²⁹ feminine words that have not been spoken as masculine:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚺①⨀(khattiyabandhu + dārikā)	khattiyabandhudārikā	a girl who is a khattiya’s kinswoman
🚺①⨀(brāhmaṇabandhu + dārikā)	brāhmaṇabandhudārikā	a girl who is a brahmin’s kinswoman

§333 (344): Attaṃ nassa tappurise (`a` for `na` in a `tappurisa`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		nassa (padassa)	attaṃ (ādeso)	a	(uttarapade)	tappurise
		of the word `na`	the state of being `a` (replacement)	`a`	(before the following member)	in a `tappurisa`

Nassa padassa tappurise uttarapade attaṃ hoti.

Nabrāhmaṇo abrāhmaṇo, avasalo, abhikkhu, apañcavassaṃ, apañcagavaṃ.

In a tappurisa, the word na becomes a before the last member.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(na + brāhmaṇa)	abrāhmaṇo	a non-brahmin — `na brāhmaṇo`
🚹①⨀(na + vasala)	avasalo	not an outcaste
🚹①⨀(na + bhikkhu)	abhikkhu	not a bhikkhu
🚻①⨀(na + pañca + vassa)	apañcavassaṃ	less than five years (of seniority)
🚻①⨀(na + pañca + go)	apañcagavaṃ	less than five cows

	na + vasalo (vasala + si)	rule
→	na + vasala + si	§317
→	(na→a) + vasala	§326, §333
→	avasala + si	§601, §55
→	avasala + (si→o)	§104
→	avasalo

kammunā brāhmaṇo hoti, kammunā hoti abrāhmaṇo
(10M 5.8: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🚻③⨀(kamma) 🚹①⨀(brāhmaṇa) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚻③⨀(kamma) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚹①⨀(na + brāhmaṇa)
by action | a brahmin | one is | by action | one is | a non-brahmin

§334 (345): Sare ana (`ana` before a vowel) apavada

Nassa padassa tappurise ana ādeso hoti sare pare.

Na asso anasso, anissaro, anariyo.

In a tappurisa, the word na is replaced by ana³⁰ when a vowel follows.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(na + assa)	anasso	not a horse — `na asso`
🚹①⨀(na + issara)	anissaro	not a master, without authority — `na issaro`
🚹①⨀(na + ariya)	anariyo	ignoble — `na ariyo`

	na + si, assa + si — `na asso`	rule
→	na + si + assa + si	§324, §316, §317, §221
→	(na→ana) + assa	§326, §334
→	an + (a + a) + ssa	§12
→	anassa + si	§601, §55
→	anassa + (si→o)	§104
→	anasso

yo cāyaṃ kāmesu kāmasukhallikānuyogo hīno gammo pothujjaniko anariyo anatthasaṃhito
(3V 1.6: Pañcavaggiyakathā)
🚹①⨀(ya) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹⑦⨂(kāma) 🚹①⨀(kāmasukhallika + anuyoga) 🚹①⨀(hīna) 🚹①⨀(gamma) 🚹①⨀(pothujjanika) 🚹①⨀(na + ariya) 🚹①⨀(na + attha + saṃhita)
which | and | this | in sensual pleasures | the pursuit of sensual happiness | low | vulgar | of the common man | ignoble | not connected with the goal

anissaro kho me tvaṃ, āvuso, pavāraṇāya
(3V 4.26: Pavāraṇāsaṅgaha)
🚹①⨀(na + issara) 🔼(kho) ⚧️⑥⨀(amha) ⚧️①⨀(tumha) 🔼(āvuso) 🚺⑦⨀(pavāraṇā)
without authority | indeed | over me | you | friend | in the invitation

§335 (346): Kada kussa (`kada` for `ku` [before a vowel]) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		kussa	(ādeso)	kada	(sare)	(tappurise)
		of `ku`	(replaced by)	`kada`	(before a vowel)	(in a `tappurisa`)

The heading follows the CST’s vutti section and the Rūpasiddhi’s, Kada kussa; the CST’s sutta list prints Kadi kussa.³¹

Ku iccetassa kada hoti sare pare.

Kucchitaṃ annaṃ kadannaṃ, kucchitaṃ asanaṃ kadasanaṃ³².

Sareti kimatthaṃ? Kucchitā dārā yesaṃ (apuññakārānaṃ) te hontīti kudārā, kujanā. Evaṃ kuputtā, kugehā, kuvatthā, kudāsā.

This ku becomes kada when a vowel follows.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(ku + anna)	kadannaṃ	bad food — `kucchitaṃ annaṃ`
🚻①⨀(ku + asana)	kadasanaṃ	bad eating, bad fare — `kucchitaṃ asanaṃ`

	ku + si, anna + si — `kucchitaṃ annaṃ`	rule
→	ku + si + anna + si	§324, §316, §317, §221
→	ku + anna — a `tappurisa`	§326
→	(ku→kada) + anna	§335
→	kad + (a + a) + nna	§12
→	kadanna + si	§601, §55
→	kadanna + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	kadannaṃ

By saying sare (before a vowel) we exclude a following consonant, as in kudārā (“those evil-doers whose wives are bad”, kucchitā dārā yesaṃ apuññakārānaṃ te honti)³³ and kujanā, and likewise kuputtā, kugehā, kuvatthā and kudāsā³⁴:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(ku + dāra)	kudārā	[men] whose wives are bad
🚹①⨂(ku + jana)	kujanā	bad people
🚹①⨂(ku + putta)	kuputtā	[those] whose sons are bad
🚹①⨂(ku + geha)	kugehā	[those] whose houses are bad
🚹①⨂(ku + vattha)	kuvatthā	[those] whose clothes are bad
🚹①⨂(ku + dāsa)	kudāsā	[those] whose slaves are bad

§336 (347): Kā’ppatthesu ca (and `kā` in the sense of “little”) apavada

Ku iccetassa kā hoti appatthesu ca.

Kālavaṇaṃ, kāpupphaṃ.

Bahuvacanaggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Ku iccetassa anappakatthesupi³⁵ kvaci kā hoti, kāpurisā.

And this ku becomes kā in the senses of “little”.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(ku + lavaṇa)	kālavaṇaṃ	a little salt — `appakaṃ lavaṇaṃ`
🚻①⨀(ku + puppha)	kāpupphaṃ	a small flower — `appakaṃ pupphaṃ`

	ku + si, lavaṇa + si — `appakaṃ lavaṇaṃ`	rule
→	ku + si + lavaṇa + si	§324, §316, §317, §221
→	(ku→kā) + lavaṇa	§326, §336
→	kālavaṇa + si	§601, §55
→	kālavaṇa + (si→aṃ)	§219
→	kālavaṇaṃ

Bahuvacanaggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? — what is the purpose of the mention of the plural? In some places this ku becomes kā in senses other than “little” as well: kāpurisā (“wretched men”).

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(ku + purisa)	kāpurisā	wretched men — `kucchitā purisā`

evaṃ dhanaṃ kāpuriso labhitvā, nevattanā bhuñjati no dadāti
(12S1 3.2.9: Paṭhamaaputtakasutta)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚻②⨀(dhana) 🚹①⨀(ku + purisa) 🔽(labhitvā) 🔼(na eva) 🚹③⨀(atta) ▶️🤟⨀(bhuñjati) 🔼(no) ▶️🤟⨀(dadāti)
thus | wealth | a wretched man | having obtained | neither | himself | enjoys | nor | gives

so kāpurisā vuccanti puthujjanā
(27Pe 7.2: Hārasampātabhūmi)
⚧️①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨂(ku + purisa) 🔵▶️🤟⨂(vuccati) 🚹①⨂(puthujjana)
that | wretched men | are called | ordinary people

§337 (350): Kvaci samāsantagatānamakāranto (sometimes `a` for the final of a word at the end of a compound) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
kvaci		samāsantagatānaṃ (nāmānaṃ) anto (saro)	(hoti)	akāro		(samāsante)
sometimes		the final [vowel] of [nouns] that have come to the end of a compound	(becomes)	the letter `a`		(at the end of a compound)

Samāsantagatānaṃ nāmānamanto saro kvaci akāro hoti.

Devānaṃ rājā devarājo, devarājā, devānaṃ sakhā devasakho, devasakhā, pañca ahāni pañcāhaṃ, sattāhaṃ, pañcagavaṃ, chattupāhanaṃ, upasaradaṃ, visālakkho, vimukho³⁶.

Kāraggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Ākāranta ikārantā ca honti, paccakkhā dhammā yassa soyanti paccakkhadhammā, surabhino gandho surabhigandhi, sundaro gandho sugandhi, pūtino gandho pūtigandhi, kucchito gandho kugandhi, duṭṭhu gandho yassa soyanti duggandhi³⁷, pūti eva gandho pūtigandhi.

Sometimes the final vowel of a noun standing at the end of a compound becomes the letter a.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(deva + rāja)	devarājo	the king of the gods — `devānaṃ rājā`; `rāja` with the final `a` of this rule, inflected like `purisa`
🚹①⨀(deva + rāja)	devarājā	the same, without the change, inflected like `rāja`
🚹①⨀(deva + sakha)	devasakho	the friend of the gods — `devānaṃ sakhā`; with the change
🚹①⨀(deva + sakha)	devasakhā	the same, without the change
🚻①⨀(pañca + aha)	pañcāhaṃ	five days — `pañca ahāni`
🚻①⨀(satta + aha)	sattāhaṃ	seven days, a week
🚻①⨀(pañca + go)	pañcagavaṃ	five cows — `go` + `a`, with `o` → `av`
🚻①⨀(chatta + upāhanā)	chattupāhanaṃ	sunshade and sandals — `upāhanā` → `upāhana`
🚻①⨀(upa + sarada)	upasaradaṃ	near autumn — `saradassa samīpaṃ`
🚹①⨀(visāla + akkhi)	visālakkho	large-eyed — `visālāni akkhīni yassa`; `akkhi` → `akkha`
🚹①⨀(vi + mukha)	vimukho	with a disfigured face — the Nyāsa’s `virūpaṃ mukhaṃ yassa`; or with face averted, `vigataṃ mukhaṃ yassa`; masculine after its referent

	devānaṃ + rājā (deva + naṃ ⑥⨂, rāja + si)	rule
→	deva + ~~naṃ~~ + rāja + si	§317
→	deva + rāj + (a→a)	§337
→	devarāja + si	§601, §55
→	devarāja + (si→o)	§104
→	devarājo

When the option is not taken:

	deva + rāja	rule
→	devarāja + si	§601, §55
→	devarāja + (si→ā)	§189
→	devarājā

	pañca + ahāni (aha + yo ①⨂)	rule
→	pañca + aha + yo	§317
→	pañc + (a + a → ā) + h + (a→a)	§12, §15, §337
→	pañcāha + si	§601, §55
→	pañcāha + (si→aṃ)	§321, §219
→	pañcāhaṃ

	visālāni + akkhīni (visāla + yo, akkhi + yo) → yassa so	rule
→	visāla + yo + akkhi + yo	§317
→	visāl + (a + a) + kkh + (i + a)	§12, §337, §83
→	visālakkha + si	§601, §55
→	visālakkha + (si→o)	§104
→	visālakkho

gandho isīnaṃ asuci devarājā
(12S1 11.1.9: Araññāyatanaisisutta)
🚹①⨀(gandha) 🚹⑥⨂(isi) 🚹①⨀(asuci) 🚹⓪⨀(deva + rāja)
the smell | of the sages | is impure | O king of the gods

sattāhakālikaṃ sattāhaṃ nidahitvā bhuñjati
(2V 1.5.4.8: Sannidhikārakasikkhāpada)
🚻②⨀(sattāha + kālika) 🚻②⨀(satta + aha) 🔽(nidahitvā) ▶️🤟⨀(bhuñjati)
what may be kept seven days | for seven days | having stored | he eats

pañcāhaṃ sannipatanti, ekaggā santavuttino
(20Ap1 41.10: Udenattheraapadāna)
🚻②⨀(pañca + aha) ▶️🤟⨂(sannipatati) 🚹①⨂(ekagga) 🚹①⨂(santavutti)
every five days | they assemble | composed | of peaceful conduct

ko sobhati visālakkho, kassetaṃ uṇṇajaṃ mukhaṃ
(23J 22.1.6: Bhūridattajātaka)
⚧️①⨀(ka) ▶️🤟⨀(sobhati) 🚹①⨀(visāla + akkhi) ⚧️⑥⨀(ka) 🚻①⨀(eta) 🚻①⨀(uṇṇaja) 🚻①⨀(mukha)
who | shines | large-eyed | whose | this | with curling hair | face

Kāraggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? — what is the purpose of the mention of kāra? [The finals] become ā and i as well:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(paccakkha + dhamma)	paccakkhadhammā	one to whom the teachings are evident — `paccakkhā dhammā yassa so`; final `ā`, `si` elided
🚹①⨀(surabhi + gandha)	surabhigandhi	fragrant — `surabhino gandho`
🚹①⨀(su + gandha)	sugandhi	sweet-smelling — `sundaro gandho`
🚹①⨀(pūti + gandha)	pūtigandhi	foul-smelling — `pūtino gandho`
🚹①⨀(ku + gandha)	kugandhi	ill-smelling — `kucchito gandho`
🚹①⨀(du + gandha)	duggandhi	evil-smelling — `duṭṭhu gandho yassa so`; the `g` doubled after `du` by §28
🚹①⨀(pūti + gandha)	pūtigandhi	putrid smell — `pūti eva gandho`, a `kammadhāraya`

	sundaro + gandho (sundara + si, gandha + si) → yassa so	rule
→	sundara + si + gandha + si	§317
→	(sundara→su) + gandh + (a→i)	§337
→	sugandhi + si	§601, §55
→	sugandhi + si	§220
→	sugandhi

Nadīantā ca kattuantā ca kapaccayo hoti samāsante.

Bahū nadiyo yasmiṃ soyaṃ bahunadiko, janapado. Bahavo kattāro yassa soyaṃ bahukattuko, puriso.

And after a compound ending in a nadī (a feminine ī or ū), and after one ending in kattu, the suffix ka is used at the end of the compound.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(bahu + nadī + ka)	bahunadiko, janapado	a country in which there are many rivers — `bahū nadiyo yasmiṃ so`
🚹①⨀(bahu + kattu + ka)	bahukattuko, puriso	a man who has many agents — `bahavo kattāro yassa so`

	bahū + nadiyo (bahu + yo, nadī + yo) → yasmiṃ so	rule
→	bahu + yo + nadī + yo	§328, §316, §317
→	bahu + nadī + ka — the suffix after the `nadī` final	§338
→	bahu + nad + (ī→i) + ka	§403
→	bahunadika + si	§601, §55
→	bahunadika + (si→o)	§104
→	bahunadiko

§338 (356): Nadimhā ca (and `ka` after a `nadī` [feminine `ī`, `ū`] final) apavada

Nadimhā ca kapaccayo hoti samāsante.

Bahū nadiyo yasmiṃ soyanti bahunadiko. Bahū kantiyo yassa soyanti bahukantiko. Bahunāriko.

And after a nadī [final], the suffix ka is used at the end of a compound.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(bahu + nadī + ka)	bahunadiko	[a country] in which there are many rivers — `bahū nadiyo yasmiṃ so`
🚹①⨀(bahu + kanti + ka)	bahukantiko	[one] who has many desires, or much beauty — `bahū kantiyo yassa so`
🚹①⨀(bahu + nārī + ka)	bahunāriko	[one] who has many women — `bahū nāriyo yassa so`

	bahū + nāriyo (bahu + yo, nārī + yo) → yassa so	rule
→	bahu + yo + nārī + yo	§317
→	bahu + nārī + ka	§338
→	bahu + nār + (ī→i) + ka	§403
→	bahunārika + si	§601, §55
→	bahunārika + (si→o)	§104
→	bahunāriko

§339 (358): Jāyāya tudaṃ jāni patimhi (`tudaṃ`, `jāni` for `jāyā` before `pati`) apavada

Jāyā iccetāya tudaṃ jāni³⁸ iccete ādesā honti patimhi pare.

Tudaṃpatī, jānipatī.

This jāyā (“wife”) is replaced by tudaṃ³⁹ and jāni when pati (“husband”) follows.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨂(jāyā + pati)	tudaṃpatī	wife and husband — `jāyā ca patī ca`, with `tudaṃ`
🚹①⨂(jāyā + pati)	jānipatī	wife and husband, with `jāni`

	jāyā ca + patī ca (jāyā + si, pati + si)	rule
→	jāyā + si + pati + si	§317
→	(jāyā→tudaṃ) + pati	§339
→	tudaṃpati + yo (①⨂)	§601, §55
→	tudaṃpat + (i→ī) + yo	§118, §88
→	tudaṃpatī

	jāyā ca pati ca	rule
→	jāyā + si + pati + si	§329, §316, §317
→	(jāyā→jāni) + pati	§339
→	jānipati + yo	§601, §55
→	jānipat + (i→ī) + yo	§118, §88
→	jānipatī

§340 (355): Dhanumhā ca (and `ā` after `dhanu`) apavada

Dhanumhā ca āpaccayo hoti samāsante.

Gāṇḍīvo dhanu yassa soyaṃ gāṇḍīvadhanvā.⁴⁰

And after dhanu (“bow”) the suffix ā is used at the end of a compound.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚹①⨀(gāṇḍīva + dhanu + ā)	gāṇḍīvadhanvā	he whose bow is Gāṇḍīva (Arjuna) — `gāṇḍīvo dhanu yassa so`

	gāṇḍīvo + dhanu (gāṇḍīva + si, dhanu + si) → yassa so	rule
→	gāṇḍīva + si + dhanu + si	§317
→	gāṇḍīva + dhanu + ā	§340
→	gāṇḍīva + dhan + (u→v) + ā	§18
→	gāṇḍīvadhanvā + si	§601, §55
→	gāṇḍīvadhanvā + si	§220
→	gāṇḍīvadhanvā

§341 (336): Aṃ vibhattīnamakārantā abyayībhāvā (`aṃ` for the inflections after an `abyayībhāva` in `a`) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
(kvaci)	akārantā abyayībhāvā (parāsaṃ)	vibhattīnaṃ	(ādeso)	aṃ
(sometimes)	after an `abyayībhāva` ending in `a`	of the inflections	(replaced by)	`aṃ`

The vutti’s kvaci is not in the sutta; it is carried over from §337 (350): Kvaci samāsantagatānamakāranto.

Tasmā akārantā abyayībhāvasamāsā parāsaṃ vibhattīnaṃ kvaci aṃ hoti.

Adhicittaṃ, yathāvuḍḍhaṃ, upakumbhaṃ, yāvajīvaṃ, tiropabbataṃ, tiropākāraṃ, tirokuṭṭaṃ, antopāsādaṃ.

Kvacīti kimatthaṃ? Adhicittassa bhikkhuno.

After that abyayībhāva compound ending in a, the inflections that follow sometimes become aṃ.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(adhi + citta)	adhicittaṃ	the higher mind; with reference to the mind
🚻①⨀(yathā + vuḍḍha)	yathāvuḍḍhaṃ	in order of seniority
🚻①⨀(upa + kumbha)	upakumbhaṃ	near the pot
🚻①⨀(yāva + jīva)	yāvajīvaṃ	as long as life lasts
🚻①⨀(tiro + pabbata)	tiropabbataṃ	beyond the mountain
🚻①⨀(tiro + pākāra)	tiropākāraṃ	beyond the rampart
🚻①⨀(tiro + kuṭṭa)	tirokuṭṭaṃ	beyond the wall
🚻①⨀(anto + pāsāda)	antopāsādaṃ	inside the mansion

	adhi + cittaṃ (citta + aṃ ②⨀)	rule
→	adhi + citta + aṃ	§317
→	adhicitta + si (as a noun)	§601, §55
→	adhicitta + (si→aṃ)	§320, §341
→	adhicittaṃ

riñcanti uddesaṃ paripucchaṃ adhisīlaṃ adhicittaṃ adhipaññaṃ
(1V 1.4.2.7: Eḷakalomadhovāpanasikkhāpada)
▶️🤟⨂(riñcati) 🚹②⨀(uddesa) 🚺②⨀(paripucchā) 🚻②⨀(adhi + sīla) 🚻②⨀(adhi + citta) 🚺②⨀(adhi + paññā)
they neglect | recitation | questioning | higher virtue | higher mind | higher wisdom

tirokuṭṭaṃ tiropākāraṃ tiropabbataṃ asajjamāno gacchati
(6D 10.3: Paññākkhandha)
🚻②⨀(tiro + kuṭṭa) 🚻②⨀(tiro + pākāra) 🚻②⨀(tiro + pabbata) 🚹①⨀(asajjamāna) ▶️🤟⨀(gacchati)
through the wall | through the rampart | through the mountain | unhindered | he goes

By saying kvaci (sometimes) we exclude the forms where the inflection keeps its shape:

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻⑥⨀(adhi + citta)	adhicittassa bhikkhuno	of a bhikkhu of higher mind

bhāgī vā bhagavā … adhisīlassa adhicittassa adhipaññāya
(24Mn 1.10: Purābhedasuttaniddesa)
🚹①⨀(bhāgī) 🔼(vā) 🚹①⨀(bhagavantu) 🚻⑥⨀(adhi + sīla) 🚻⑥⨀(adhi + citta) 🚺⑥⨀(adhi + paññā)
a partaker | or | the Blessed One | of higher virtue | of higher mind | of higher wisdom

adhicitte ca āyogo, etaṃ buddhānasāsanaṃ
(7D 1.16: Cārikāanujānana)
🚻⑦⨀(adhi + citta) 🔼(ca) 🚹①⨀(āyoga) 🚻①⨀(eta) 🚹⑥⨂(buddha) 🚻①⨀(sāsana)
in the higher mind | and | application | this | of the Buddhas | is the teaching

§342 (337): Saro rasso napuṃsake (the final vowel is shortened in the neuter) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		(abyayībhāvasamāsassa liṅgassa) saro	rasso	(rasso saro)		napuṃsake (vattamānassa)
		the [final] vowel (of the lemma of an `abyayībhāva` compound)	short	(a short vowel)		in the neuter

Napuṃsake vattamānassa abyayībhāvasamāsassa liṅgassa saro rasso hoti.

Kumārīsu adhikicca pavattati kathā iti adhikumāri⁴¹. Upavadhu, upagaṅgaṃ, upamaṇikaṃ.

When an abyayībhāva compound occurs in the neuter, the vowel of its lemma becomes short.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(adhi + kumārī)	adhikumāri	concerning girls — `kumārīsu adhikicca pavattati kathā`; `ī` → `i`
🚻①⨀(upa + vadhū)	upavadhu	near the young wife; `ū` → `u`
🚻①⨀(upa + gaṅgā)	upagaṅgaṃ	near the Ganges; `ā` → `a`
🚻①⨀(upa + maṇikā)	upamaṇikaṃ	near the water-jar; `ā` → `a`

	upa + vadhuyā (vadhū + sa ⑥⨀)	rule
→	upa + vadhū + sa	§317
→	upavadh + (ū→u)	§320, §342
→	upavadhu + si	§601, §55
→	upavadhu + si	§343
→	upavadhu

	upa + maṇikāya (maṇikā + sa ⑥⨀)	rule
→	upa + maṇikā + sa	§317
→	upamaṇik + (ā→a)	§320, §342
→	upamaṇika + si	§601, §55
→	upamaṇika + (si→aṃ)	§341
→	upamaṇikaṃ

§343 (338): Aññasmā lopo ca (and elision [of the inflections] after any other [`abyayībhāva`]) apavada

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	aññasmā (abyayībhāvasamāsā anakārantā parāsaṃ)	(vibhattīnaṃ)	lopo	~~vibhattiyo~~
and	after another [`abyayībhāva` compound, one not ending in `a`]	(of the inflections)	elision	~~inflections~~

Aññasmā abyayībhāvasamāsā anakārantā parāsaṃ vibhattīnaṃ lopo ca hoti.

Adhitthi, adhikumāri, upavadhu.

And after any other abyayībhāva compound, one that does not end in a, the inflections that follow are elided.

lemma	inflected	meaning
🚻①⨀(adhi + itthī)	adhitthi	concerning women — `itthīsu adhikicca pavattati kathā`
🚻①⨀(adhi + kumārī)	adhikumāri	concerning girls
🚻①⨀(upa + vadhū)	upavadhu	near the young wife

	adhi + itthīsu (itthī + su ⑦⨂)	rule
→	adhi + itthī + su	§319, §316, §317
→	adh + (i + i) + tthī	§12
→	adhitth + (ī→i)	§320, §342
→	adhitthi + si (as a noun)	§601, §55
→	adhitthi + si	§343
→	adhitthi

Iti nāmakappe samāsakappo sattamo kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the compound chapter, the seventh section of the nāma chapter.

Samāsakappo niṭṭhito.

The compound chapter is finished.

Malai (1997) renders jīvitindriyaṃ “life and the sense-faculties”, as a dvanda; it is taken here as the faculty that is life. ↩
In bhato rañño putto devadattassa, rañño goes with bhato and devadattassa with putto, so rañño and putto do not make rājaputto. ↩
Nandisena (2005) renders the counter-example as two phrases, “Soldier of the king; son of Devadatta”, reading bhaṭo, as do Senart’s edition and Malai (1997); the CST’s bhato is kept and the words are read as one string. ↩
CST4 prints amataddado; the Rūpasiddhi (332), Senart’s edition and Nandisena’s (2005) read amatandado. ↩
Malai (1997) renders upamaṇikaṃ “near the gem”; the vutti’s maṇikāya is the feminine maṇikā, the water-pot. ↩
Senart’s edition, followed by Malai (1997), adds a seventh example here, dasa disā dasadisaṃ, which the CST and Nandisena’s edition (2005) lack. T reads tayo liṅgā tiliṅgaṃ for tisiṅgaṃ. ↩
Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) read daddarideṇḍimaṃ, and Nandisena’s edition (2005) daddariḍiṇḍaṃ, for the CST’s daddariḍiṇḍimaṃ; the CST is kept. ↩
Malai (1997) renders asicammaṃ “sword and sheath” and dhanukalāpaṃ “arrow and bow”; camma is here the leather shield and kalāpa the quiver. ↩
Senart’s edition reads kīṭasirisapaṃ for the CST’s kīṭasarīsapaṃ (S1, S2 and T kīṭasiriṃsapaṃ), veṇa- for vena- below, and evaṃ vividhavisabhāgatthe for evaṃ visabhāgatthe; the CST is kept. ↩
CST4 prints savakuṇikamāgavikaṃ; the analysis sākuṇiko ca māgaviko ca, the Rūpasiddhi (359) and Nandisena’s edition (2005) give sākuṇikamāgavikaṃ. ↩
Nandisena (2005) renders yogga “parts of a vehicle” and visabhāga “opposites”; the vutti’s examples are the tackle of ploughing (phālapācanaṃ, yuganaṅgalaṃ) and unlike pairs (samathavipassanaṃ). ↩
Senart’s edition, followed by Malai (1997), reads kapittha, the wood-apple, for the CST’s kapītana (S1, S2 and the Nyāsa kapitthana); the CST’s kapītana, the tree the Abhidhānappadīpikā calls gaddabhaṇḍa, is kept with Nandisena’s edition (2005). ↩
Malai (1997) renders tulyādhikaraṇa “having the same case-ending”; adhikaraṇa is the referent, not the inflection. ↩
Senart’s edition, followed by Malai (1997), adds a further example, apañcagāvī, which the CST and Nandisena’s edition (2005) lack. Malai renders apañcapūlī “five sandy banks (cakes?)” and Nandisena “not five packages”; pūla is “sheaf”. ↩
Senart’s edition, followed by Malai (1997), heads the rule Amādayo parapadehi, reads sallena viddhaṃ sallaviddhaṃ and adds rājato bhayaṃ rājabhayaṃ; the CST’s parapadebhi and sallaviddho are kept. ↩
CST4 prints hatto; the compound, the Rūpasiddhi (352) and Nandisena’s edition (2005) read hattho. ↩
Malai (1997) renders nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo “the prince whose retinue is like a fig-tree’s enclosure” and cakkhubhūto “whose vision of the past is like happening to the eyes”; parimaṇḍala is “rounded” and cakkhubhūta “become an eye”. ↩
CST4 prints tulyādhikaraṇapahubbīhi; Nandisena’s edition (2005) reads tulyādhikaraṇabahubbīhi. ↩
CST4 prints byālambamburebinducumbito; Nandisena’s edition (2005) reads byālambambudharabinducumbita-, as the analysis requires. ↩
CST4 prints dvandavabbho; the parallel sentences and Nandisena’s edition (2005) read dvandagabbho. ↩
CST4 prints Vavara; the analysis that follows reads pavarā ca te …, and Nandisena’s edition (2005) Pavara-. ↩
CST4 prints mattabhamaraṇacumbitāni; Nandisena’s edition (2005) reads mattabhamaragaṇacumbitāni. ↩
CST4 prints mallināgarukkhā; the analysis reads valli ca nāgarukkho ca, and Nandisena’s edition (2005) vallināgarukkhā. ↩
Nandisena (2005) and Malai (1997) both prefer the neuter mahantañca taṃ puññañcāti mahāpuññaṃ, puñña being neuter; S1 and S2 read mahāpañño, T mahantī eva paññā mahāpaññā; the CST’s mahāpuñño is kept. ↩
Senart’s edition, followed by Malai (1997), adds mahāphalaṃ to the mahā examples; the CST and Nandisena’s edition (2005) omit it. ↩
CST4 prints Bhāsitapupeti; the sutta and the parallel question of §332 read bhāsitapume. ↩
Senart’s edition reads brahmabandhubhariyā, which Malai (1997) prefers and renders “wife of an unworthy brāhmaṇa”, a tappurisa; the CST’s brāhmaṇabandhu and the vutti’s X ca sā bhariyā ca are kept. ↩
Nandisena (2005) renders pubbe “the previous (word)” and Malai (1997) “the preceding word”; it is taken here with bhāsita, “formerly spoken”. ↩
Senart’s vutti, followed by Malai (1997), adds a third counter-example, paññāratanaṃ; the CST and Nandisena’s edition (2005) have the two bandhu examples only. ↩
Nandisena (2005), Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) head the rule Sare an, with the substitute an; the CST’s ana is kept. Senart’s examples add aniṭṭho, which the CST and Nandisena’s edition lack. ↩
Senart’s edition, followed by Malai (1997), heads the rule Kadaṃ kussa, and Nandisena (2005) Kad kussa; the CST’s kada is kept. ↩
CST4 prints kadassanaṃ; the rule gives kada + asanaṃ → kadasanaṃ, the Rūpasiddhi’s reading (346). ↩
Senart’s edition, followed by Malai (1997), reads yesaṃ apuññakānaṃ te honti, which Malai renders “due to bad luck”; the CST’s apuññakārānaṃ, “of evil-doers”, is kept. ↩
Nandisena (2005) renders kuputtā, kugehā, kuvatthā, kudāsā as kammadhāraya compounds, “bad sons, bad houses, bad clothes, bad female slaves”; the vutti’s evaṃ carries the bahubbīhi analysis kucchitā dārā yesaṃ te over the list, and dāsa is the male slave. ↩
CST4 prints anappatatthesupi; the Burmese text printed by Nandisena (2005) reads anappakatthesupi, which is adopted, and Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) anappatthesupi, to the same sense. ↩
Senart’s edition reads vikalaṃ mukhaṃ yassa so vikalamukho for the CST’s vimukho, which Malai (1997) renders “whose face is pale”; the CST is kept. ↩
CST4 prints dugandhi; Senart’s edition, Malai (1997) and Nandisena’s edition (2005) read duggandhi, which is adopted. ↩
Senart’s vutti analyses the compound as jāyāya pati, “the wife’s husband”, which Malai (1997) renders so; S1 and T read jāyā ca pati ca, “wife and husband”, the analysis followed here. ↩
S1 and S2 read tu daṃ in the sutta and daṃpati in the vutti, and Malai (1997) accepts them as nearer the original; tudaṃ, tudaṃpatī are kept with the CST, T, B1, Senart’s edition, the Nyāsa and Nandisena’s edition (2005). ↩
Nandisena (2005) takes gāṇḍīva as an adjective, “jointed”, and renders the compound “a bow with many joints”; it is taken here as the name of Arjuna’s bow. ↩
Senart’s vutti, followed by Malai (1997), opens the examples with itthiṃ adhikicca kathā pavattatī ti adhitthi, which the CST and Nandisena’s edition (2005) give under §343 only. ↩

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		ubhe (digukammadhārayasamāsā)	(saññā)	tappurisā
		both [the `digu` and the `kammadhāraya` compounds]	(are named)	`tappurisa`

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		(nassa padassa)	(ādeso)	ana	sare	(tappurise)
		(the word `na`)	(replaced by)	`ana`	before a vowel	(in a `tappurisa`)

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca		(kussa)	(ādeso)	kā		appatthesu
and		(of `ku`)	(replaced by)	`kā`		in the senses of “little”

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	nadimhā		(kapaccayo hoti)	ka		(samāsante)
and	after a `nadī` [final]		(the suffix is added)	`ka`		(at the end of a compound)

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
		jāyāya	(ādesā)	tudaṃ\|jāni	patimhi
		of `jāyā` (“wife”)	(replaced by)	`tudaṃ`\|`jāni`	before `pati` (“husband”)

option	before	from	operation	to	after	context
ca	dhanumhā		(āpaccayo hoti)	ā		(samāsante)
and	after `dhanu` (“bow”)		(the suffix is added)	`ā`		(at the end of a compound)

4. Samāsakappa (Compound chapter)

Sattamakaṇḍa (Seventh Section)

§316 (331): Nāmānaṃ samāso yuttattho (a samāsa is [a joining of] nouns whose meanings are connected) anvattha

§317 (332): Tesaṃ vibhattiyo lopā ca (and the inflections of the members are elided) utsarga

§318 (333): Pakati cassa sarantassa (and a member ending in a vowel returns to its original form) utsarga

§319 (330): Upasagganipātapubbako abyayībhāvo (an abyayībhāva begins with a prefix or a particle) anvattha

§320 (335): So napuṃsakaliṅgo (it is neuter) apavada

§321 (349): Digussekattaṃ (a digu is singular [and neuter]) apavada

§322 (359): Tathā dvande pāṇi tūriya yoggasenaṅgakhuddajantuka vividhaviruddha visabhāgatthādīnañca (likewise in a dvanda of limbs, instruments, gear, army parts, small creatures, natural enemies, unlike pairs and the rest) apavada

§323 (360): Vibhāsā rukkha tiṇa pasu dhana dhañña janapadā dīnañca (optionally for trees, grasses, animals, wealth, grain, countries and the rest) apavada

§324 (339): Dvipade tulyādhikaraṇe kammadhārayo (two words with the same referent make a kammadhāraya) anvattha

§325 (348): Saṅkhyāpubbo digu (a digu [is a kammadhāraya] beginning with a numeral) anvattha

§326 (341): Ubhe tappurisā (both [digu and kammadhāraya] are tappurisa) saññaṅga

§327 (351): Amādayo parapadebhi ([a word in] aṃ or a later inflection with the word that follows: tappurisa) anvattha

§328 (352): Aññapadatthesu bahubbīhi ([nouns compounded] in the sense of another word: bahubbīhi) anvattha

§329 (357): Nāmānaṃ samuccayo dvando (a combination of nouns is a dvanda) anvattha

§330 (340): Mahataṃ mahā tulyādhikaraṇe pade (mahā for mahanta before a word with the same referent) apavada

§331 (353): Itthiyaṃ bhāsitapumitthī pumāva ce (a feminine word also spoken as masculine counts as masculine before a feminine word with the same referent) apavada

§332 (343): Kammadhārayasaññe ca (and in a compound named kammadhāraya) apavada

§333 (344): Attaṃ nassa tappurise (a for na in a tappurisa) apavada

§334 (345): Sare ana (ana before a vowel) apavada

§335 (346): Kada kussa (kada for ku [before a vowel]) apavada

§336 (347): Kā’ppatthesu ca (and kā in the sense of “little”) apavada

§337 (350): Kvaci samāsantagatānamakāranto (sometimes a for the final of a word at the end of a compound) apavada

§338 (356): Nadimhā ca (and ka after a nadī [feminine ī, ū] final) apavada

§339 (358): Jāyāya tudaṃ jāni patimhi (tudaṃ, jāni for jāyā before pati) apavada

§340 (355): Dhanumhā ca (and ā after dhanu) apavada

§341 (336): Aṃ vibhattīnamakārantā abyayībhāvā (aṃ for the inflections after an abyayībhāva in a) apavada