A taddhita suffix (“belonging to that”) makes a new noun from a noun: vasiṭṭha + ṇa gives vāsiṭṭho, “a descendant of Vasiṭṭha”. §344–§364 give the suffixes of descent, relation, collection, place and quality; §364–§372 the possessive suffixes; §373–§395 the numerals, ordinals and their compounds; §396–§405 the operations every suffix brings with it — the elision of the ṇ marker, vuddhi (strengthening of the first vowel), insertions and elisions.
The Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition counts this chapter as the eighth section of the nāma chapter. The Bālāvatāra’s taddhita section treats the same rules.
A taddhita suffix is chosen by the sense it adds; the tree lists the senses in the chapter’s order, the suffixes for each, and one example.
flowchart LR
T(["taddhita<br/>a noun made from a noun"]) --> A["descent §344–§349<br/>ṇa, ṇāyana, ṇāna, ṇeyya, ṇi, ṇava, ṇera<br/>vāsiṭṭho"]
T --> R["relation and many other senses §350–§359<br/>ṇika, ṇa, ima, iya, kaṇ, tā, āyitatta, la, ālu<br/>nāviko"]
T --> Bh["the abstract §360–§362<br/>ṇya, tta, tā, ṇa, kaṇa<br/>paṇḍiccaṃ"]
T --> V["comparison §363<br/>tara, tama, isika, iya, iṭṭha<br/>seyyo"]
T --> P["possession and material §364–§372<br/>vī, sī, ika, ī, ra, vantu, mantu, ṇa, maya<br/>guṇavā, suvaṇṇamayaṃ"]
T --> N["numerals §373–§395<br/>ma, tiya, tha, ṭha, ī, ka<br/>pañcamo, vīsati"]
T --> Ad["adverbs §397–§399<br/>dhā, thā, thaṃ<br/>ekadhā, kathaṃ"]
T --> O["the operations every suffix brings §396, §400–§405<br/>the marker ṇ dropped, vuddhi, insertions"]
Ṇapaccayo hoti vā ‘‘tassāpacca’’ miccetasmiṃ atthe.
Vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ vāsiṭṭho, vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ vā, vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ vāsiṭṭhī, vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ vāsiṭṭhaṃ. Evaṃ bhāradvājo, bhāradvājī, bhāradvājaṃ. Gotamo, gotamī, gotamaṃ. Vāsudevo, vāsudevī, vāsudevaṃ. Bāladevo, bāladevī, bāladevaṃ. Vesāmitto, vesāmittī vesāmittaṃ.1
The suffix ṇa is optionally used in the sense “his offspring” (tassa apaccaṃ).
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(vā)
vacchādito (gottagaṇato)
(tassa apaccaṃ)
(paccayā honti)
ṇāyana | ṇāna
(apacce)
(optionally)
after vaccha and the like (the group of clan names)
(the phrase “his offspring”)
(the suffixes are added)
ṇāyana | ṇāna(in the sense of “offspring”)
Tasmā vacchādito gottagaṇato ṇāyanaṇānapaccayā honti vā ‘‘tassāpacca’’miccetasmiṃ atthe.
Vacchassa apaccaṃvacchāyano, vacchāno, vacchassa apaccaṃ vā, vacchassa apaccaṃ vacchāyanī, vacchānī, vacchassa apaccaṃ vacchāyanaṃ, vacchānaṃ. Sakaṭassa apaccaṃ sākaṭāyano, sākaṭāno, sakaṭassa apaccaṃ vā, sākaṭāyanī, sā kaṭānī, sākaṭāyanaṃ, sākaṭānaṃ. Evaṃ kaṇhāyano, kaṇhāno, kaṇhassa apaccaṃ vā. Kaṇhāyanī, kaṇhānī, kaṇhāyanaṃ, kaṇhānaṃ. Aggivessāyano, aggivessāno, aggivessāyanī, aggivessānī, aggivessāyanaṃ, aggivessānaṃ. Gacchāyano, gacchāno, gacchāyanī, gacchānī, gacchāyanaṃ, gacchānaṃ. Kappāyano, kappāno, kappāyanī, kappānī, kappāyanaṃ, kappānaṃ. Moggallāyano, moggallāno, moggallāyanī, moggallānī, moggallāyanaṃ, moggallānaṃ. Muñcāyano, muñcāno, muñcāyanī, muñcānī, muñcāyanaṃ, muñcānaṃ.2
After that group of clan names, vaccha and the like, the suffixes ṇāyana and ṇāna are optionally used in the sense “his offspring”.
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(vā)
kattikādīhi (gottagaṇehi)
(tassa apaccaṃ)
(paccayo hoti)
ṇeyya
(apacce)
(optionally)
after kattikā and the like (clan-name groups)
(the phrase “his offspring”)
(the suffix is added)
ṇeyya(in the sense of “offspring”)
Tehi gottagaṇehi kattikādīhi ṇeyyapaccayo hoti vā ‘‘tassāpacca’’miccetasmiṃ atthe.
Kattikāya apaccaṃ kattikeyyo, kattikāya apaccaṃ vā. Evaṃ venateyyo, rohiṇeyyo, gaṅgeyyo, kaddameyyo, nādeyyo, āleyyo, āheyyo3
After those groups of clan names, kattikā and the like, the suffix ṇeyya is optionally used in the sense “his offspring”.4
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(kattikā + ṇeyya)
kattikeyyo
a descendant of Kattikā — kattikāya apaccaṃ
🚹①⨀(vinatā + ṇeyya)
venateyyo
a descendant of Vinatā — the garuḷa, Vinatā’s son
🚹①⨀(rohiṇī + ṇeyya)
rohiṇeyyo
a descendant of Rohiṇī
🚹①⨀(gaṅgā + ṇeyya)
gaṅgeyyo
a child of Gaṅgā — of the Ganges
🚹①⨀(kaddama + ṇeyya)
kaddameyyo
a descendant of Kaddama
🚹①⨀(nadī + ṇeyya)
nādeyyo
a child of the river (nadī)
🚹①⨀(ālī + ṇeyya)
āleyyo
a descendant of Ālī
🚹①⨀(ahi + ṇeyya)
āheyyo
the offspring of a snake (ahi)
🚹①⨀(kāma + ṇeyya)
kāmeyyo
a descendant of Kāma
🚹①⨀(suci + ṇeyya)
soceyyo
a descendant of Suci — suciyā apaccaṃ
🚹①⨀(sālā + ṇeyya)
sāleyyo
a descendant of Sālā — of the village Sālā
🚹①⨀(bālā + ṇeyya)
bāleyyo
a descendant of Bālā
🚹①⨀(mālā + ṇeyya)
māleyyo
a descendant of Mālā
🚹①⨀(kālī + ṇeyya)
kāleyyo
a descendant of Kālī
vinatā + āya (⑥⨀) + ṇeyya
rule
→
vinatā + āya + ṇeyya
§317, §318
→
vinatā + (ṇeyya)
§396
→
v + (i→e) + natā + eyya
§400, §405
→
venat + (ā + eyya)
§83
→
venateyya + si
§601, §55
→
venateyya + (si→o)
§104
→
venateyyo
suci + yā (⑥⨀) + ṇeyya
rule
→
suci + yā + ṇeyya
§317, §318
→
suci + (ṇeyya)
§396
→
s + (u→o) + ci + eyya
§400, §405
→
soc + (i + eyya)
§83
→
soceyya + si
§601, §55
→
soceyya + (si→o)
§104
→
soceyyo
kattikā + āya (⑥⨀) + ṇeyya
rule
→
kattikā + āya + ṇeyya
§317
→
kattikā + ṇeyya
§318
→
kattikā + (ṇeyya)
§396
→
kattik + (ā + eyya)
§83
→
kattikeyya + si
§601, §55
→
kattikeyya + (si→o)
§104
→
kattikeyyo
garuḷo pana venateyyo kimāha (22J 10.1.3: Catuposathiyajātaka)
sobhati maccho gaṅgeyyo (22J 2.6.5: Gaṅgeyyajātaka)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
ato
(tassa apaccaṃ)
(paccayo hoti)
ṇi
(apacce)
optionally
after [a lemma ending in] a
(the phrase “his offspring”)
(the suffix is added)
ṇi(in the sense of “offspring”)
Tasmā akārato ṇipaccayo hoti vā ‘‘tassāpacca’’miccetasmiṃ atthe.
Dakkhassa apaccaṃ dakkhi, dakkhassa apaccaṃ vā. Duṇassa apaccaṃ doṇi, duṇassa apaccaṃ vā, evaṃ vāsavi, sakyaputti, nāṭaputti, dāsaputti, dāsavi, vāruṇi, gaṇḍi, bāladevi, pāvaki, jenadatti, buddhi, dhammi, saṅghi, kappi, anuruddhi.5
Vāti vikappanatthena ṇikapaccayo hoti ‘‘tassāpacca’’miccetasmiṃ atthe. Sakyaputtassa apaccaṃ sakyaputtiko. Evaṃ nāṭaputtiko, jenadattiko.
After that letter a, the suffix ṇi is optionally used in the sense “his offspring”.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(dakkha + ṇi)
dakkhi
a descendant of Dakkha — dakkhassa apaccaṃ
🚹①⨀(duṇa + ṇi)
doṇi
a descendant of Duṇa — duṇassa apaccaṃ (the vutti gives the base as duṇa so that the vuddhi yields doṇi; Sanskrit Droṇa, whose son is Drauṇi)
🚹①⨀(vāsava + ṇi)
vāsavi
a descendant of Vāsava (Sakka)
🚹①⨀(sakyaputta + ṇi)
sakyaputti
a descendant of the Sakyan’s son
🚹①⨀(nāṭaputta + ṇi)
nāṭaputti
a descendant of Nāṭaputta
🚹①⨀(dāsaputta + ṇi)
dāsaputti
a descendant of Dāsaputta
🚹①⨀(dāsava + ṇi)
dāsavi
a descendant of Dāsava
🚹①⨀(varuṇa + ṇi)
vāruṇi
a descendant of Varuṇa
🚹①⨀(gaṇḍa + ṇi)
gaṇḍi
a descendant of Gaṇḍa
🚹①⨀(bāladeva + ṇi)
bāladevi
a descendant of Bāladeva
🚹①⨀(pāvaka + ṇi)
pāvaki
a descendant of Pāvaka
🚹①⨀(jinadatta + ṇi)
jenadatti
a descendant of Jinadatta
🚹①⨀(buddha + ṇi)
buddhi
a descendant of Buddha
🚹①⨀(dhamma + ṇi)
dhammi
a descendant of Dhamma
🚹①⨀(saṅgha + ṇi)
saṅghi
a descendant of Saṅgha
🚹①⨀(kappa + ṇi)
kappi
a descendant of Kappa
🚹①⨀(anuruddha + ṇi)
anuruddhi
a descendant of Anuruddha (no vuddhi, by the vā of §400)
duṇa + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇi
rule
→
duṇa + sa + ṇi
§317
→
duṇa + (ṇi)
§396
→
d + (u→o) + ṇa + i
§400, §405
→
doṇ + (a + i)
§83
→
doṇi + si
§601, §55
→
doṇi + si
§220
→
doṇi
dakkha + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇi
rule
→
dakkha + sa + ṇi
§317
→
dakkha + (ṇi)
§396
→
dakkh + (a + i)
§83
→
dakkhi + si
§601, §55
→
dakkhi + si
§220
→
dakkhi
By the word vā, which has the sense of an option, the suffix ṇika is used in the sense “his offspring”.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(sakyaputta + ṇika)
sakyaputtiko
a descendant of the Sakyan’s son — sakyaputtassa apaccaṃ
🚹①⨀(nāṭaputta + ṇika)
nāṭaputtiko
a descendant of Nāṭaputta
🚹①⨀(jinadatta + ṇika)
jenadattiko
a descendant of Jinadatta
sakyaputta + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇika
rule
→
sakyaputta + sa + ṇika
§317
→
sakyaputta + (ṇika)
§396
→
sakyaputt + (a + ika)
§83
→
sakyaputtika + si
§601, §55
→
sakyaputtika + (si→o)
§104
→
sakyaputtiko
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(vā)
upakvādīhi
(tassa apaccaṃ)
(paccayo hoti)
ṇava
(apacce)
(optionally)
after upaku and the like
(the phrase “his offspring”)
(the suffix is added)
ṇava(in the sense of “offspring”)
Upakuiccevamādīhi ṇavapaccayo hoti vā ‘‘tassāpacca’’miccetasmiṃ atthe.
Upakussa apaccaṃ opakavo6
After upaku and the like, the suffix ṇava is optionally used in the sense “his offspring”.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(upaku + ṇava)
opakavo
a descendant of Upaku — upakussa apaccaṃ
🚹①⨀(manu + ṇava)
mānavo
a descendant of Manu — a young man, a brahmin youth (manuno apaccaṃ)
🚹①⨀(bhaggu + ṇava)
bhaggavo
a descendant of Bhaggu — the potter’s family name in the Ghaṭikārasutta
🚹①⨀(paṇḍu + ṇava)
paṇḍavo
a descendant of Paṇḍu — also the name of a hill at Rājagaha
🚹①⨀(bahu + ṇava)
bāhavo
a descendant of Bahu
manu + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇava
rule
→
manu + sa + ṇava
§317
→
manu + (ṇava)
§396
→
m + (a→ā) + nu + ava
§400, §405
→
mān + (u + ava)
§83
→
mānava + si
§601, §55
→
mānava + (si→o)
§104
→
mānavo
bhaggu + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇava
rule
→
bhaggu + sa + ṇava
§317
→
bhaggu + (ṇava)
§396
→
bhagg + (u + ava)
§83
→
bhaggava + si
§601, §55
→
bhaggava + (si→o)
§104
→
bhaggavo
kāmabhogī ca mānavo (15A3 1.3.9: Andhasutta)
handa ko nu kho ayaṃ bhaggavo gato (10M 4.1: Ghaṭikārasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(vā)
vidhavādito
(tassa apaccaṃ)
(paccayo hoti)
ṇera
(apacce)
(optionally)
after vidhavā and the like
(the phrase “his offspring”)
(the suffix is added)
ṇera(in the sense of “offspring”)
Tasmā vidhavādito ṇerapaccayo hoti vā ‘‘tassāpacca’’miccetasmiṃ atthe.
Vidhavāya apaccaṃ vedhavero, vidhavāya apaccaṃ vā. Bandhukiyā apaccaṃ bandhukero, bandhukiyā apaccaṃ vā. Samaṇassa apaccaṃ sāmaṇero, samaṇassa apaccaṃ vā. Evaṃ sāmaṇerī, sāmaṇeraṃ, nāḷikero, nāḷikerī, nāḷikeraṃ.
After that [lemma], vidhavā and the like, the suffix ṇera is optionally used in the sense “his offspring”.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(vidhavā + ṇera)
vedhavero
a widow’s son — vidhavāya apaccaṃ
🚹①⨀(bandhukī + ṇera)
bandhukero
the son of a bandhukī (a woman of loose life)
🚹①⨀(samaṇa + ṇera)
sāmaṇero
the offspring of an ascetic — a novice
🚺①⨀(samaṇa + ṇera + ī)
sāmaṇerī
a female novice
🚻①⨀(samaṇa + ṇera)
sāmaṇeraṃ
an ascetic’s offspring (neuter)
🚹①⨀(nāḷika + ṇera)
nāḷikero
Nāḷikera (a name; the same word is the coconut palm)7
🚺①⨀(nāḷika + ṇera + ī)
nāḷikerī
a woman of that line
🚻①⨀(nāḷika + ṇera)
nāḷikeraṃ
that offspring (neuter)
samaṇa + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇera
rule
→
samaṇa + sa + ṇera
§317
→
samaṇa + (ṇera)
§396
→
s + (a→ā) + maṇa + era
§400, §405
→
sāmaṇ + (a + era)
§83
→
sāmaṇera + si
§601, §55
→
sāmaṇera + (si→o)
§104
→
sāmaṇero
vidhavā + āya (⑥⨀) + ṇera
rule
→
vidhavā + āya + ṇera
§317, §318
→
vidhavā + (ṇera)
§396
→
v + (i→e) + dhavā + era
§400, §405
→
vedhav + (ā + era)
§83
→
vedhavera + si
§601, §55
→
vedhavera + (si→o)
§104
→
vedhavero
yannūnāhaṃ sāmaṇero assaṃ (1V 1.1.1.3: Santhatabhāṇavāra)
Yena vā saṃsaṭṭhaṃ, yena vā tarati, yena vā carati, yena vā vahati iccetesvatthesu ṇikapaccayo hoti vā.
Tilena saṃsaṭṭhaṃ bhojanaṃ telikaṃ, tilena saṃsaṭṭhaṃ vā. Evaṃ goḷikaṃ, ghātikaṃ.
Nāvāya taratīti nāviko, nāvāya tarati vā. Evaṃ oḷumpiko.
Sakaṭena caratīti sākaṭiko, sakaṭena carati vā. Evaṃ pattiko, daṇḍiko, dhammiko, pādiko.
Sīsena vahatīti sīsiko, sīsena vahati vā. Aṃsena vahatīti aṃsiko, aṃsena vahati vā. Evaṃ khandhiko, aṅguliko.
Vāti vikappanatthena aññesupi ṇikapaccayo hoti. Rājagahe vasatīti rājagahiko, rājagahe vasati vā. Rājagahe jāto rājagahiko, rājagahe jāto vā. Evaṃ māgadhiko, sāvatthiko, kāpila vatthiko8
The suffix ṇika is optionally used in these senses: “mixed with which”, “crosses by which”, “goes by which” or “carries by which”.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(tila + ṇika)
telikaṃ
mixed with sesame — tilena saṃsaṭṭhaṃ bhojanaṃ, food mixed with sesame
🚻①⨀(guḷa + ṇika)
goḷikaṃ
mixed with molasses (guḷa; u to o)
🚻①⨀(ghata + ṇika)
ghātikaṃ
mixed with ghee
🚹①⨀(nāvā + ṇika)
nāviko
one who crosses by boat — a boatman (nāvāya tarati)
🚹①⨀(uḷumpa + ṇika)
oḷumpiko
one who crosses by raft
🚹①⨀(sakaṭa + ṇika)
sākaṭiko
one who travels by cart — a carter (sakaṭena carati)
🚹①⨀(patti + ṇika)
pattiko
one who goes on foot — a foot-soldier
🚹①⨀(daṇḍa + ṇika)
daṇḍiko
one who goes with a staff
🚹①⨀(dhamma + ṇika)
dhammiko
one who proceeds by the Dhamma — righteous
🚹①⨀(pāda + ṇika)
pādiko
one who goes on foot
🚹①⨀(sīsa + ṇika)
sīsiko
one who carries on the head (sīsena vahati)
🚹①⨀(aṃsa + ṇika)
aṃsiko
one who carries on the shoulder (aṃsena vahati)
🚹①⨀(khandha + ṇika)
khandhiko
one who carries on the back
🚹①⨀(aṅguli + ṇika)
aṅguliko
one who carries with the fingers
tila + nā (③⨀) + ṇika
rule
→
tila + nā + ṇika
§317
→
tila + (ṇika)
§396
→
t + (i→e) + la + ika
§400, §405
→
tel + (a + ika)
§83
→
telika + si
§601, §55
→
telika + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
telikaṃ
uḷumpa + nā (③⨀) + ṇika
rule
→
uḷumpa + nā + ṇika
§317
→
uḷumpa + (ṇika)
§396
→
(u→o) + ḷumpa + ika
§400, §405
→
oḷump + (a + ika)
§83
→
oḷumpika + si
§601, §55
→
oḷumpika + (si→o)
§104
→
oḷumpiko
nāvā + nā (③⨀) + ṇika
rule
→
nāvā + nā + ṇika
§317
→
nāvā + (ṇika)
§396
→
nāv + (ā + ika)
§83
→
nāvika + si
§601, §55
→
nāvika + (si→o)
§104
→
nāviko
kutitthe nāviko āsiṃ (20Ap1 1.11: Khadiravaniyarevatattheraapadāna)
yathā sākaṭiko maṭṭhaṃ, samaṃ hitvā mahāpathaṃ (12S1 2.3.2: Khemasutta)
By the word vā, which has the sense of an option, the suffix ṇika is also used in other [senses].
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(rājagaha + ṇika)
rājagahiko
one who dwells in Rājagaha (rājagahe vasati), or was born there (rājagahe jāto)
🚹①⨀(magadha + ṇika)
māgadhiko
of Magadha
🚹①⨀(sāvatthī + ṇika)
sāvatthiko
of Sāvatthī
🚹①⨀(kapilavatthu + ṇika)
kāpilavatthiko
of Kapilavatthu
🚹①⨀(pāṭaliputta + ṇika)
pāṭaliputtiko
of Pāṭaliputta
🚹①⨀(vesālī + ṇika)
vesāliko
of Vesālī
magadha + smiṃ (⑦⨀) + ṇika
rule
→
magadha + smiṃ + ṇika
§317
→
magadha + (ṇika)
§396
→
m + (a→ā) + gadha + ika
§400, §405
→
māgadh + (a + ika)
§83
→
māgadhika + si
§601, §55
→
māgadhika + (si→o)
§104
→
māgadhiko
uggo gahapati vesāliko (13S4 1.3.3.1: Vesālīsutta)
kumbhīro rājagahiko, vepullassa nivesanaṃ (7D 7.1: Devatāsannipāta)
§351 (374): Tamadhīte tenakatādi sannidhāna niyoga sippa bhaṇḍa jīvikatthesu ca (And ṇika for “studies that”, “made by that” and the like, location, appointment, craft, goods, livelihood) apavada Section titled “§351 (374): Tamadhīte tenakatādi sannidhāna niyoga sippa bhaṇḍa jīvikatthesu ca (And ṇika for “studies that”, “made by that” and the like, location, appointment, craft, goods, livelihood) apavada ”
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca (vā)
(taṃ, tena, tamhi, tattha, tamassa)
(taṃ adhīte …)
(paccayo hoti)
(ṇika)
tamadhīte tenakatādi sannidhāna niyoga sippa bhaṇḍa jīvikatthesu
and (optionally)
(a word in the form each sense needs: ②, ③, ⑦, ⑥)
(the phrase “he studies that” …)
(the suffix is added)
(ṇika)
in the senses “studies that”, “made by that” and the like, “located in that”, “appointed to that”, “his craft”, “his goods”, “his livelihood”
Tamadhīte, tenakatādiatthe, tamhi sannidhānā, tattha niyutto, tamassa sippaṃ, tamassa bhaṇḍaṃ, tamassa jīvikaṃ iccetesvatthesu ca ṇikapaccayo hoti vā.
Vinayamadhīte venayiko, vinayamadhīte vā. Evaṃ suttantiko, ābhidhammiko, veyyākaraṇiko.
Kāyena kataṃ kammaṃ kāyikaṃ, kāyena kataṃ kammaṃ vā. Evaṃ vācasikaṃ, mānasikaṃ.
Sarīre sannidhānā vedanā sārīrikā, sarīre sannidhānā vā, evaṃ mānasikā.
Dvāre niyutto dovāriko, dvāre niyutto vā. Evaṃ bhaṇḍāgāriko, nāgariko, nāvakammiko.
Vīṇā assa sippaṃ veṇiko, vīṇā assa sippaṃ vā. Evaṃ pāṇaviko, modiṅgiko, vaṃsiko.
Gandho assa bhaṇḍaṃ gandhiko, gandho assa bhaṇḍaṃ vā. Evaṃ teliko, goḷiko.
Urabbhaṃ hantvā jīvatīti orabbhiko, urabbhaṃ hantvā jīvati vā. Magaṃ hantvā jīvatīti māgaviko, magaṃ hantvā jīvati vā. Evaṃ sokariko, sākuṇiko.
Ādiggahaṇena aññatthāpi ṇika paccayo yojetabbo. Jālena hato jāliko, jālena hato vā.
Suttena bandho suttiko, suttena bandho vā.
Cāpo assa āvudho cāpiko, cāpo assa āvudho vā. Evaṃ tomariko, muggariko, mosaliko.
Vāto assa ābādho vātiko, vāto assa ābādho vā. Evaṃ semhiko, pittiko.
Buddhe pasanno buddhiko, buddhe pasanno vā. Evaṃ dhammiko, saṅghiko.
Buddhassa santakaṃ buddhikaṃ, buddhassa santakaṃ vā. Evaṃ dhammikaṃ, saṅghikaṃ.
Vatthena kītaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ vatthikaṃ, vatthena kītaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ vā. Evaṃ kumbhikaṃ, phālikaṃ, kiṃ kaṇikaṃ, sovaṇṇikaṃ.
Kumbho assa parimāṇaṃ kumbhikaṃ, kumbho assa parimāṇaṃ vā.
Kumbhassa rāsi kumbhikaṃ, kumbhassa rāsi vā.
Kumbhaṃ arahatīti kumbhiko, kumbhaṃ arahati vā.
Akkhena dibbatīti akkhiko, akkhena dibbati vā. Evaṃ sālākiko, tindukiko, ambaphaliko. Kapiṭṭhaphaliko, nāḷikeriko iccevamādi.
The suffix ṇika is optionally used in these senses too: “he studies that”, “made by that” and the like, “located in that”, “appointed to that”, “that is his craft”, “that is his merchandise” and “that is his livelihood”.9
By the mention of ādi (“and the like”), the suffix ṇika is to be applied in other senses as well.
The vutti’s further senses, in its order: killed with, bound with, whose weapon, whose ailment, devoted to, the property of, bought with, measuring, a heap of, worth, plays with.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(jāla + ṇika)
jāliko
killed with a net — jālena hato
🚹①⨀(sutta + ṇika)
suttiko
bound with a thread — suttena bandho
🚹①⨀(cāpa + ṇika)
cāpiko
whose weapon is the bow — an archer (cāpo assa āvudho)
🚹①⨀(tomara + ṇika)
tomariko
armed with an elephant goad
🚹①⨀(muggara + ṇika)
muggariko
armed with a club
🚹①⨀(musala + ṇika)
mosaliko
armed with a pestle
🚹①⨀(vāta + ṇika)
vātiko
whose ailment is wind — of windy humour (vāto assa ābādho)
🚹①⨀(semha + ṇika)
semhiko
phlegmatic
🚹①⨀(pitta + ṇika)
pittiko
bilious
🚹①⨀(buddha + ṇika)
buddhiko
devoted to the Buddha — buddhe pasanno
🚹①⨀(dhamma + ṇika)
dhammiko
devoted to the Dhamma
🚹①⨀(saṅgha + ṇika)
saṅghiko
devoted to the Saṅgha
🚻①⨀(buddha + ṇika)
buddhikaṃ
the Buddha’s property — buddhassa santakaṃ
🚻①⨀(dhamma + ṇika)
dhammikaṃ
the Dhamma’s property
🚻①⨀(saṅgha + ṇika)
saṅghikaṃ
the Saṅgha’s property
🚻①⨀(vattha + ṇika)
vatthikaṃ
bought with cloth — vatthena kītaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ
🚻①⨀(kumbha + ṇika)
kumbhikaṃ
bought with a pot
🚻①⨀(phāla + ṇika)
phālikaṃ
bought with a ploughshare11
🚻①⨀(kiṃkaṇī + ṇika)
kiṃkaṇikaṃ
bought with a small bell
🚻①⨀(suvaṇṇa + ṇika)
sovaṇṇikaṃ
bought with gold
🚻①⨀(kumbha + ṇika)
kumbhikaṃ
measuring a pot — kumbho assa parimāṇaṃ
🚻①⨀(kumbha + ṇika)
kumbhikaṃ
a heap of a pot — kumbhassa rāsi
🚹①⨀(kumbha + ṇika)
kumbhiko
worth a pot — kumbhaṃ arahati
🚹①⨀(akkha + ṇika)
akkhiko
one who plays with dice — a gambler (akkhena dibbati)
🚹①⨀(salākā + ṇika)
sālākiko
one who plays with sticks
🚹①⨀(tinduka + ṇika)
tindukiko
one who plays with tinduka fruits
🚹①⨀(ambaphala + ṇika)
ambaphaliko
one who plays with mangoes
🚹①⨀(kapiṭṭhaphala + ṇika)
kapiṭṭhaphaliko
one who plays with wood-apples (no vuddhi, by the vā of §400)
🚹①⨀(nāḷikera + ṇika)
nāḷikeriko
one who plays with coconuts
vatthikaṃ haricandanaṃ (23J 22.1.2: Mahājanakajātaka)
ayaṃ puriso pittiko semhiko vātiko (27Pe 6: Suttatthasamuccayabhūmi)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca (vā)
rāgā
(tena rattaṃ)
(paccayo hoti)
ṇa
(tena rattaṃ) | tassedaṃ | aññatthesu
and (optionally)
after a [word for a] dye
(the phrase “dyed with that”)
(the suffix is added)
ṇa“dyed with that” | “this is his” | in other senses
Ṇapaccayo hoti vā rāgamhā ‘‘tena rattaṃ’’ iccetasmiṃ atthe, ‘‘tassedaṃ’’ aññatthesu ca.
Kasāvena rattaṃ vatthaṃ kāsāvaṃ, kasāvena rattaṃ vatthaṃ vā. Evaṃ kosumbhaṃ, hāliddaṃ, pattaṅgaṃ12
Sūkarassa idaṃ maṃsaṃ sokaraṃ, sūkarassa idaṃ maṃsaṃ vā. Evaṃ māhisaṃ.
Udumbarassa avidūre pavattaṃ vimānaṃ odumbaraṃ, udumbarassa avidūre pavattaṃ vimānaṃ vā.
Vidisāya avidūre nivāso vediso, vidisāya avidūre nivāso vā.
Madhurāya jāto mādhuro13
Madhurāya āgato mādhuro, madhurāya āgato vā.
Kattikāya niyutto māso kattiko, kattikāya niyutto māso vā. Evaṃ māgasiro, phusso, māgho, phagguno, citto, vesākho, jeṭṭho, āsaḷho, sāvaṇo, bhaddo, assayujo.
Na vuddhi nīlapītādo, paccaye saṇakārake.
Phakāro phussasaddassa, ‘‘siro’’ti sirasaṃ vade.
Sikkhānaṃ samūho sikkho, bhikkhānaṃ samūho bhikkho. Evaṃ kāpoto, māyūro, kokilo.
Buddho14
Saṃvaccharamadhīte saṃvaccharo. Evaṃ mohutto, nemitto, aṅgavijjo, veyyākaraṇo, chandaso15 16
Vasātīnaṃ visayo deso vāsāto. Evaṃ kunto, ātisāro.17
Udumbarā asmiṃ padese santīti odumbaro. Sāgarehi nibbatto sāgaro. Sāgalamassa nivāso sāgalo18
The suffix ṇa is optionally used after a [word for a] dye in the sense “dyed with that”, and in the sense “this is his” and in other senses.
“Dyed with that” (tena rattaṃ):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(kasāva + ṇa)
kāsāvaṃ
dyed with the brown astringent dye (kasāva) — kasāvena rattaṃ vatthaṃ, the ochre robe
🚻①⨀(kusumbha + ṇa)
kosumbhaṃ
dyed with safflower
🚻①⨀(haliddā + ṇa)
hāliddaṃ
dyed with turmeric
🚻①⨀(pattaṅga + ṇa)
pattaṅgaṃ
dyed with pattaṅga, the red dye-wood (Sanskrit pattaṅga, pataṅga; no vuddhi before tt)
🚻①⨀(mañjiṭṭhā + ṇa)
mañjiṭṭhaṃ
dyed with madder — crimson
🚻①⨀(kuṅkuma + ṇa)
kuṅkumaṃ
dyed with saffron
“This is his” (tassa idaṃ):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(sūkara + ṇa)
sokaraṃ
the pig’s — sūkarassa idaṃ maṃsaṃ, pork
🚻①⨀(mahisa + ṇa)
māhisaṃ
the buffalo’s — buffalo meat
Near to, born in, come from:
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(udumbara + ṇa)
odumbaraṃ
[a palace] standing near a fig tree — udumbarassa avidūre pavattaṃ vimānaṃ
🚹①⨀(vidisā + ṇa)
vediso
a dwelling near Vidisā — vidisāya avidūre nivāso19
🚹①⨀(madhurā + ṇa)
mādhuro
born in Madhurā — madhurāya jāto
🚹①⨀(madhurā + ṇa)
mādhuro
come from Madhurā — madhurāya āgato
The month joined with its constellation (niyutto māso):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(kattikā + ṇa)
kattiko
the month joined with Kattikā (the Pleiades) — kattikāya niyutto māso, October–November
🚹①⨀(magasira + ṇa)
māgasiro
the month of Magasira, November–December (siro for sirasa)
🚹①⨀(pussa + ṇa)
phusso
the month of Pussa, December–January (ph for p)
🚹①⨀(maghā + ṇa)
māgho
the month of Maghā, January–February
🚹①⨀(phaggunī + ṇa)
phagguno
the month of Phaggunī, February–March
🚹①⨀(cittā + ṇa)
citto
the month of Cittā, March–April
🚹①⨀(visākhā + ṇa)
vesākho
the month of Visākhā, April–May
🚹①⨀(jeṭṭhā + ṇa)
jeṭṭho
the month of Jeṭṭhā, May–June
🚹①⨀(asaḷhā + ṇa)
āsaḷho
the month of Asaḷhā, June–July (the Tipiṭaka spells āsāḷho)
🚹①⨀(savaṇa + ṇa)
sāvaṇo
the month of Savaṇa, July–August
🚹①⨀(bhadda + ṇa)
bhaddo
the month of Bhadda (Bhaddapadā), August–September
🚹①⨀(assayuja + ṇa)
assayujo
the month of Assayuja, September–October
kasāva + nā (③⨀) + ṇa
rule
→
kasāva + nā + ṇa
§317
→
kasāva + (ṇa)
§396
→
k + (a→ā) + sāva + a
§400, §405
→
kāsāv + (a + a)
§83
→
kāsāva + si
§601, §55
→
kāsāva + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
kāsāvaṃ
sūkara + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇa
rule
→
sūkara + sa + ṇa
§317
→
sūkara + (ṇa)
§396
→
s + (ū→o) + kara + a
§400, §405
→
sokar + (a + a)
§83
→
sokara + si
§601, §55
→
sokara + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
sokaraṃ
vidisā + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇa
rule
→
vidisā + sa + ṇa
§317
→
vidisā + (ṇa)
§396
→
v + (i→e) + disā + a
§400, §405
→
vedis + (ā + a)
§83
→
vedisa + si
§601, §55
→
vedisa + (si→o)
§104
→
vediso
kattikā + nā (③⨀) + ṇa
rule
→
kattikā + nā + ṇa
§317
→
kattikā + (ṇa)
§396
→
kattik + (ā + a)
§83
→
kattika + si
§601, §55
→
kattika + (si→o)
§104
→
kattiko
anikkasāvo kāsāvaṃ, yo vatthaṃ paridahissati (18Dh 1.7: Devadattavatthu)
There is no strengthening (vuddhi) in nīla (“blue”), pīta (“yellow”) and the like before a suffix with the letter ṇ; phussa has the letter ph, and one should say siro for sirasa.20
A collection (samūho):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(sikkhā + ṇa)
sikkho
a body of trainings (sikkhā) — sikkhānaṃ samūho
🚹①⨀(bhikkhā + ṇa)
bhikkho
a collection of alms (bhikkhā)
🚹①⨀(kapota + ṇa)
kāpoto
a flock of pigeons
🚹①⨀(mayūra + ṇa)
māyūro
a flock of peacocks
🚹①⨀(kokila + ṇa)
kokilo
a flock of cuckoos
One whose deity (devatā) that is:
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(buddha + ṇa)
buddho
one whose deity is the Buddha — buddho assa devatā
🚹①⨀(bhadda + ṇa)
bhaddo
one whose deity is Bhadda
🚹①⨀(māra + ṇa)
māro
one whose deity is Māra
🚹①⨀(mahinda + ṇa)
māhindo
one whose deity is Mahinda (Inda)
🚹①⨀(visavaṇa + ṇa)
vessavaṇo
one whose deity is Vessavaṇa (the name is itself the derivative; Sanskrit Vaiśravaṇa)
🚹①⨀(yama + ṇa)
yāmo
one whose deity is Yama
🚹①⨀(soma + ṇa)
somo
one whose deity is Soma
🚹①⨀(nārāyaṇa + ṇa)
nārāyaṇo
one whose deity is Nārāyaṇa
One who studies that (adhīte):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(saṃvacchara + ṇa)
saṃvaccharo
one who studies the year — an astronomer (saṃvaccharaṃ adhīte)21
🚹①⨀(muhutta + ṇa)
mohutto
one who studies the hours — an astrologer
🚹①⨀(nimitta + ṇa)
nemitto
one who studies omens — a soothsayer
🚹①⨀(aṅgavijjā + ṇa)
aṅgavijjo
one who studies the lore of bodily marks
🚹①⨀(vyākaraṇa + ṇa)
veyyākaraṇo
one who studies grammar — a grammarian
🚹①⨀(chandasa + ṇa)
chandaso
one who studies metre (chandasa, Sanskrit chandas) — a prosodist, the Vedic specialist (no vuddhi before nd)
🚹①⨀(bhāssa + ṇa)
bhāsso
one who studies the Bhāssa — perhaps the Bhāṣya, Patañjali’s great commentary on Sanskrit grammar; the reading is uncertain
🚹①⨀(canda + ṇa)
cando
one who studies the Canda — the Cāndra grammar of Candragomin (no vuddhi before nd)
The region that is their domain (visayo deso):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(vasāti + ṇa)
vāsāto
the country of the Vasātis — vasātīnaṃ visayo deso
🚹①⨀(kunta + ṇa)
kunto
the country of the Kuntis (no vuddhi before nt)
🚹①⨀(atisāra + ṇa)
ātisāro
the country of the Atisāras
Where a thing exists, produced by, whose dwelling, whose lord:
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(udumbara + ṇa)
odumbaro
[a place] where fig trees grow — udumbarā asmiṃ padese santi
🚹①⨀(sagara + ṇa)
sāgaro
produced by the Sagaras — the ocean (sāgarehi nibbatto; Senart’s edition and the Bālāvatāra read sagarehi)22
🚹①⨀(sāgala + ṇa)
sāgalo
one whose dwelling is Sāgala
🚹①⨀(madhurā + ṇa)
mādhuro
one whose dwelling is Madhurā
🚹①⨀(madhurā + ṇa)
mādhuro
the lord of Madhurā — the canon’s rājā mādhuro
padako veyyākaraṇo (6D 3.2: Ambaṭṭhamāṇava)
nadīnaṃ sāgaro mukhaṃ (3V 6.23: Keṇiyajaṭilavatthu)
assosi kho rājā mādhuro avantiputto (10M 4.4: Madhurasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(pacchā, bodhisattajātiyā …)
(pacchā jāto …)
(paccayā honti)
ima | iya
jātādīnaṃ atthe
and
(the word of the phrase: an adverb, or a lemma in ⑥ or ③)
(the phrase “born later” …)
(the suffixes are added)
ima | iyain the senses “born” and the like
Jātaiccevamādīnamatthe imaiyapaccayā honti.
Pacchā jāto pacchimo. Evaṃ antimo, majjhimo, purimo, uparimo, heṭṭhimo, gopphimo. Bodhisattajātiyā jāto bodhisattajātiyo, evaṃ assajātiyo, hatthijātiyo, manussajātiyo.
Ādiggahaṇena niyuttatthāditopi tadassatthāditopi ima iya ika iccete paccayā honti. Anto niyutto antimo. Evaṃ antiyo, antiko.
Putto assa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti puttimo. Evaṃ puttiyeva, puttiko, kappimo, kappiyo, kappiko.
Caggahaṇena kiyapaccayo hoti niyuttatthe. Jātiyaṃ niyutto jātikiyo, andhe niyutto andhakiyo, jātiyā andho jaccandho, jaccandhe niyutto jaccandhakiyo.
The suffixes ima and iya are used in the sense of jāta (“born”) and the like.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(pacchā + ima)
pacchimo
born after — last, hindmost; western (pacchā jāto)
🚹①⨀(anta + ima)
antimo
born at the end — final
🚹①⨀(majjha + ima)
majjhimo
born in the middle — middle, middling
🚹①⨀(pura + ima)
purimo
born before — former, foremost; eastern
🚹①⨀(upari + ima)
uparimo
born above — upper
🚹①⨀(heṭṭhā + ima)
heṭṭhimo
born below — lower
🚹①⨀(goppha + ima)
gopphimo
at the ankle (goppha) — reaching to the ankle
🚹①⨀(bodhisattajāti + iya)
bodhisattajātiyo
born of the Bodhisatta’s kind — bodhisattajātiyā jāto
🚹①⨀(assajāti + iya)
assajātiyo
of the horse kind
🚹①⨀(hatthijāti + iya)
hatthijātiyo
of the elephant kind
🚹①⨀(manussajāti + iya)
manussajātiyo
of human kind
pacchā + ima
rule
→
pacch + (ā + ima)
§83
→
pacchima + si
§601, §55
→
pacchima + (si→o)
§104
→
pacchimo
manussajāti + yā (⑥⨀) + iya
rule
→
manussajāti + yā + iya
§317, §318
→
manussajāt + (i + iya)
§83
→
manussajātiya + si
§601, §55
→
manussajātiya + (si→o)
§104
→
manussajātiyo
vassānassa pacchimo māso (1V 1.4.3.8: Accekacīvarasikkhāpada)
thero vā navo vā majjhimo vā (1V 1.1.1.3: Santhatabhāṇavāra)
añño uparimo vaṇṇo, añño vaṇṇo ca heṭṭhimo (22J 2.7.2: Ucchiṭṭhabhattajātaka)
By the mention of ādi (“and the like”), the suffixes ima, iya and ika are also used in the senses “appointed to that” and the like, and “he has that” and the like.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(anta + ima)
antimo
set at the end — anto niyutto, final
🚹①⨀(anta + iya)
antiyo
set at the end
🚹①⨀(anta + ika)
antiko
set at the end — near, bordering
🚹①⨀(putta + ima)
puttimo
one who has a son — putto assa atthi, “or in whom a son is found”
🚹①⨀(putta + iya)
puttiyo
one who has a son (puttiyeva = puttiyo eva)
🚹①⨀(putta + ika)
puttiko
one who has a son
🚹①⨀(kappa + ima)
kappimo
that has fitness (kappa) — allowable
🚹①⨀(kappa + iya)
kappiyo
allowable, suitable
🚹①⨀(kappa + ika)
kappiko
allowable
By the mention of ca, the suffix kiya is used in the sense “appointed to that”.23
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(jāti + kiya)
jātikiyo
assigned to a birth-class — jātiyaṃ niyutto
🚹①⨀(andha + kiya)
andhakiyo
appointed to [attend] a blind man — andhe niyutto
🚹①⨀(jāti + andha)
jaccandho
blind from birth — jātiyā andho
🚹①⨀(jaccandha + kiya)
jaccandhakiyo
assigned to one blind from birth — jaccandhe niyutto
jāti + andha
rule
→
jāt + (i→y) + andha
§71
→
jā + (ty→c) + andha
§269
→
jā + (c→cc) + andha
§28
→
j + (ā→a) + ccandha
§403
→
jaccandha + si
§601, §55
→
jaccandha + (si→o)
§104
→
jaccandho
jaccandho puriso na passeyya (7D 10.2.5: Jaccandhaupamā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(chaṭṭhantā bahuvacanantā)
(tesaṃ samūho)
(paccayā honti)
kaṇ | ṇa
samūhatthe
(after a plural in the sixth form ⑥⨂)
(the phrase “a collection of them”)
(the suffixes are added)
kaṇ | ṇain the sense of a collection
Samūhatthe kaṇa ṇa iccete paccayā honti.
Rājaputtānaṃ samūho rājaputtako. Evaṃ rājaputto, mānussako, mānusso, māyūrako, māyūro, māhiṃsako, māhiṃso.
In the sense of a collection (samūha), the suffixes kaṇ and ṇa are used.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(rājaputta + kaṇ)
rājaputtako
a body of princes — rājaputtānaṃ samūho
🚹①⨀(rājaputta + ṇa)
rājaputto
a body of princes
🚹①⨀(manussa + kaṇ)
mānussako
a body of men — mankind
🚹①⨀(manussa + ṇa)
mānusso
a body of men
🚹①⨀(mayūra + kaṇ)
māyūrako
a flock of peacocks
🚹①⨀(mayūra + ṇa)
māyūro
a flock of peacocks
🚹①⨀(mahiṃsa + kaṇ)
māhiṃsako
a herd of buffaloes
🚹①⨀(mahiṃsa + ṇa)
māhiṃso
a herd of buffaloes
manussa + naṃ (⑥⨂) + kaṇ
rule
→
manussa + naṃ + kaṇ
§317
→
manussa + (kaṇ)
§396
→
m + (a→ā) + nussa + ka
§400, §405
→
mānussaka + si
§601, §55
→
mānussaka + (si→o)
§104
→
mānussako
manussa + naṃ (⑥⨂) + ṇa
rule
→
manussa + naṃ + ṇa
§317
→
manussa + (ṇa)
§396
→
m + (a→ā) + nussa + a
§400, §405
→
mānuss + (a + a)
§83
→
mānussa + si
§601, §55
→
mānussa + (si→o)
§104
→
mānusso
yaṃ kho pana, rājañña, mānussakaṃ vassasataṃ (7D 10.2.4: Tāvatiṃsadevaupamā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
gāma jana bandhu sahāyādīhi
(tesaṃ samūho)
(paccayo hoti)
tā
(samūhatthe)
after gāma, jana, bandhu, sahāya and the like
(the phrase “a collection of them”)
(the suffix is added)
tā(in the sense of a collection)
Gāma jana bandhu sahāyaiccevamādīhi tāpaccayo hoti samūhatthe.
Gāmānaṃ samūho gāmatā. Evaṃ janatā, bandhutā, sahāyatā, nagaratā24
After gāma, jana, bandhu, sahāya and the like, the suffix tā is used in the sense of a collection.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺①⨀(gāma + tā)
gāmatā
a group of villages — gāmānaṃ samūho
🚺①⨀(jana + tā)
janatā
a body of people — the people, mankind
🚺①⨀(bandhu + tā)
bandhutā
a body of kinsmen — one’s kin
🚺①⨀(sahāya + tā)
sahāyatā
a company of friends — companionship
🚺①⨀(nagara + tā)
nagaratā
a group of towns — nagarānaṃ samūho (Senart’s nāgaratā, from nāgara “townsman”, is “a body of townsmen”)
jana + naṃ (⑥⨂) + tā
rule
→
jana + naṃ + tā
§317
→
janatā + si
§601, §55
→
janatā + si
§220
→
janatā
mā pacchimā janatā pāṇesu pātabyataṃ āpajji (1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
natthi bāle sahāyatā (3V 10.2: Dīghāvuvatthu)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(chaṭṭhantā)
(tadassa ṭhānaṃ)
(paccayo hoti)
iya
tadassa ṭhāne
and
(after a word in the sixth form ⑥)
(the phrase “that is the occasion of it”)
(the suffix is added)
iyain the sense “that is the occasion of it”
‘‘Tadassa ṭhāna’’ miccetasmiṃ atthe iyapaccayo hoti.
Madanassa ṭhānaṃ madaniyaṃ, bandhanassa ṭhānaṃ bandhaniyaṃ, mucchanassa ṭhānaṃ mucchaniyaṃ, evaṃ rajaniyaṃ, kamaniyaṃ, gamaniyaṃ, dussaniyaṃ, dassaniyaṃ.
The suffix iya is used in the sense “that is the occasion (ṭhāna) of it” (tadassa ṭhānaṃ).25 26
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(madana + iya)
madaniyaṃ
an occasion of intoxication — intoxicating (madanassa ṭhānaṃ)
🚻①⨀(bandhana + iya)
bandhaniyaṃ
an occasion of bondage — captivating (bandhanassa ṭhānaṃ)
🚻①⨀(mucchana + iya)
mucchaniyaṃ
an occasion of infatuation — infatuating (mucchanassa ṭhānaṃ)
🚻①⨀(rajana + iya)
rajaniyaṃ
an occasion of passion — enticing
🚻①⨀(kamana + iya)
kamaniyaṃ
an occasion of desire — desirable, lovely
🚻①⨀(gamana + iya)
gamaniyaṃ
an occasion of going — to be gone to, leading to
🚻①⨀(dussana + iya)
dussaniyaṃ
an occasion of hatred — hateful
🚻①⨀(dassana + iya)
dassaniyaṃ
an occasion of seeing — worth seeing, beautiful
madana + sa (⑥⨀) + iya
rule
→
madana + sa + iya
§317
→
madan + (a + iya)
§83
→
madaniya + si
§601, §55
→
madaniya + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
madaniyaṃ
evaṃ rajanīyaṃ evaṃ kamanīyaṃ evaṃ madanīyaṃ evaṃ bandhanīyaṃ evaṃ mucchanīyaṃ (16A5 2.1.5: Mātāputtasutta)
abhirūpaṃ dassanīyaṃ pāsādikaṃ (1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(upamānaṃ)
(dhūmo viya dissati)
(paccayo hoti)
āyitatta
upamatthe
(the thing something is likened to)
(the phrase “appears like smoke”)
(the suffix is added)
āyitattain the sense of comparison
Upamatthe āyitattapaccayo hoti.
Dhūmo viya dissati aduṃ vanaṃ tadidaṃ dhūmāyitattaṃ, timiraṃ viya dissati aduṃ vanaṃ tadidaṃ timirāyitattaṃ.
In the sense of comparison (upamā), the suffix āyitatta is used.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(dhūma + āyitatta)
dhūmāyitattaṃ
a smoke-like state, a smokiness — dhūmo viya dissati aduṃ vanaṃ, tadidaṃ dhūmāyitattaṃ, “that forest appears like smoke: this is smokiness”
🚻①⨀(timira + āyitatta)
timirāyitattaṃ
a darkness-like state, a gloom — timiraṃ viya dissati aduṃ vanaṃ
dhūma + āyitatta
rule
→
dhūm + (a + āyitatta)
§83
→
dhūmāyitatta + si
§601, §55
→
dhūmāyitatta + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
dhūmāyitattaṃ
dhūmāyitattaṃ timirāyitattaṃ gacchateva purimaṃ disaṃ (12S1 4.3.3: Godhikasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(ca)
(duṭṭhu, vedaṃ)
(taṃ nissitaṃ)
(paccayo hoti)
la
tannissitatthe (tadassa ṭhāne)
(and)
(the word of the phrase)
(the phrase “resting on that”)
(the suffix is added)
lain the sense “resting on that” (and “the occasion of that”)
‘‘Tannissitatthe, tadassa ṭhāna’’miccetasmiṃ atthe ca lapaccayo hoti.
Duṭṭhu nissitaṃ duṭṭhullaṃ, vedaṃ nissitaṃ vedallaṃ, duṭṭhu ṭhānaṃ duṭṭhullaṃ, vedassa ṭhānaṃ vedallaṃ.
The suffix la is used in the sense “resting on that” (tannissita) and also in the sense “that is the occasion of it” (tadassa ṭhāna).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(duṭṭhu + la)
duṭṭhullaṃ
resting on what is bad — gross, lewd (duṭṭhu nissitaṃ)
🚻①⨀(veda + la)
vedallaṃ
resting on knowledge — a vedalla, a discourse of questions and answers (vedaṃ nissitaṃ)
🚻①⨀(duṭṭhu + la)
duṭṭhullaṃ
an occasion of what is bad (duṭṭhu ṭhānaṃ)
🚻①⨀(veda + la)
vedallaṃ
an occasion of knowledge (vedassa ṭhānaṃ)
veda + aṃ (②⨀) + la
rule
→
veda + aṃ + la
§317
→
veda + (l) + la
§404
→
vedalla + si
§601, §55
→
vedalla + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
vedallaṃ
duṭṭhu + la
rule
→
duṭṭhu + (l) + la
§404
→
duṭṭhulla + si
§601, §55
→
duṭṭhulla + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
duṭṭhullaṃ
gāmadhammaṃ vasaladhammaṃ duṭṭhullaṃ (1V 1.1.1.1: Sudinnabhāṇavāra)
jātakaṃ abbhutadhammaṃ vedallaṃ (1V Veranjakanda: Verañjakaṇḍa)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(paṭhamantā)
(taṃ bahulaṃ assa)
(paccayo hoti)
ālu
tabbahule
(after a word in the first form ①)
(the phrase “that is abundant in him”)
(the suffix is added)
āluin the sense “abounding in that”
Ālupaccayo hoti tabbahulatthe.
Abhijjhā assa pakati abhijjhālu, abhijjhā assa bahulā vā abhijjhālu. Evaṃ sītālu, dhajālu, dayālu.
The suffix ālu is used in the sense “abounding in that” (tabbahula).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(abhijjhā + ālu)
abhijjhālu
covetous — abhijjhā assa pakati, covetousness is his nature; abhijjhā assa bahulā, it abounds in him
🚹①⨀(sīta + ālu)
sītālu
sensitive to cold — one in whom cold abounds
🚹①⨀(dhaja + ālu)
dhajālu
full of banners
🚹①⨀(dayā + ālu)
dayālu
full of compassion
abhijjhā + ālu
rule
→
abhijjh + (ā + ālu)
§83
→
abhijjhālu + si
§601, §55
→
abhijjhālu + si
§220
→
abhijjhālu
abhijjhālu byāpannacitto micchādiṭṭhī (8D 4.1: Catuvaṇṇasuddhi)
dhajālu haritāmayo (19Th1 2.3.2: Bhaddajittheragāthā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
tu
(chaṭṭhantā)
(tassa bhāvo)
(paccayā honti)
ṇya | tta | tā
bhāve
but
(after a word in the sixth form ⑥)
(the phrase “the state of that”)
(the suffixes are added)
ṇya | tta | tāin the sense of the abstract state
Ṇyattatā iccete paccayā honti bhāvatthe.
Alasassa bhāvo ālasyaṃ, arogassa bhāvo ārogyaṃ. Paṃsukūlikassa bhāvo paṃsukūlikattaṃ, anodarikassa bhāvo anodarikattaṃ. Saṅgaṇikārāmassa bhāvo saṅgaṇikārāmatā, niddārāmassa bhāvo niddārāmatā.
Tuggahaṇena ttanapaccayo hoti. Puthujjanattanaṃ, vedanattanaṃ.
The suffixes ṇya, tta and tā are used in the sense of the abstract state (bhāva).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(alasa + ṇya)
ālasyaṃ
laziness — alasassa bhāvo, the state of a lazy man
🚻①⨀(aroga + ṇya)
ārogyaṃ
health — the state of one free from disease
🚻①⨀(paṃsukūlika + tta)
paṃsukūlikattaṃ
the state of a wearer of rag robes
🚻①⨀(anodarika + tta)
anodarikattaṃ
the state of one not greedy of belly — moderation in eating
🚺①⨀(saṅgaṇikārāma + tā)
saṅgaṇikārāmatā
delight in company — the state of one who delights in company
🚺①⨀(niddārāma + tā)
niddārāmatā
delight in sleep
alasa + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇya
rule
→
alasa + sa + ṇya
§317
→
alasa + (ṇya)
§396
→
(a→ā) + lasa + ya
§400, §405
→
ālas + (a + ya)
§261
→
ālasya + si
§601, §55
→
ālasya + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
ālasyaṃ
paṃsukūlika + sa (⑥⨀) + tta
rule
→
paṃsukūlika + sa + tta
§317
→
paṃsukūlikatta + si
§601, §55
→
paṃsukūlikatta + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
paṃsukūlikattaṃ
saṅgaṇikārāma + sa (⑥⨀) + tā
rule
→
saṅgaṇikārāma + sa + tā
§317
→
saṅgaṇikārāmatā + si
§601, §55
→
saṅgaṇikārāmatā + si
§220
→
saṅgaṇikārāmatā
ālasyaṃ anuṭṭhānaṃ bhogānaṃ paripantho (17A10 2.3.3: Iṭṭhadhammasutta)
rogo bhavissati, ārogyaṃ bhavissati (6D 1.2.3: Mahāsīla)
appāhāro hoti anodarikattaṃ anuyutto (16A5 2.5.6: Sutadharasutta)
kammārāmatā, bhassārāmatā, niddārāmatā, saṅgaṇikārāmatā (16A5 2.4.9: Paṭhamasekhasutta)
By the mention of tu, the suffix ttana is used as well.27
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(puthujjana + ttana)
puthujjanattanaṃ
the state of an ordinary person
🚻①⨀(vedanā + ttana)
vedanattanaṃ
the state of feeling (the ā of vedanā shortened before the conjunct, §403)
puthujjana + sa (⑥⨀) + ttana
rule
→
puthujjana + sa + ttana
§317
→
puthujjanattana + si
§601, §55
→
puthujjanattana + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
puthujjanattanaṃ
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
visamādīhi
(tassa bhāvo)
(paccayo hoti)
ṇa
(bhāve)
after visama and the like
(the phrase “the state of that”)
(the suffix is added)
ṇa(in the sense of the abstract state)
Ṇapaccayo hoti visamādīhi ‘‘tassa bhāvo’’iccetasmiṃ atthe.
Visamassa bhāvo vesamaṃ, sucissa bhāvo socaṃ.
After visama (“uneven”) and the like, the suffix ṇa is used in the sense “the state of that” (tassa bhāvo).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(visama + ṇa)
vesamaṃ
unevenness — visamassa bhāvo, the state of what is uneven
🚻①⨀(suci + ṇa)
socaṃ
purity — sucissa bhāvo, the state of what is pure
visama + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇa
rule
→
visama + sa + ṇa
§317
→
visama + (ṇa)
§396
→
v + (i→e) + sama + a
§400, §405
→
vesam + (a + a)
§83
→
vesama + si
§601, §55
→
vesama + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
vesamaṃ
suci + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇa
rule
→
suci + sa + ṇa
§317
→
suci + (ṇa)
§396
→
s + (u→o) + ci + a
§400, §405
→
soc + (i + a)
§83
→
soca + si
§601, §55
→
soca + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
socaṃ
tadantare niruddhānaṃ, vesamaṃ natthi lakkhaṇe (24Mn 1.2: Guhaṭṭhakasuttaniddesa)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ramaṇīyādito
(tassa bhāvo)
(paccayo hoti)
kaṇ
(bhāve)
after ramaṇīya and the like
(the phrase “the state of that”)
(the suffix is added)
kaṇ(in the sense of the abstract state)
Ramaṇīyaiccevamādito kaṇa paccayo hoti ‘‘tassa bhāvo’’iccetasmiṃ atthe.
Ramaṇīyassa bhāvo rāmaṇīyakaṃ, manuññassa bhāvo mānuññakaṃ.
After ramaṇīya (“delightful”) and the like, the suffix kaṇ is used in the sense “the state of that” (tassa bhāvo).28
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(ramaṇīya + kaṇ)
rāmaṇīyakaṃ
delightfulness — ramaṇīyassa bhāvo, the state of what is delightful
🚻①⨀(manuñña + kaṇ)
mānuññakaṃ
pleasantness — manuññassa bhāvo, the state of what is pleasing
ramaṇīya + sa (⑥⨀) + kaṇ
rule
→
ramaṇīya + sa + kaṇ
§317
→
ramaṇīya + (kaṇ)
§396
→
r + (a→ā) + maṇīya + ka
§400, §405
→
rāmaṇīyaka + si
§601, §55
→
rāmaṇīyaka + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
rāmaṇīyakaṃ
manuñña + sa (⑥⨀) + kaṇ
rule
→
manuñña + sa + kaṇ
§317
→
manuñña + (kaṇ)
§396
→
m + (a→ā) + nuñña + ka
§400, §405
→
mānuññaka + si
§601, §55
→
mānuññaka + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
mānuññakaṃ
vejayantassa pāsādassa rāmaṇeyyakaṃ (9M 4.7: Cūḷataṇhāsaṅkhayasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(paṭhamantā)
(ayaṃ imesaṃ visesena pāpo)
(paccayā honti)
tara | tama | isika | iya | iṭṭha
visese
(after a word in the first form ①)
(the phrase “this one among these is bad by distinction”)
(the suffixes are added)
tara | tama | isika | iya | iṭṭhain the sense of distinction
Visesatthe tara tama isika iya iṭṭha iccete paccayā honti.
Sabbe ime pāpā, ayamimesaṃ visesena pāpoti pāpataro. Evaṃ pāpatamo, pāpisiko29
In the sense of distinction (visesa), the suffixes tara, tama, isika, iya and iṭṭha are used.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(pāpa + tara)
pāpataro
worse — sabbe ime pāpā, ayaṃ imesaṃ visesena pāpo, “all these are bad; this one among them is bad by distinction”
🚹①⨀(pāpa + tama)
pāpatamo
worst
🚹①⨀(pāpa + isika)
pāpisiko
worse (a rare suffix)
🚹①⨀(pāpa + iya)
pāpiyo
worse
🚹①⨀(pāpa + iṭṭha)
pāpiṭṭho
worst
pāpa + si (①⨀) + tara
rule
→
pāpa + si + tara
§317
→
pāpatara + si
§601, §55
→
pāpatara + (si→o)
§104
→
pāpataro
pāpa + si (①⨀) + iya
rule
→
pāpa + si + iya
§317
→
pāp + (a + iya)
§83
→
pāpiya + si
§601, §55
→
pāpiya + (si→o)
§104
→
pāpiyo
katamo ca, bhikkhave, pāpena pāpataro (15A4 5.1.7: Paṭhamapāpadhammasutta)
cetayamānassa me pāpiyo, acetayamānassa me seyyo (6D 9.1.2: Sahetukasaññuppādanirodhakathā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(paṭhamantā)
(tad assa atthi)
(paccayo hoti)
vī
tadassatthīti
and
(after a word in the first form ①)
(the phrase “he has that”)
(the suffix is added)
vīin the sense “he has that”
‘‘Tadassatthi’’iccetasmiṃ atthe vīpaccayo hoti.
Medhā yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatītimedhāvī. Evaṃ māyāvī.
Caggahaṇena sopaccayo hoti. Sumedhā yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti sumedhaso.
The suffix vī is used in the sense “he has that” (tadassatthi).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(medhā + vī)
medhāvī
one who has wisdom — medhā yassa atthi, wise, intelligent
🚹①⨀(māyā + vī)
māyāvī
one who has deceit — deceitful; also a magician
medhā + si (①⨀) + vī
rule
→
medhā + si + vī
§317
→
medhāvī + si
§601, §55
→
medhāvī + si
§220
→
medhāvī
paṇḍito byatto medhāvī dakkho analaso (1V 1.2.5: Sañcarittasikkhāpada)
saṭho hoti māyāvī (4V 4.8: Adhikaraṇa)
By the mention of ca, the suffix sa is used as well.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(sumedhā + sa)
sumedhaso
one who has good wisdom — sumedhā yassa atthi, very wise
sumedhā + si (①⨀) + sa
rule
→
sumedhā + si + sa
§317
→
sumedh + (ā→a) + sa
§403
→
sumedhasa + si
§601, §55
→
sumedhasa + (si→o)
§104
→
sumedhaso
abalassaṃva sīghasso, hitvā yāti sumedhaso (18Dh 2.6: Pamattāpamattadvesahāyakabhikkhuvatthu)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
tapādito
(liṅgato)
(paccayo hoti)
sī
(tadassatthi iccetasmiṃ atthe)
after tapa and the like
(a lemma)
(the suffix is added)
sī(in the sense “he has that”)
Tapādito sīpaccayo hoti ‘‘tadassatthi’’iccetasmiṃ atthe.
Tapo yassa atthi tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti tapassī. Evaṃ yasassī, tejassī.
After tapa (“austerity”) and the like, the suffix sī is used in the sense “he has that” (tadassatthi).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(tapa + sī)
tapassī
one who has austerity — an ascetic (tapo yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjati, “who has austerity, or in whom austerity is found”)
🚹①⨀(yasa + sī)
yasassī
one who has fame — renowned
🚹①⨀(teja + sī)
tejassī
one who has splendour — majestic, powerful
tapa + si (①⨀) + sī
rule
→
tapa + si + sī
§317
→
tap + (a + s→ss) + ī
§28
→
tapassī + si
§601, §55
→
tapassī + si
§220
→
tapassī
tapassī samaṇo gotamo (1V Veranjakanda: Verañjakaṇḍa)
ñāto yasassī titthakaro (6D 2.1: Rājāmaccakathā)
tejassī balavā kapi (22J 16.1.6: Mahākapijātaka)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
daṇḍādito
(liṅgato)
(paccayā honti)
ika|ī
(tadassatthi iccetasmiṃ atthe)
after daṇḍa and the like
(a lemma)
(the suffixes are added)
ika|ī(in the sense “he has that”)
Daṇḍādito ika ī iccete paccayā honti ‘‘tadassatthi’’iccetasmiṃ atthe.
Daṇḍo yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti daṇḍiko, daṇḍī. Evaṃ māliko, mālī.
After daṇḍa (“a staff”) and the like, the suffixes ika and ī are used in the sense “he has that” (tadassatthi).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(daṇḍa + ika)
daṇḍiko
one who has a staff (daṇḍo yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjati)
🚹①⨀(daṇḍa + ī)
daṇḍī
one who has a staff
🚹①⨀(mālā + ika)
māliko
one who has a garland — garlanded
🚹①⨀(mālā + ī)
mālī
one who has a garland — garlanded
daṇḍa + si (①⨀) + ika
rule
→
daṇḍa + si + ika
§317
→
daṇḍ + (a + ika)
§83
→
daṇḍika + si
§601, §55
→
daṇḍika + (si→o)
§104
→
daṇḍiko
daṇḍa + si (①⨀) + ī
rule
→
daṇḍa + si + ī
§317
→
daṇḍ + (a + ī)
§83
→
daṇḍī + si (①⨀)
§601, §55
→
daṇḍī + si
§220
→
daṇḍī
mālā + si (①⨀) + ika
rule
→
mālā + si + ika
§317
→
māl + (ā + ika)
§83
→
mālika + si
§601, §55
→
mālika + (si→o)
§104
→
māliko
mālī kuṇḍalī sunhāto suvilitto (13S4 8.1.13: Pāṭaliyasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
madhvādito
(liṅgato)
(paccayo hoti)
ro
(tadassatthi iccetasmiṃ atthe)
after madhu and the like
(a lemma)
(the suffix is added)
ra(in the sense “he has that”)
Madhuiccevamādito rapaccayo hoti ‘‘tadassatthi’’iccetasmiṃ atthe.
Madhu yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti madhuro. Evaṃ kuñjaro, muggaro, mukharo, susiro, (sīsaro, sukaro, suṅkaro), subharo, suciro, ruciro.
After madhu (“honey”, “sweetness”) and the like, the suffix ra is used in the sense “he has that” (tadassatthi).30
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(madhu + ra)
madhuro
having sweetness — sweet (madhu yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjati)
🚹①⨀(kuñja + ra)
kuñjaro
having kuñja (jaws) — an elephant
🚹①⨀(mugga + ra)
muggaro
a club, a mallet (B1 and S2 only; see the note below)
🚹①⨀(mukha + ra)
mukharo
having a mouth — talkative, garrulous
🚹①⨀(susi + ra)
susiro
having a hollow — hollow, perforated
🚹①⨀(sīsa + ra)
sīsaro
having a head (bracketed in the CST; not attested)
🚹①⨀(suka + ra)
sukaro
bracketed in the CST; the canon has only sukara, “easy to do” (su + kara)
🚹①⨀(suṅka + ra)
suṅkaro
having a toll — a toll-collector (bracketed in the CST; not attested)
🚹①⨀(subha + ra)
subharo
having good — easy to support, frugal (su + bhara in the dictionaries)
🚹①⨀(suci + ra)
suciro
having purity — pure (in the canon sucira, “very long”, is su + cira)
🚹①⨀(ruci + ra)
ruciro
having lustre — beautiful, pleasing (B1 alone among the manuscripts, though the Rūpasiddhi has it)
madhu + ra
rule
→
madhura + si
§601, §55
→
madhura + (si→o) (①⨀)
§104
→
madhuro
suṇanti madhuraṃ giraṃ (12S1 8.1.6: Sāriputtasutta)
kuñjaro te varāroho, nānāratanakappano (19Vv 1.1.5: Kuñjaravimānavatthu)
uddhato hoti unnaḷo capalo mukharo vikiṇṇavāco (15A3 3.2.3: Appameyyasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
guṇādito
(liṅgato)
(paccayo hoti)
vantu
(tadassatthi iccetasmiṃ atthe)
after guṇa and the like
(a lemma)
(the suffix is added)
vantu(in the sense “he has that”)
Guṇaiccevamādito vantupaccayo hoti ‘‘tadassatthi’’iccetasmiṃ atthe.
Guṇo yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti guṇavā. Evaṃ yasavā, dhanavā, paññavā, balavā, bhagavā.
After guṇa (“virtue”) and the like, the suffix vantu is used in the sense “he has that” (tadassatthi).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(guṇa + vantu)
guṇavā
one who has virtue — virtuous (guṇo yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjati)
🚹①⨀(yasa + vantu)
yasavā
one who has fame — famous
🚹①⨀(dhana + vantu)
dhanavā
one who has wealth — wealthy
🚹①⨀(paññā + vantu)
paññavā
one who has wisdom — wise
🚹①⨀(bala + vantu)
balavā
one who has strength — strong
🚹①⨀(bhaga + vantu)
bhagavā
one who has good fortune — the Blessed One
guṇa + si (①⨀) + vantu
rule
→
guṇa + si + vantu
§317
→
guṇavantu + si (①⨀)
§601, §55
→
guṇava + (ntu + si→ā)
§124
→
guṇavā
paññā + vantu
rule
→
paññ + (ā→a) + vantu
§403
→
paññavantu + si (①⨀)
§601, §55
→
paññava + (ntu + si → ā)
§124
→
paññavā
vaṇṇavā yasavā sirimā, ko nu tvamasi mārisa (7D 6.6.3: Brahmunāsākacchā)
bahussuto hoti, paññavā hoti (3V 1.23: Upasampādetabbapañcaka)
alīnasatto guṇavā (21Cp 2.1.9: Alīnasattucariya)
Satiiccevamādīhi mantupaccayo hoti ‘‘tadassatthi’’ iccetasmiṃ atthe.
Sati yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti satimā, evaṃ jutimā, rucimā, thutimā, dhitimā, matimā, bhāṇumā.
After sati (“mindfulness”) and the like, the suffix mantu is used in the sense “he has that” (tadassatthi).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(sati + mantu)
satimā
one who has mindfulness — mindful (sati yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjati)
🚹①⨀(juti + mantu)
jutimā
one who has radiance — brilliant
🚹①⨀(ruci + mantu)
rucimā
one who has lustre — splendid
🚹①⨀(thuti + mantu)
thutimā
one who has praise — praised
🚹①⨀(dhiti + mantu)
dhitimā
one who has resolve — steadfast
🚹①⨀(mati + mantu)
matimā
one who has intelligence — wise
🚹①⨀(bhāṇu + mantu)
bhāṇumā
one who has rays — radiant; the sun
sati + mantu
rule
→
satimantu + si (①⨀)
§601, §55
→
satima + (ntu + si → ā)
§124
→
satimā
jhāyī, satimā, kalyāṇapaṭibhāno, gatimā, dhitimā, matimā (8D 5.1.9: Bhassasamācārādidesanā)
jutimā mutimā pahūtapañño (18Sn 3.6: Sabhiyasutta)
virocati vigatamalova bhāṇumā (12S1 8.1.11: Gaggarāsutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
saddhādito
(liṅgato)
(paccayo hoti)
ṇa
(tadassatthi iccetasmiṃ atthe)
after saddhā and the like
(a lemma)
(the suffix is added)
ṇa(in the sense “he has that”)
Saddhāiccevamādito ṇa paccayo hoti ‘‘tadassatthi’’iccetasmiṃ atthe.
Saddhā yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti31 32
After saddhā (“faith”) and the like, the suffix ṇa is used in the sense “he has that” (tadassatthi).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(saddhā + ṇa)
saddho
one who has faith — faithful (saddhā yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjati)
🚹①⨀(paññā + ṇa)
pañño
one who has wisdom — wise
🚹①⨀(amacchara + ṇa)
amaccharo
one who has freedom from stinginess — unselfish, generous
saddhā + si (①⨀) + ṇa
rule
→
saddhā + si + ṇa
§317
→
saddhā + (ṇa)
§396
→
saddh + (ā + a)
§83
→
saddha + si
§601, §55
→
saddha + (si→o)
§104
→
saddho
saddho hoti pasanno (1V 1.1.2.2: Vinītavatthu)
vīro sūro ca vikkanto, pañño kāruṇiko vasī (20Ap1 53.10: Sugandhattheraapadāna)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
āyussa ukāro (anto)
(ādeso)
asa
mantumhi (paccaye pare)
the final u of āyu
(replaced by)
asabefore the suffix mantu
Āyussa anto ukāro asādeso hoti mantumhi paccaye pare.
Āyu assa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti āyasmā.
The final letter u of āyu (“life”) is replaced by asa when the suffix mantu follows.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(āyu + mantu)
āyasmā
one who has [long] life — venerable (āyu assa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjati)
āyu + si (①⨀) + mantu
rule
→
āyu + si + mantu
§317
→
āy + (u→asa) + mantu
§371
→
āyasmantu + si (①⨀)
§601, §55
→
āyasma + (ntu + si→ā)
§124
→
āyasmā
āyasmā ānando vesāliyaṃ viharati beluvagāmake (10M 1.2: Aṭṭhakanāgarasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(liṅgato)
(paccayo hoti)
mayo
tappakativacane
(a lemma)
(the suffix is added)
mayain the sense of stating that as the material
Tappakativacanatthe mayapaccayo hoti.
Suvaṇṇena pakataṃ kammaṃ sovaṇṇamayaṃ. Evaṃ rūpiyamayaṃ jatumayaṃ, rajatamayaṃ, iṭṭhakamayaṃ, ayomayaṃ, mattikāmayaṃ, dārumayaṃ, gomayaṃ.
The suffix maya is used in the sense of stating that as the material (tappakativacana).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(suvaṇṇa + maya)
sovaṇṇamayaṃ
made of gold (suvaṇṇena pakataṃ kammaṃ, “a work made of gold”)
🚻①⨀(rūpiya + maya)
rūpiyamayaṃ
made of silver
🚻①⨀(jatu + maya)
jatumayaṃ
made of lac
🚻①⨀(rajata + maya)
rajatamayaṃ
made of silver
🚻①⨀(iṭṭhakā + maya)
iṭṭhakamayaṃ
made of brick
🚻①⨀(aya + maya)
ayomayaṃ
made of iron
🚻①⨀(mattikā + maya)
mattikāmayaṃ
made of clay
🚻①⨀(dāru + maya)
dārumayaṃ
made of wood
🚻①⨀(go + maya)
gomayaṃ
made of cow — cow-dung
suvaṇṇa + maya
rule
→
s + (u→o) + vaṇṇa + maya
§391
→
sovaṇṇamaya + si
§601, §55
→
sovaṇṇamaya + (si→aṃ) (🚻①⨀)
§219
→
sovaṇṇamayaṃ
aya + maya
rule
→
ay + (a→o) + maya
§183
→
ayomaya + si
§601, §55
→
ayomaya + (si→aṃ) (🚻①⨀)
§219
→
ayomayaṃ
iṭṭhakā + maya
rule
→
iṭṭhak + (ā→a) + maya
§403
→
iṭṭhakamaya + si
§601, §55
→
iṭṭhakamaya + (si→aṃ) (🚻①⨀)
§219
→
iṭṭhakamayaṃ
sovaṇṇamayaṃ bhiṅkāraṃ gahetvā (3V 1.13: Bimbisārasamāgamakathā)
sabbaṃ dārumayaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ (4V 5.1: Khuddakavatthu)
aññe gomayaṃ khipanti (8D 4.7: Itthipurisaliṅgapātubhāva)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(saṅkhyāto)
(paccayo hoti)
mo
saṅkhyāpūraṇe
(a numeral)
(the suffix is added)
main the sense of completing a number (the ordinal)
Saṅkhyāpūraṇatthe mapaccayo hoti.
Pañcannaṃ pūraṇo pañcamo, evaṃ sattamo, aṭṭhamo, navamo, dasamo.33
In the sense of completing a number (saṅkhyāpūraṇa), the suffix ma is used.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨀(pañca + ma)
pañcamo
fifth (pañcannaṃ pūraṇo, “the completer of five”)
⚧️①⨀(satta + ma)
sattamo
seventh
⚧️①⨀(aṭṭha + ma)
aṭṭhamo
eighth
⚧️①⨀(nava + ma)
navamo
ninth
⚧️①⨀(dasa + ma)
dasamo
tenth
pañca + ma
rule
→
pañcama + si
§601, §55
→
pañcama + (si→o) (①⨀)
§104
→
pañcamo
ayaṃ, bhikkhave, pañcamo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane (2V 1.5.9.1: Antepurasikkhāpada)
ayaṃ, bhikkhave, dasamo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane (2V 1.5.9.1: Antepurasikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
chassa
(ādeso)
sa
(saṅkhyāpūraṇe)
optionally
cha(replaced by)
sa(in the sense of the ordinal)
Chassa sakārādeso hoti vā saṅkhyāpūraṇatthe.
Channaṃ pūraṇo saṭṭho, chaṭṭho vā.
In the sense of completing a number, cha (“six”) is optionally replaced by the letter sa.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨀(cha + ṭha)
saṭṭho
sixth (channaṃ pūraṇo, “the completer of six”), with the replacement
⚧️①⨀(cha + ṭha)
chaṭṭho
sixth, without it
cha + ṭha
rule
→
(cha→sa) + ṭha
§374
→
sa + (ṭh→ṭṭh) + a
§29
→
saṭṭha + si
§601, §55
→
saṭṭha + (si→o) (①⨀)
§104
→
saṭṭho
cha + ṭha
rule
→
cha + (ṭh→ṭṭh) + a
§29
→
chaṭṭha + si
§601, §55
→
chaṭṭha + (si→o) (①⨀)
§104
→
chaṭṭho
ayaṃ, bhikkhave, chaṭṭho ādīnavo, rājantepurappavesane (2V 1.5.9.1: Antepurasikkhāpada)
iti ime saṭṭhi dhammā (8D 11.6: Dasuttarasutta)
Ekādito dasassa ante īpaccayo hoti vā saṅkhyāpūraṇatthe.
Eko ca dasa ca ekādasa, ekādasannaṃ pūraṇī ekādasī. Pañca ca dasa ca pañcadasa, pañcadasannaṃ pūraṇī pañcadasī. Cattāro ca dasa ca catuddasa, catuddasannaṃ pūraṇī cātuddasī.
Pūraṇeti kimatthaṃ? Ekādasa, pañcadasa.
After eka (“one”) and the like, the suffix ī is optionally added at the end of dasa (“ten”) in the sense of completing a number.34
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺①⨀(eka + dasa + ī)
ekādasī
the eleventh (ekādasannaṃ pūraṇī, “the completer of eleven”)
🚺①⨀(pañca + dasa + ī)
pañcadasī
the fifteenth (pañcadasannaṃ pūraṇī)
🚺①⨀(catu + dasa + ī)
cātuddasī
the fourteenth (catuddasannaṃ pūraṇī)
eka + dasa
rule
→
ek + (a→ā) + dasa
§383
→
ekādasa + naṃ (⑥⨂) + ī (🚺)
→
ekādasa + naṃ + ī
§317
→
ekādas + (a + ī)
§375, §83
→
ekādasī + si
§601, §55
→
ekādasī + si (①⨀)
§220
→
ekādasī
catu + dasa
rule
→
catu + (d→dd) + asa
§28
→
catuddasa + naṃ (⑥⨂) + ī (🚺)
→
catuddasa + naṃ + ī
§317
→
catuddas + (a + ī)
§375, §83
→
c + (a→ā) + tuddasī
§403
→
cātuddasī + si
§601, §55
→
cātuddasī + si (①⨀)
§220
→
cātuddasī
cātuddasī pañcadasī aṭṭhamī ca pakkhassa (9M 1.4: Bhayabheravasutta)
mātā ekādasī rañño (23J 22.1.5: Umaṅgajātaka)
Dasasadde pare niccaṃ chassa so hoti.
Soḷasa.
When the word dasa (“ten”) follows, cha (“six”) always becomes so.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨂(cha + dasa)
soḷasa
sixteen
cha + dasa
rule
→
(cha→so) + dasa
§376
→
so + (d→ḷ)asa
§379
→
soḷasa + yo (①⨂)
§601, §55
→
soḷas + (a + yo → a)
§134
→
soḷasa
tasmiṃ magge soḷasa purise ṭhapesi (4V 7.2.3: Abhimārapesana)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(tāsaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ)
(āgamo)
niggahitaṃ
ante
and
(of those numerals)
(is inserted)
the niggahīta ṃ
at the end
Tāsaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ ante niggahitāgamo hoti.
Pañcadasiṃ, cātuddasiṃ.35
At the end of those numerals, a niggahīta (ṃ) is added as an insertion (āgama
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺②⨀(pañca + dasa + ī)
pañcadasiṃ
on the fifteenth [day]
🚺②⨀(catu + dasa + ī)
cātuddasiṃ
on the fourteenth [day]
pañcadasī
rule
→
pañcadas + (ī→i)
§403
→
pañcadasi + (ṃ)
§377
→
pañcadasiṃ
uposathañca upavasati cātuddasiṃ pañcadasiṃ aṭṭhamiñca pakkhassa (10M 4.3: Maghadevasutta)
Tāsaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ ante tikārāgamo hoti.
Vīsati, tiṃsati.
At the end of those numerals, ti is added as an insertion (āgama
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨀(dasa + dasa + ti)
vīsati
twenty
⚧️①⨀(dasa + dasa + dasa + ti)
tiṃsati
thirty
dasa + dasa (“two tens”)
rule
→
dasa + yo (one dasa kept)
§388
→
(dasa→vī) + (yo→īsaṃ)
§389
→
v + (ī + ī) + saṃ
§12
→
vīsaṃ + ti
§378
→
vīsa + ṃ + ti
§39
→
vīsati + si
§601, §55
→
vīsati + si (①⨀)
§220
→
vīsati
dasa + dasa + dasa (“three tens”)
rule
→
dasa + yo (one dasa kept)
§388
→
(dasa→ti) + (yo→īsaṃ)
§389
→
t + (i + ī) + saṃ
§12
→
t + (ī→i) + saṃ
§403
→
ti + (ṃ) + saṃ
§37
→
tiṃsaṃ + ti
§378
→
tiṃsa + ṃ + ti
§39
→
tiṃsati + si
§601, §55
→
tiṃsati + si (①⨀)
§220
→
tiṃsati
vīsati tattha sovaṇṇā, vīsati rajatāmayā (23J 22.1.9.2: Maṇikaṇḍa)
indagopakavaṇṇābhā, tāva dissanti tiṃsati (23J 22.1.9.2: Maṇikaṇḍa)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
darānaṃ (saṅkhyānaṃ)
(ādeso)
la
the d and r (of numerals)
(replaced by)
l
Dakāra rakārānaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ lakārādeso hoti.
Soḷasa, cattālīsaṃ.
In the numerals, the letters d and r are replaced by the letter l.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨂(cha + dasa)
soḷasa
sixteen (d → ḷ)
⚧️①⨀(dasa + dasa + dasa + dasa)
cattālīsaṃ
forty (r → l)
cha + dasa
rule
→
(cha→so) + dasa
§376
→
so + (d→ḷ)asa
§379
→
soḷasa
dasa + dasa + dasa + dasa (“four tens”)
rule
→
dasa + yo (one dasa kept)
§388
→
(dasa→cattāra) + (yo→īsaṃ)
§389
→
cattār + (a + ī) + saṃ
§12
→
cattā + (r→l) + īsaṃ
§379
→
cattālīsaṃ
atha kho te soḷasa purisā (4V 7.2.3: Abhimārapesana)
vīsati niruttiyo, cattālīsaṃ ñāṇāni (26Ps 2.6.4: Sattabodhisattavāra)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
tu
dvissa
(ādeso)
bā
vīsatidasesu
and further
dvi(replaced by)
bābefore vīsati and dasa
Vīsati dasa iccetesu dvissa bā hoti.
Bāvīsatindriyāni, bārasa manussā.
Tuggahaṇena dvissa du di do ādesā ca honti.
Durattaṃ, dirattaṃ, diguṇaṃ, dohaḷinī.
When vīsati (“twenty”) or dasa (“ten”) follows, dvi (“two”) becomes bā.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨂(dvi + vīsati + indriya)
bāvīsatindriyāni
the twenty-two faculties
⚧️①⨂(dvi + dasa)
bārasa manussā
twelve men
dvi + vīsati
rule
→
(dvi→bā) + vīsati
§380
→
bāvīsati
bāvīsati + indriyāni
rule
→
bāvīsat + (i + i) + ndriyāni
§12
→
bāvīsatindriyāni
dvi + dasa
rule
→
(dvi→bā) + dasa
§380
→
bā + (d→r)asa
§381
→
bārasa + yo (①⨂)
§601, §55
→
bāras + (a + yo → a)
§134
→
bārasa
pañcakkhandhā, dvādasāyatanāni, aṭṭhārasa dhātuyo, cattāri saccāni, bāvīsatindriyāni (30Vbh 18.1: Sabbasaṅgāhikavāra)
By the mention of tu, dvi is also replaced by du, di and do.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(dvi + ratti)
durattaṃ
[a period of] two nights
🚻①⨀(dvi + ratti)
dirattaṃ
two nights
🚻①⨀(dvi + guṇa)
diguṇaṃ
twofold, double
🚺①⨀(dohaḷa + inī)
dohaḷinī
a woman with the longing of pregnancy — dohaḷa is “two hearts” (do for dvi), hers and the child’s; feminine inī by §240
dvi + ratti (digu)
rule
→
(dvi→du) + ratti
§380
→
duratt + (i + a)
§337, §83
→
duratta + si
§601, §55
→
duratta + (si→aṃ) (🚻①⨀)
§219
→
durattaṃ
dvi + guṇa
rule
→
(dvi→di) + guṇa
§380
→
diguṇa + si
§601, §55
→
diguṇa + (si→aṃ) (🚻①⨀)
§219
→
diguṇaṃ
ekarattaṃ dirattaṃ vā (22J 1.11.3: Verijātaka)
diguṇaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ (3V 8.16: Ticīvarānujānana)
bhutvā dohaḷinī nārī, cakkavattiṃ vijāyati (22J 3.4.1: Abbhantarajātaka)
Ekādito dasassa dakārassa rakāro hoti vā saṅkhyāne.
Ekārasa, ekādasa, bārasa, dvādasa.
Saṅkhyāneti kimatthaṃ? Dvādasāyatanāni.
In a numeral, the letter d of dasa (“ten”) after eka (“one”) and the like optionally becomes the letter r.36
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨂(eka + dasa)
ekārasa
eleven, with r
⚧️①⨂(eka + dasa)
ekādasa
eleven, without it
⚧️①⨂(dvi + dasa)
bārasa
twelve, with r (and bā by §380)
⚧️①⨂(dvi + dasa)
dvādasa
twelve, without it (ā by §383)
eka + dasa
rule
→
ek + (a→ā) + dasa
§383
→
ekā + (d→r)asa
§381
→
ekārasa + yo (①⨂)
§601, §55
→
ekāras + (a + yo → a)
§134
→
ekārasa
dvi + dasa
rule
→
dv + (i→ā) + dasa
§383
→
dvādasa + yo (①⨂)
§601, §55
→
dvādas + (a + yo → a)
§134
→
dvādasa
dīghaso dvādasa vidatthiyo (1V 1.2.6: Kuṭikārasikkhāpada)
terasa saṃghādisesā dhammā (1V 1.2.1: Sukkavissaṭṭhisikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca (vā)
aṭṭhādito
(dasassa dakārassa)
(ādeso)
(ra)
(saṅkhyāne)
and (optionally)
after aṭṭha and the like
(the d of dasa)
(replaced by)
(r)
(in a numeral)
Aṭṭhaiccevamādito ca dasasaddassa dakārassa rakārādeso hoti vā saṅkhyāne.
Aṭṭhārasa, aṭṭhadasa.
Aṭṭhāditoti kimatthaṃ? Pañcadasa, soḷasa.
Saṅkhyāneti kimatthaṃ? Aṭṭhadasiko.
And in a numeral, after aṭṭha (“eight”) and the like as well, the letter d of the word dasa is optionally replaced by the letter r.37
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨂(aṭṭha + dasa)
aṭṭhārasa
eighteen, with r
⚧️①⨂(aṭṭha + dasa)
aṭṭhadasa
eighteen, without it
aṭṭha + dasa
rule
→
aṭṭh + (a→ā) + dasa
§383
→
aṭṭhā + (d→r)asa
§382
→
aṭṭhārasa + yo (①⨂)
§601, §55
→
aṭṭhāras + (a + yo → a)
§134
→
aṭṭhārasa
nissaggiyāni aṭṭhārasa (5V 10.4: Asādhāraṇādi)
By saying aṭṭhādito (after aṭṭha and the like) we exclude the change to r after the other numerals:
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨂(pañca + dasa)
pañcadasa
fifteen
⚧️①⨂(cha + dasa)
soḷasa
sixteen
By saying saṅkhyāne (in a numeral) we exclude aṭṭhadasiko, a derivative and not a numeral:
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(aṭṭha + dasa + ika)
aṭṭhadasiko
one connected with eighteen (not attested)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
dvekaṭṭhānaṃ (anto)
(ādeso)
ākāro
(saṅkhyāne)
optionally
the final of dvi, eka, aṭṭha
(replaced by)
ā(in a numeral)
Dvi eka aṭṭha iccetesamanto ākāro hoti vā saṅkhyāne.
Dvādasa, ekādasa, aṭṭhārasa.
Saṅkhyāneti kimatthaṃ? Dvidanto, ekadanto38
In a numeral, the final vowel of dvi (“two”), eka (“one”) and aṭṭha (“eight”) optionally becomes the letter ā.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨂(dvi + dasa)
dvādasa
twelve
⚧️①⨂(eka + dasa)
ekādasa
eleven
⚧️①⨂(aṭṭha + dasa)
aṭṭhārasa
eighteen (with the r of §382)
dvi + dasa
rule
→
dv + (i→ā) + dasa
§383
→
dvādasa + yo (①⨂)
§601, §55
→
dvādas + (a + yo → a)
§134
→
dvādasa
eka + dasa
rule
→
ek + (a→ā) + dasa
§383
→
ekādasa + yo (①⨂)
§601, §55
→
ekādas + (a + yo → a)
§134
→
ekādasa
kukkuṭiyā aṇḍāni aṭṭha vā dasa vā dvādasa vā (1V Veranjakanda: Verañjakaṇḍa)
aṭṭhārasa dhātuyo (30Vbh 18.1: Sabbasaṅgāhikavāra)
Catu cha iccetehi tha ṭha iccete paccayā honti saṅkhyāpūraṇatthe.
Catuttho, chaṭṭho.
After catu (“four”) and cha (“six”), the suffixes tha and ṭha are used in the sense of completing a number.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨀(catu + tha)
catuttho
fourth (catunnaṃ pūraṇo)
⚧️①⨀(cha + ṭha)
chaṭṭho
sixth (channaṃ pūraṇo)
catu + tha
rule
→
catu + (th→tth) + a
§29
→
catuttha + si
§601, §55
→
catuttha + (si→o) (①⨀)
§104
→
catuttho
cha + naṃ (⑥⨂) + ṭha
rule
→
cha + naṃ + ṭha
§317
→
cha + (ṭh→ṭṭh) + a
§29
→
chaṭṭha + si
§601, §55
→
chaṭṭha + (si→o) (①⨀)
§104
→
chaṭṭho
ayaṃ, bhikkhave, catuttho mahācoro santo saṃvijjamāno lokasmiṃ (1V 1.1.4: Catutthapārājikasikkhāpada)
surāpānavaggo chaṭṭho (2V 1.5.6.10: Cīvaraapanidhānasikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
dvitīhi
(saṅkhyāhi)
(paccayo hoti)
tiyo
(saṅkhyāpūraṇe)
after dvi and ti
(numerals)
(the suffix is added)
tiya(in the sense of the ordinal)
Dvi ti iccetehi tiyapaccayo hoti saṅkhyāpūraṇatthe.
Dutiyo, tatiyo.
After dvi (“two”) and ti (“three”), the suffix tiya is used in the sense of completing a number.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨀(dvi + tiya)
dutiyo
second (dvinnaṃ pūraṇo)
⚧️①⨀(ti + tiya)
tatiyo
third (tiṇṇaṃ pūraṇo)
dvi + tiya
rule
→
(dvi→du) + tiya
§386
→
dutiya + si
§601, §55
→
dutiya + (si→o) (①⨀)
§104
→
dutiyo
ti + tiya
rule
→
(ti→ta) + tiya
§386
→
tatiya + si
§601, §55
→
tatiya + (si→o) (①⨀)
§104
→
tatiyo
ayaṃ, bhikkhave, dutiyo mahācoro (1V 1.1.4: Catutthapārājikasikkhāpada)
ayaṃ, bhikkhave, tatiyo mahācoro (1V 1.1.4: Catutthapārājikasikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
api ca
(dvi ti iccetesaṃ)
(ādesā)
du|tā
tiye
(yathāsaṅkhyaṃ)
also, and
(dvi, ti)
(replaced by)
du|tabefore the suffix tiya
(respectively)
Dvi ti iccetesaṃ du ta iccete ādesā honti tiyapaccaye pare.
Dutiyo, tatiyo.
Apiggahaṇena aññesupi dvi iccetassa du ādeso hoti.39
Durattaṃ.
Caggahaṇena dvi iccetassa dikāro hoti.
Dirattaṃ, diguṇaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ pārupetvā.
When the suffix tiya follows, dvi and ti are replaced by du and ta.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(dvi + tiya)
dutiyo
second
🚹①⨀(ti + tiya)
tatiyo
third
dvi + naṃ (⑥⨂) + tiya
rule
→
dvi + naṃ + tiya
§317
→
(dvi→du) + tiya
§386
→
dutiya + si
§601, §55
→
dutiya + (si→o) (①⨀)
§104
→
dutiyo
ti + naṃ (⑥⨂) + tiya
rule
→
ti + naṃ + tiya
§317
→
(ti→ta) + tiya
§386
→
tatiya + si
§601, §55
→
tatiya + (si→o) (①⨀)
§104
→
tatiyo
By the mention of api (“also”), dvi is replaced by du elsewhere too.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(dvi + ratti)
durattaṃ
two nights
dvi + ratti (digu)
rule
→
(dvi→du) + ratti
§386
→
duratt + (i + a)
§337, §83
→
duratta + si
§601, §55
→
duratta + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
durattaṃ
By the mention of ca (“and”), dvi becomes di.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(dvi + ratti)
dirattaṃ
two nights
🚺②⨀(dvi + guṇa)
diguṇaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ pārupetvā
having put on the double outer robe
dvi + ratti (digu)
rule
→
(dvi→di) + ratti
§386
→
diratt + (i→a)
§337
→
diratta + si
§601, §55
→
diratta + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
dirattaṃ
ekarattaṃ dirattaṃ vā, dukkhaṃ vasati verisu (22J 1.11.3: Verijātaka)
anujānāmi, bhikkhave, ticīvaraṃ— diguṇaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ (3V 8.16: Ticīvarānujānana)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
aḍḍhūpapadena
tesaṃ (catuttha dutiya tatiyānaṃ)
(ādesā)
aḍḍhuḍḍha|divaḍḍha|diyaḍḍha|aḍḍhatiyā
(saha nippajjante)
with aḍḍha (“half”) as the preceding word
of these: catuttha, dutiya, tatiya
(replaced by)
aḍḍhuḍḍha|divaḍḍha|diyaḍḍha|aḍḍhatiya(formed together with the aḍḍha)
Tesaṃ catuttha dutiya tatiyānaṃ aḍḍhūpapadānaṃ aḍḍhuḍḍha divaḍḍha40
Aḍḍhena catuttho aḍḍhuḍḍho, aḍḍhena dutiyo divaḍḍho, aḍḍhena dutiyo diyaḍḍho, aḍḍhena tatiyo aḍḍhatiyo.
When aḍḍha (“half”) is their accompanying word (upapada), these — catuttha (“fourth”), dutiya (“second”) and tatiya (“third”) — are replaced by aḍḍhuḍḍha, divaḍḍha, diyaḍḍha and aḍḍhatiya, which are formed together with that preceding word aḍḍha.41
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(aḍḍha + catuttha)
aḍḍhena catuttho aḍḍhuḍḍho
three and a half — “the fourth with a half”
🚹①⨀(aḍḍha + dutiya)
aḍḍhena dutiyo divaḍḍho
one and a half — “the second with a half”
🚹①⨀(aḍḍha + dutiya)
aḍḍhena dutiyo diyaḍḍho
one and a half
🚹①⨀(aḍḍha + tatiya)
aḍḍhena tatiyo aḍḍhatiyo
two and a half — “the third with a half”
aḍḍha + catuttha (①⨀)
rule
→
(aḍḍha + catuttha → aḍḍhuḍḍha)
§387
→
aḍḍhuḍḍha + si
§601, §55
→
aḍḍhuḍḍha + (si→o)
§104
→
aḍḍhuḍḍho
aḍḍha + dutiya (①⨀)
rule
→
(aḍḍha + dutiya → diyaḍḍha)
§387
→
diyaḍḍha + si
§601, §55
→
diyaḍḍha + (si→o)
§104
→
diyaḍḍho
aḍḍhuḍḍhāni itthisahassāni paricārikā dijakaññāyo (23J 21.1.4: Kuṇālajātaka)
aḍḍhateyyāni paribbājakasatāni (3V 1.14: Sāriputtamoggallānapabbajjākathā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
sarūpānaṃ (padabyañjanānaṃ)
ekaseso
asakiṃ
of words and sounds of the same form
one alone remains
when they occur more than once
Sarūpānaṃ padabyañjanānaṃ ekaseso hoti asakiṃ.
Puriso ca puriso ca purisā.
Sarūpānamiti kimatthaṃ?
Hatthī ca asso ca ratho ca pattiko ca hatthiassarathapattikā42
Asakinti kimatthaṃ?
Puriso.
When words and letters of the same form occur more than once (asakiṃ), one alone remains (ekasesa).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨂(purisa)
puriso ca puriso ca purisā
a man and a man: men
purisa + si ca purisa + si ca
rule
→
(purisa … purisa → purisa) (①⨂)
§388
→
purisa + yo
§601, §55
→
purisa + (yo→ā)
§107
→
puris + (a + ā)
§83
→
purisā
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
dasassa dvi-ti-catu-pañca-cha-satta-aṭṭha-navakānaṃ (sarūpānaṃ katekasesānaṃ)
(ādesā)
vī|ti|cattāra|paññā|cha|satta|asa|nava
yosu
gaṇane (asakiṃ, yathāsaṅkhyaṃ)
ca
yonaṃ
(ādesā)
īsaṃ|āsaṃ|ṭhi|ri|ti|īti|uti
of dasa as a group of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or nine (like forms reduced to one)
(replaced by)
vī|ti|cattāra|paññā|cha|satta|asa|navabefore yo
in counting (when repeated; respectively)
and
of the yo
(replaced by)
īsaṃ|āsaṃ|ṭhi|ri|ti|īti|uti
Gaṇane dasassa dvika tika catukka pañcaka chakka sattakaaṭṭhaka navakānaṃ sarūpānaṃ katekasesānaṃ yathāsaṅkhyaṃ vī ti cattāra paññā cha satta asa navaiccādesā honti asakiṃ yosu, yonañca īsaṃ āsaṃ ṭhi ri ti īti utiiccādesā honti.
Pacchā puna nippajjante.
Vīsaṃ, tiṃsaṃ, cattālīsaṃ, paññāsaṃ, saṭṭhi, sattari, sattati, asīti, navuti.
Asakinti kimatthaṃ?
Dasa.
Gaṇaneti kimatthaṃ?
Dasadasakā purisā.
In counting, when dasa (“ten”) occurs more than once as a set of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or nine — like forms of which one alone has been left — it is replaced before yo by vī, ti, cattāra, paññā, cha, satta, asa and nava respectively, and the yo is replaced by īsaṃ, āsaṃ, ṭhi, ri, ti, īti and uti. Afterwards they are formed again.43
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨀(dvi + dasa)
vīsaṃ
twenty
⚧️①⨀(ti + dasa)
tiṃsaṃ
thirty
⚧️①⨀(catu + dasa)
cattālīsaṃ
forty
⚧️①⨀(pañca + dasa)
paññāsaṃ
fifty
⚧️①⨀(cha + dasa)
saṭṭhi
sixty
⚧️①⨀(satta + dasa)
sattari
seventy
⚧️①⨀(satta + dasa)
sattati
seventy
⚧️①⨀(aṭṭha + dasa)
asīti
eighty
⚧️①⨀(nava + dasa)
navuti
ninety
dasa + dasa (①⨂)
rule
→
(dasa dasa → dasa)
§388
→
(dasa→vī)
§389
→
vī + yo
§601, §55
→
vī + (yo→īsaṃ)
§389
→
v + (ī + īsaṃ)
§12
→
vīsaṃ
dasa + dasa + dasa (①⨂)
rule
→
(dasa dasa dasa → dasa)
§388
→
(dasa→ti)
§389
→
ti + yo
§601, §55
→
ti + (yo→īsaṃ)
§389
→
t + (i + īsaṃ)
§12
→
t + (ī→i) + saṃ
§403
→
ti + (ṃ) + saṃ
§37
→
tiṃsaṃ
dasa ×4 (①⨂)
rule
→
(dasa … dasa → dasa)
§388
→
(dasa→cattāra)
§389
→
cattāra + yo
§601, §55
→
cattāra + (yo→īsaṃ)
§389
→
cattār + (a + īsaṃ)
§12
→
cattā + (r→l) + īsaṃ
§379
→
cattālīsaṃ
dasa ×5 (①⨂)
rule
→
(dasa … dasa → dasa)
§388
→
(dasa→paññā)
§389
→
paññā + yo
§601, §55
→
paññā + (yo→āsaṃ)
§389
→
paññ + (ā + āsaṃ)
§12
→
paññāsaṃ
dasa ×6 (①⨂)
rule
→
(dasa … dasa → dasa)
§388
→
(dasa→cha)
§389
→
cha + yo
§601, §55
→
cha + (yo→ṭhi)
§389
→
(cha→sa) + ṭhi
§374
→
sa + (ṭhi→ṭṭhi)
§29
→
saṭṭhi
dasa ×7 (①⨂)
rule
→
(dasa … dasa → dasa)
§388
→
(dasa→satta)
§389
→
satta + (yo→ri) | satta + yo
§55
→
satta + (yo→ri) | satta + (yo→ti)
§389
→
sattari | sattati
dasa ×8 (①⨂)
rule
→
(dasa … dasa → dasa)
§388
→
(dasa→asa)
§389
→
asa + yo
§601, §55
→
asa + (yo→īti)
§389
→
as + (a + īti)
§12
→
asīti
dasa ×9 (①⨂)
rule
→
(dasa … dasa → dasa)
§388
→
(dasa→nava)
§389
→
nava + yo
§601, §55
→
nava + (yo→uti)
§389
→
nav + (a + uti)
§12
→
navuti
vīsatiyā yojanesu, tiṃsāya yojanesu, cattārīsāya yojanesu, paññāsāya yojanesu (10M 4.4: Madhurasutta)
vīsaṃ dve satāni, bhikkhūnaṃ sikkhāpadāni (5V 10.4: Asādhāraṇādi)
sataṃ sattati chacceva, ubhinnaṃ asādhāraṇā (5V 10.4: Asādhāraṇādi)
tāni asīti gāmikasahassāni (3V 5.1: Soṇakoḷivisavatthu)
sādhikā navuti, ānanda, nātike upāsakā kālaṅkatā (7D 3.9: Anāvattidhammasambodhiparāyaṇa)
Catūpapadassa gaṇane pariyāpannassa tukārassa lopo hoti, uttarapadādicakārassa cucopi ādesā honti navā.
Cuddasa, coddasa, catuddasa.
Apiggahaṇena anupapadassāpi padādicakārassa. Lopo hoti navā, cassa cucopi honti.
Tālīsaṃ, cattālīsaṃ, cuttālīsaṃ, cottālīsaṃ.
In some places (navā), when catu (“four”) stands as the accompanying word (upapada) and belongs to a count, its tu is elided, and the letter ca at the head of the following member is also replaced by cu or co.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨂(catu + dasa)
cuddasa
fourteen
⚧️①⨂(catu + dasa)
coddasa
fourteen
⚧️①⨂(catu + dasa)
catuddasa
fourteen (the rule not applied)
catu + dasa
rule
→
ca + tu + dasa
§390
→
(ca→cu) + dasa
§390
→
cu + (dasa→ddasa)
§28
→
cuddasa
catu + dasa
rule
→
ca + tu + dasa
§390
→
(ca→co) + dasa
§390
→
co + (dasa→ddasa)
§28
→
coddasa
imamhi khandhake vatthū ekūnavīsati, vattā cuddasa (4V 8.14: Antevāsikavattakathā)
ito satta tato satta, saṃsārāni catuddasa (7D 5.3: Janavasabhayakkha)
By the mention of api (“too”), in some places the letter ca at the head of a word is elided even when the word is not a preceding word, and that ca also becomes cu or co.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨀(catu + dasa)
tālīsaṃ
forty
⚧️①⨀(catu + dasa)
cattālīsaṃ
forty (the rule not applied)
⚧️①⨀(catu + dasa)
cuttālīsaṃ
forty
⚧️①⨀(catu + dasa)
cottālīsaṃ
forty
cattālīsaṃ (§389)
rule
→
cattālīsaṃ§390
→
tālīsaṃ
cattālīsaṃ (§389)
rule
→
(ca→cu)ttālīsaṃ
§390
→
cuttālīsaṃ
dānūpakārā ca tālīsaṃ (13S3 8.1.21–50: Jalābujādidānūpakārasuttattiṃsaka)
vīsati niruttiyo, cattālīsaṃ ñāṇāni (26Ps 2.6.4: Sattabodhisattavāra)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
yad anupapannā (saddā aniddiṭṭhalakkhaṇā)
sijjhanti
nipātanā
whatever [words] are not accounted for (whose rule has not been stated)
are established
by direct statement
Ye saddā aniddiṭṭhalakkhaṇā, akkharapadabyañjanato, itthipumanapuṃsakaliṅgato, nāmupasagganipātato, abyayībhāvasamāsataddhitākhyātato, gaṇanasaṅkhyākālakārakappayogasaññāto, sandhipakativuddhilopāgamavikāraviparitato, vibhattivibhajanato ca, te nipātanā sijjhanti.
Words for which no rule has been stated (aniddiṭṭhalakkhaṇa) — whether in respect of letters, words and consonants; of the feminine, masculine and neuter genders; of nouns, prefixes and particles; of abyayībhāva compounds, taddhita derivatives and verbs; of counting, numerals, tense, kāraka, usage and technical terms; of sandhi, the natural state (pakati), vuddhi, elision (lopaāgamavikāraviparītanipātana).
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
dvādito
(paccayo hoti)
ko
anekatthe
and
after dvi and the rest
(the suffix is added)
kain the sense of “not one”, a group of that many
Dviiccevamādito kapaccayo hoti anekatthe ca, nipātanā sijjhanti.
Satassa dvikaṃ dvisataṃ, satassa tikaṃ tisataṃ, satassa catukkaṃ catusataṃ, satassa pañcakaṃ pañcasataṃ, satassa chakkaṃ chasataṃ, satassa sattakaṃ sattasataṃ, satassa aṭṭhakaṃ aṭṭhasataṃ, satassa navakaṃ navasataṃ, satassa dasakaṃ dasasataṃ, sahassaṃ hoti.
After dvi (“two”) and the rest, the suffix ka is used in the sense of more than one (anekattha); and [the forms] are established by direct statement (nipātana).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(dvi + sata)
satassa dvikaṃ dvisataṃ
a pair of hundreds: two hundred
🚻①⨀(ti + sata)
satassa tikaṃ tisataṃ
a triad of hundreds: three hundred
🚻①⨀(catu + sata)
satassa catukkaṃ catusataṃ
four hundred
🚻①⨀(pañca + sata)
satassa pañcakaṃ pañcasataṃ
five hundred
🚻①⨀(cha + sata)
satassa chakkaṃ chasataṃ
six hundred
🚻①⨀(satta + sata)
satassa sattakaṃ sattasataṃ
seven hundred
🚻①⨀(aṭṭha + sata)
satassa aṭṭhakaṃ aṭṭhasataṃ
eight hundred
🚻①⨀(nava + sata)
satassa navakaṃ navasataṃ
nine hundred
🚻①⨀(dasa + sata)
satassa dasakaṃ dasasataṃ
ten hundred
🚻①⨀(sahassa)
sahassaṃ hoti
which is a thousand
sata + sa (⑥⨀) + dvi + ka + si
rule
→
satassa dvikaṃ
§392
→
sata + sa + dvika + si
§317
→
(sata + dvika→dvi + sata)
§393
→
dvi + sata + (ka)
§393
→
dvisata + si
§601, §55
→
dvisata + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
dvisataṃ
dvi + sata (digu)
rule
→
dvi + yo + sata + yo
§317
→
dvisata + si
§601, §55
→
dvisata + (si→aṃ)
§321, §219
→
dvisataṃ
ekenūna pañcasataṃ, ānandampi ca uccini (4V 11.3: Brahmadaṇḍakathā)
Gaṇane pariyāpannassa dasadasakassa sataṃ hoti, satadasakassa sahassaṃ hoti yomhi pare.
Sataṃ, sahassaṃ.
Dvikādīnaṃ taduttarapadānañca nippajjante yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.
Satassa dvikaṃ (tadidaṃ hoti) dvisataṃ, evaṃ tisataṃ, catusataṃ, pañcasataṃ, chasataṃ, sattasataṃ, aṭṭhasataṃ, navasataṃ, dasasataṃ, sahassaṃ hoti.
When yo follows, dasa (“ten”) included in counting becomes sataṃ (“a hundred”) as a set of ten tens, and sahassaṃ (“a thousand”) as a set of a hundred tens.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(sata)
sataṃ
a hundred
🚻①⨀(sahassa)
sahassaṃ
a thousand
dasa ×10 + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
(dasa … dasa → dasa) + yo
§388
→
(dasa + yo→sataṃ)
§393
→
sata + ṃ (🚻①⨀)
→
sata + si
§601, §55
→
sata + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
sataṃ
dasa ×100 + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
(dasa … dasa → dasa) + yo
§388
→
(dasa + yo→sahassaṃ)
§393
→
sahassa + ṃ (🚻①⨀)
→
sahassa + si
§601, §55
→
sahassa + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
sahassaṃ
sataṃ hatthī sataṃ assā, sataṃ assatarīrathā (4V 6.2.1: Anāthapiṇḍikavatthu)
sahassaṃ bhikkhusaṃghaṃ cetasā ceto paricca ovadati (1V Veranjakanda: Verañjakaṇḍa)
Dvikādīnaṃ taduttarapadānañca nippajjante yathāsaṅkhyaṃ: and [the forms] of dvika and the rest, which have that as their later member, are formed in order (yathāsaṅkhyaṃ).44 satassa dvikaṃ) — this is what it becomes — is dvisataṃ; likewise tisataṃ, catusataṃ, pañcasataṃ, chasataṃ, sattasataṃ, aṭṭhasataṃ, navasataṃ, dasasataṃ, which is a thousand.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(dvi + sata)
dvisataṃ
two hundred
🚻①⨀(ti + sata)
tisataṃ
three hundred
🚻①⨀(catu + sata)
catusataṃ
four hundred
🚻①⨀(pañca + sata)
pañcasataṃ
five hundred
🚻①⨀(cha + sata)
chasataṃ
six hundred
🚻①⨀(satta + sata)
sattasataṃ
seven hundred
🚻①⨀(aṭṭha + sata)
aṭṭhasataṃ
eight hundred
🚻①⨀(nava + sata)
navasataṃ
nine hundred
🚻①⨀(dasa + sata)
dasasataṃ, sahassaṃ hoti
ten hundred, which is a thousand
tisataṃ apadānānaṃ, gaṇitā atthadassibhi (20Ap1 30.10: Anusaṃsāvakattheraapadāna)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
yāva taduttari (tāsaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ)
dasaguṇitaṃ (kātabbaṃ)
and
as far as [the numbers] beyond these
is to be made by multiplying by ten
Yāva tāsaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ uttari dasaguṇitañca kātabbaṃ.
Taṃ yathā? Dasassa gaṇanassa dasaguṇitaṃ katvā sataṃ hoti, satassa dasaguṇitaṃ katvā sahassaṃ hoti, sahassassa dasaguṇitaṃ katvā dasasahassaṃ hoti, dasasahassassa dasaguṇitaṃ katvā satasahassaṃ hoti, satasahassassa dasaguṇitaṃ katvā dasasatasahassaṃ hoti, dasasatasahassassa dasaguṇitaṃ katvā koṭi hoti, koṭisatasahassassa sataguṇitaṃ katvā pakoṭi hoti. Evaṃ sesāpi yojetabbā.
Caggahaṇaṃ visesanatthaṃ.
As far as [the numbers] go beyond those numerals, each is also to be made by multiplying by ten.
Caggahaṇaṃ visesanatthaṃ: the mention of ca is for the sake of distinction.45
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(yāsaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ aniddiṭṭhanāmadheyyānaṃ rūpāni)
(nippajjante)
sakanāmehi
(the forms of those numbers whose designation no rule has stated)
(are produced)
by their own names
Yāsaṃ pana saṅkhyānaṃ aniddiṭṭhanāmadheyyānaṃ sakehi sakehi nāmehi nippajjante.
Satasahassānaṃ sataṃ koṭi, koṭisatasahassānaṃ sataṃ pakoṭi, pakoṭisatasahassānaṃ sataṃ koṭipakoṭi, koṭipakoṭisatasahassānaṃ sataṃ nahutaṃ, nahutasatasahassānaṃ sataṃ ninnahutaṃ, ninnahutasatasahassānaṃ sataṃ akkhobhiṇī. Tathā bindu, abbudaṃ, nirabbudaṃ, ahahaṃ, ababaṃ, aṭaṭaṃ, sogandhikaṃ, uppalaṃ, kumudaṃ, padumaṃ, puṇḍarikaṃ, kathānaṃ, mahākathānaṃ, asaṅkhyeyyaṃ.
But [the forms] of those numbers whose designation has not been stated are produced by their own respective names.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺①⨀(koṭi)
satasahassānaṃ sataṃ koṭi
a hundred of hundred-thousands: a koṭi, 10⁷
🚺①⨀(pakoṭi)
koṭisatasahassānaṃ sataṃ pakoṭi
a hundred of hundred-thousand koṭi: 10¹⁴
🚺①⨀(koṭi + pakoṭi)
pakoṭisatasahassānaṃ sataṃ koṭipakoṭi
10²¹
🚻①⨀(nahuta)
koṭipakoṭisatasahassānaṃ sataṃ nahutaṃ
10²⁸
🚻①⨀(ninnahuta)
nahutasatasahassānaṃ sataṃ ninnahutaṃ
10³⁵
🚺①⨀(akkhobhiṇī)
ninnahutasatasahassānaṃ sataṃ akkhobhiṇī
10⁴²
🚻①⨀(bindu)
bindu
10⁴⁹
🚻①⨀(abbuda)
abbudaṃ
10⁵⁶
🚻①⨀(nirabbuda)
nirabbudaṃ
10⁶³
🚻①⨀(ahaha)
ahahaṃ
10⁷⁰
🚻①⨀(ababa)
ababaṃ
10⁷⁷
🚻①⨀(aṭaṭa)
aṭaṭaṃ
10⁸⁴
🚻①⨀(sogandhika)
sogandhikaṃ
10⁹¹
🚻①⨀(uppala)
uppalaṃ
10⁹⁸
🚻①⨀(kumuda)
kumudaṃ
10¹⁰⁵
🚻①⨀(paduma)
padumaṃ
10¹¹²
🚻①⨀(puṇḍarika)
puṇḍarikaṃ
10¹¹⁹
🚻①⨀(kathāna)
kathānaṃ
10¹²⁶
🚻①⨀(mahā + kathāna)
mahākathānaṃ
10¹³³
🚻①⨀(asaṅkhyeyya)
asaṅkhyeyyaṃ
the incalculable, 10¹⁴⁰
seyyathāpi, bhikkhu, vīsati abbudā nirayā, evameko nirabbudo nirayo (12S1 6.1.10: Kokālikasutta)
saṃghagataṃ dakkhiṇaṃ asaṅkheyyaṃ appameyyaṃ vadāmi (11M 4.12: Dakkhiṇāvibhaṅgasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
tesaṃ (paccayānaṃ) ṇo
lopaṃ (āpajjate)
ṇ
the ṇ of these suffixes
undergoes elision
ṇ
tesaṃ (“of these”) refers to the suffixes marked with ṇ — ṇa, ṇāyana, ṇāna, ṇeyya, ṇi, ṇava, ṇera, ṇika, ṇya, kaṇ — taught from §344 (361): Vāṇa’pacce on.
Tesaṃ paccayānaṃ ṇo lopamāpajjate.
Gotamassa apaccaṃ gotamo. Evaṃ vāsiṭṭho. Venateyyo, ālasyaṃ, ārogyaṃ.
The ṇ of these suffixes is elided.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(gotama + ṇa)
gotamassa apaccaṃ gotamo
a descendant of Gotama: a Gotama (§344)
🚹①⨀(vasiṭṭha + ṇa)
vāsiṭṭho
a descendant of Vasiṭṭha (§344)
🚹①⨀(vinatā + ṇeyya)
venateyyo
a descendant of Vinatā, the garuḷa (§346)
🚻①⨀(alasa + ṇya)
ālasyaṃ
laziness, the state of the lazy (§360)
🚻①⨀(aroga + ṇya)
ārogyaṃ
health, the state of one without disease (§360)
gotama + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇa
rule
→
gotama + sa + ṇa
§317
→
gotama + (ṇa)
§396
→
gotam + (a + a)
§83
→
gotama
§11
→
gotama + si (a noun)
§601, §55
→
gotama + (si→o)
§104
→
gotamo
vasiṭṭha + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇa
rule
→
vasiṭṭha + sa + ṇa
§317
→
vasiṭṭha + (ṇa)
§396
→
v + (a→ā) + siṭṭha + a
§400, §405
→
vāsiṭṭh + (a + a)
§83
→
vāsiṭṭha
§11
→
vāsiṭṭha + si (a noun)
§601, §55
→
vāsiṭṭha + (si→o)
§104
→
vāsiṭṭho
alasa + sa (⑥⨀) + ṇya
rule
→
alasa + sa + ṇya
§317
→
alasa + (ṇya)
§396
→
(a→ā) + lasa + ya
§400, §405
→
ālas + (a + ya)
§261
→
ālasya + si
§601, §55
→
ālasya + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
ālasyaṃ
vāsiṭṭho diṭṭho hoti pārājikaṃ dhammaṃ ajjhāpajjanto (1V 1.2.9: Dutiyaduṭṭhadosasikkhāpada)
garuḷo pana venateyyo kimāha (22J 10.1.3: Catuposathiyajātaka)
ālasyaṃ anuṭṭhānaṃ bhogānaṃ paripantho (17A10 2.3.3: Iṭṭhadhammasutta)
rogo bhavissati, ārogyaṃ bhavissati (6D 1.2.3: Mahāsīla)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(ekādito)
(paccayo hoti)
dhā
vibhāge
and
(after eka and the numerals)
(the suffix is added)
dhāin the sense of division
Vibhāgatthe ca dhāpaccayo hoti.
Ekena vibhāgena ekadhā. Evaṃ dvidhā, tidhā, catudhā, pañcadhā, chadhā.
Ceti kimatthaṃ? Sopaccayo hoti.
Suttaso, byañjanaso, padaso.
And in the sense of division (vibhāga) the suffix dhā is used.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🔼(eka + dhā)
ekena vibhāgena ekadhā
by one division: in one way, as one
🔼(dvi + dhā)
dvidhā
in two ways, into two
🔼(ti + dhā)
tidhā
in three ways, into three
🔼(catu + dhā)
catudhā
in four ways, into four
🔼(pañca + dhā)
pañcadhā
in five ways, into five
🔼(cha + dhā)
chadhā
in six ways, into six
eka + nā (③⨀) + dhā
rule
→
eka + nā + dhā
§317
→
ekadhā + si
§601, §55
→
ekadhā + si
§221
→
ekadhā
araṇisahitaṃ dvidhā phālesi, tidhā phālesi, catudhā phālesi, pañcadhā phālesi (7D 10.2.10: Aggikajaṭilaupamā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
tu
sabbanāmehi
(paccayo hoti)
thā
pakāravacane
and also
after pronouns
(the suffix is added)
thāin the expression of manner
Sabbanāmehi pakāravacanatthe thāpaccayo hoti.
So pakāro tathā, taṃ pakāraṃ tathā, tena pakārena tathā, tassa pakārassa tathā, tasmā pakārā tathā, tassa pakārassa tathā, tasmiṃ pakāre tathā. Evaṃ yathā, sabbathā, aññathā, itarathā.
Tuggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Thattāpaccayo46
So pakāro tathattā. Evaṃ yathattā. Sabbathattā, aññathattā, itarathattā.
After pronouns (sabbanāma), the suffix thā is used in the sense of the expression of manner (pakāravacana).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ta + thā)
so pakāro tathā
that manner: thus (①)
🚹②⨀(ta) 🚹②⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ta + thā)
taṃ pakāraṃ tathā
in that manner (②)
🚹③⨀(ta) 🚹③⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ta + thā)
tena pakārena tathā
by that manner (③)
🚹④⨀(ta) 🚹④⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ta + thā)
tassa pakārassa tathā
for that manner (④)
🚹⑤⨀(ta) 🚹⑤⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ta + thā)
tasmā pakārā tathā
from that manner (⑤)
🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ta + thā)
tassa pakārassa tathā
of that manner (⑥)
🚹⑦⨀(ta) 🚹⑦⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ta + thā)
tasmiṃ pakāre tathā
in that manner (⑦)
🔼(ya + thā)
yathā
in which way, as
🔼(sabba + thā)
sabbathā
in every way
🔼(añña + thā)
aññathā
otherwise
🔼(itara + thā)
itarathā
in the other way, otherwise
ta + si (①⨀) + thā
rule
→
ta + si + thā
§317
→
tathā + si
§601, §55
→
tathā + si
§221
→
tathā
sabbena sabbaṃ sabbathā sabbaṃ (7D 2.1: Paṭiccasamuppāda)
aññathā santamattānaṃ, aññathā yo pavedaye (1V 1.1.4: Catutthapārājikasikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
kimimehi
(paccayo hoti)
thaṃ
(pakāravacane)
after kiṃ and ima
(the suffix is added)
thaṃ(in the expression of manner)
Kiṃ ima iccetehi thaṃpaccayo hoti pakāravacanatthe.
Ko pakāro kathaṃ, kaṃ pakāraṃ kathaṃ, kena pakārena kathaṃ, kassa pakārassa kathaṃ, kasmā pakārā kathaṃ. Kassa pakārassa kathaṃ, kasmiṃ pakāre kathaṃ, ayaṃ pakāro itthaṃ, imaṃ pakāraṃ itthaṃ, iminā pakārena itthaṃ, imassa pakārassa itthaṃ, imasmā pakārā itthaṃ, imassa pakārassa itthaṃ, imasmiṃ pakāre itthaṃ.
After kiṃ and ima, the suffix thaṃ is used in the sense of the expression of manner (pakāravacana).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(kiṃ) 🚹①⨀(pakāra) 🔼(kiṃ + thaṃ)
ko pakāro kathaṃ
what manner: how? (①)
🚹②⨀(kiṃ) 🚹②⨀(pakāra) 🔼(kiṃ + thaṃ)
kaṃ pakāraṃ kathaṃ
in what manner (②)
🚹③⨀(kiṃ) 🚹③⨀(pakāra) 🔼(kiṃ + thaṃ)
kena pakārena kathaṃ
by what manner (③)
🚹④⨀(kiṃ) 🚹④⨀(pakāra) 🔼(kiṃ + thaṃ)
kassa pakārassa kathaṃ
for what manner (④)
🚹⑤⨀(kiṃ) 🚹⑤⨀(pakāra) 🔼(kiṃ + thaṃ)
kasmā pakārā kathaṃ
from what manner (⑤)
🚹⑥⨀(kiṃ) 🚹⑥⨀(pakāra) 🔼(kiṃ + thaṃ)
kassa pakārassa kathaṃ
of what manner (⑥)
🚹⑦⨀(kiṃ) 🚹⑦⨀(pakāra) 🔼(kiṃ + thaṃ)
kasmiṃ pakāre kathaṃ
in what manner (⑦)
🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ima + thaṃ)
ayaṃ pakāro itthaṃ
this manner: thus (①)
🚹②⨀(ima) 🚹②⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ima + thaṃ)
imaṃ pakāraṃ itthaṃ
in this manner (②)
🚹③⨀(ima) 🚹③⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ima + thaṃ)
iminā pakārena itthaṃ
by this manner (③)
🚹④⨀(ima) 🚹④⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ima + thaṃ)
imassa pakārassa itthaṃ
for this manner (④)
🚹⑤⨀(ima) 🚹⑤⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ima + thaṃ)
imasmā pakārā itthaṃ
from this manner (⑤)
🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚹⑥⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ima + thaṃ)
imassa pakārassa itthaṃ
of this manner (⑥)
🚹⑦⨀(ima) 🚹⑦⨀(pakāra) 🔼(ima + thaṃ)
imasmiṃ pakāre itthaṃ
in this manner (⑦)
kiṃ + si (①⨀) + thaṃ
rule
→
kiṃ + si + thaṃ
§317
→
(kiṃ→ka) + thaṃ
§227
→
kathaṃ + si
§601, §55
→
kathaṃ + si
§221
→
kathaṃ
ima + si (①⨀) + thaṃ
rule
→
ima + si + thaṃ
§317
→
(ima→i) + thaṃ
§234
→
i + (thaṃ→tthaṃ)
§29
→
itthaṃ + si
§601, §55
→
itthaṃ + si
§221
→
itthaṃ
kathaṃ nu kho amhehi paṭipajjitabbaṃ (1V 1.1.4.2: Vinītavatthu)
itthaṃ sudaṃ bhagavā āyasmantaṃ rāhulaṃ imāhi gāthāhi abhiṇhaṃ ovadati (18Sn 2.11: Rāhulasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā ca
ādisarassa (ādibyañjanassa vā sarassa) asaṃyogantassa
vuddhi
saṇe (paccaye)
optionally; and
of the initial vowel (or of the vowel of the initial consonant), not followed by a conjunct
strengthening
before a suffix bearing ṇ
Ādisarassa vā asaṃyogantassa ādibyañjanassa vā sarassa vuddhi hoti saṇakārake paccaye pare.
Ābhidhammiko, venateyyo, vāsiṭṭho, ālasyaṃ, ārogyaṃ.
Asaṃyogantasseti kimatthaṃ?
Bhaggavo, manteyyo, kunteyyo.
Optionally, when a suffix with the letter ṇ follows, the initial vowel, or the vowel of the initial consonant, is strengthened (vuddhi), provided it is not followed by a conjunct.47
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(abhidhamma + ṇika)
ābhidhammiko
one versed in the Abhidhamma (a → ā, §351)
🚹①⨀(vinatā + ṇeyya)
venateyyo
a descendant of Vinatā (i → e, §346)
🚹①⨀(vasiṭṭha + ṇa)
vāsiṭṭho
a descendant of Vasiṭṭha (a → ā, §344)
🚻①⨀(alasa + ṇya)
ālasyaṃ
laziness (a → ā, §360)
🚻①⨀(aroga + ṇya)
ārogyaṃ
health (a → ā, §360)
abhidhamma + ṇika
rule
→
abhidhamma + ṇika
§396
→
(a→ā) + bhidhamma + ika
§400, §405
→
ābhidhamm + (a + ika)
§83
→
ābhidhammika + si
§601, §55
→
ābhidhammika + (si→o)
§104
→
ābhidhammiko
vinatā + āya (⑥⨀) + ṇeyya
rule
→
vinatā + āya + ṇeyya
§317, §318
→
vinatā + (ṇeyya)
§396
→
v + (i→e) + natā + eyya
§400, §405
→
venat + (ā + eyya)
§83
→
venateyya + si
§601, §55
→
venateyya + (si→o)
§104
→
venateyyo
ahampi kho, tāta, ābhidhammiko, tvampi ābhidhammiko (28Mi 2.1: Pubbayogādi)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
mā
yūnaṃ (ādibhūtānaṃ)
(vuddhi)
(saṇe)
(yavehi pubbe)
āgamo (vuddhāgamo)
(e|o)
ṭhāne
not
of initial i and u
(strengthening)
(before a ṇ suffix)
(before the y, v they have become)
insertion (of a strengthened vowel)
e|oin their place
Iu iccetesaṃ ādibhūtānaṃ mā vuddhi hoti.
Tesu ca e o vuddhāgamo hoti ṭhāne.
Byākaraṇamadhīte veyyākaraṇiko, nyāyamadhīte neyyāyiko, byāvacchassa apaccaṃ veyyāvaccho49
Initial i and u are not strengthened; and in their case the strengthened vowel, e or o, comes as an insertion (āgamaṭhāne).50
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(byākaraṇa + ṇika)
byākaraṇamadhīte veyyākaraṇiko
one who studies grammar: a grammarian (§351)
🚹①⨀(nyāya + ṇika)
nyāyamadhīte neyyāyiko
one who studies logic: a logician (§351)
🚹①⨀(byāvaccha + ṇa)
byāvacchassa apaccaṃ veyyāvaccho
a descendant of Byāvaccha (§344)
🚹①⨀(dvāra + ṇika)
dvāre niyutto dovāriko
one posted at the door: a gatekeeper (§351)
dvāra + smiṃ (⑦⨀) + ṇika
rule
→
dvāra + smiṃ + ṇika
§317
→
dvāra + (ṇika)
§396
→
d + (o) + vāra + ika
§401
→
dovār + (a + ika)
§83
→
dovārika + si
§601, §55
→
dovārika + (si→o)
§104
→
dovāriko
vyākaraṇa (byākaraṇa) + aṃ (②⨀) + ṇika
rule
→
vyākaraṇa + aṃ + ṇika
§317
→
vyākaraṇa + (ṇika)
§396
→
v + (e) + yākaraṇa + ika
§401
→
ve + (y) + yākaraṇa + ika
§28
→
veyyākaraṇ + (a + ika)
§83
→
veyyākaraṇika + si
§601, §55
→
veyyākaraṇika + (si→o)
§104
→
veyyākaraṇiko
so dovāriko sālavatiyā gaṇikāya paccassosi (3V 8.1: Jīvakavatthu)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(yūnaṃ)
āttaṃ
ā
(saṇe)
(ṭhāne)
ca
(rikārāgamo)
(ri)
ṭhāne
and
(of initial i and u)
becoming ā
ā(before a ṇ suffix)
(in the proper place)
and
(insertion)
riin the proper place
Iu iccetesaṃ āttañca hoti, rikārāgamo ca ṭhāne.
Isissa bhāvo ārisyaṃ, iṇassa bhāvo āṇyaṃ, usabhassa bhāvo āsabhaṃ, ujuno bhāvo ajjavaṃ, iccevamādī yojetabbā.
Yūnamiti kimatthaṃ?
Apāyesu jāto āpāyiko.
Ṭhāneti kimatthaṃ?
Vematiko, opanayiko, opamāyiko, opāyiko.
And i and u also become ā, and the letter ri is inserted (āgamaṭhāne).
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
kvaci ca
ādimajjhuttarānaṃ (sarānaṃ)
dīgharassā (honti)
paccayesu (apaccayesu ca)
sometimes; and
of the first, middle and last [vowels]
lengthening and shortening
before suffixes (and where there is no suffix)
Kvaci ādimajjhauttaraiccetesaṃ dīgharassā honti paccayesu ca apaccayesu ca.
Ādidīgho tāva – pākāro, nīvāro, pāsādo, pākaṭo, pātimokkho, pāṭikaṅkho iccevamādi.
Majjhedīgho tāva – aṅgamāgadhiko, orabbhamāgaviko52
Uttaradīgho tāva – khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā, añjanā giri, koṭarā vanaṃ, aṅgulī iccevamādi.
Ādirasso tāva – pageva iccevamādi.
Majjherasso tāva – sumedhaso suvaṇṇadharehi53
Uttararasso tāva – bhovādi nāma so hoti, yathābhāvi guṇena so iccevamādi. Aññepi yathājinavacanānuparodhena yojetabbā.
Caggahaṇena apaccayesu cāti atthaṃ samucceti,
Sometimes (kvaci) these — the first, middle and last [vowels] — are lengthened or shortened, both before suffixes and where there is no suffix.
The vutti sorts its examples by the position of the vowel and the direction of the change, each list ending iccevamādi (“and so on”).
Lengthening of the first vowel (ādidīgho):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(pa + kāra)
pākāro
a wall, rampart
🚹①⨀(ni + vāra)
nīvāro
wild rice
🚹①⨀(pa + sāda)
pāsādo
a mansion
🚹①⨀(pa + kaṭa)
pākaṭo
manifest, well known
🚹①⨀(pati + mokkha)
pātimokkho
the Pātimokkha, the code of training rules
🚹①⨀(paṭi + kaṅkha)
pāṭikaṅkho
to be expected
Lengthening of a middle vowel (majjhedīgho):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(aṅga + magadha + ṇika)
aṅgamāgadhiko
of Aṅga and Magadha (māgadha for magadha)
🚹①⨀(urabbha + maga + ṇika)
orabbhamāgaviko
a butcher of sheep and hunter of deer (māga for maga)
Lengthening of the last vowel (uttaradīgho):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺①⨀(khanti)
khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā
patience, forbearance, is the highest austerity (khantī for khanti)
🚹①⨀(añjana) 🚹①⨀(giri)
añjanā giri
Mount Añjana (añjanā for añjana)
🚹①⨀(koṭara) 🚻①⨀(vana)
koṭarā vanaṃ
the Koṭara wood (koṭarā for koṭara)
🚺①⨀(aṅguli)
aṅgulī
a finger (aṅgulī for aṅguli)
Shortening of the first vowel (ādirasso):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🔼(pāgo + eva)
pageva
all the more, how much more (pa for pā)
Shortening of a middle vowel (majjherasso):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(sumedhā + so)
sumedhaso
wise, of good understanding (a for the ā of sumedhā, §364)
🚹③⨂(suvaṇṇa + dhāra)
suvaṇṇadharehi
by the gold-bearers (dhara for dhāra)
Shortening of the last vowel (uttararasso):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(bho + vādī)
bhovādi nāma so hoti
he is a “sir”-sayer by name (bhovādi for bhovādī)
🚹①⨀(yathā + bhāvī)
yathābhāvi guṇena so
he is such as his quality makes him (yathābhāvi for yathābhāvī)
khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā, nibbānaṃ paramaṃ vadanti buddhā (18Dh 14.4: Ānandattherapañhavatthu)
bhovādi nāma so hoti, sace hoti sakiñcano (10M 5.8: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
pageva manussitthiyā (1V 1.1.1.3: Santhatabhāṇavāra)
pākāro nāma tayo pākārā— iṭṭhakāpākāro, silāpākāro, dārupākāro (2V 2.4.1.8: Uccārachaḍḍanasikkhāpada)
vipassamāno jānāti, ubho bhoge sumedhaso (15A4 2.2.2: Ānaṇyasutta)
Aññepi yathājinavacanānuparodhena yojetabbā: other [forms] too are to be applied, so far as they do not conflict with the Conqueror’s word.
Caggahaṇena apaccayesu cāti atthaṃ samucceti: by the mention of ca the sense “also where there is no suffix” is included.
Tesu ādimajjhuttaresu yathājinavacanānuparodhena kvaci vuddhi hoti, kvaci lopo hoti, kvaci āgamo hoti, kvaci vikāro hoti, kvaci viparīto hoti, kvaci ādeso hoti.
Ādivuddhi tāva – ābhidhammiko, venateyyo iccevamādi.
Majjhevuddhi tāva – sukhaseyyaṃ, sukhakāri dānaṃ, sukhakāri sīlaṃ iccevamādi.
Uttaravuddhi tāva – kāliṅgo, māgadhiko, paccakkhadhammā iccevamādi.
Ādilopo tāva – tālīsaṃ iccevamādi.
Majjhelopo tāva – kattukāmo, kumbhakāraputto, vedallaṃ iccevamādi.
Uttaralopo tāva – bhikkhu, bhikkhunī iccevamādi.
Ādiāgamo tāva – vutto bhagavatā iccevamādi.
Majjheāgamo tāva – sa sīlavā54
Uttaraāgamo tāva – vedallaṃ iccevamādi.
Ādivikāro tāva – ārisyaṃ, āṇyaṃ, āsabhaṃ, ajjavaṃ iccevamādi.
Majjhevikāro tāva – varārisyaṃ, parārisyaṃ iccevamādi.
Uttaravikāro tāva – yāni, tāni, sukhāni iccevamādi.
Ādiviparīto tāva – uggate sūriye uggacchati55
Majjheviparīto tāva – samuggacchati, samuggate sūriye iccevamādi.
Uttaraviparīto tāva – digu, diguṇaṃ iccevamādi.
Ādiādeso tāva – yūnaṃ iccevamādi.
Majjheādeso tāva – nyāyogā iccevamādi.
Uttaraādeso tāva – sabbaseyyo, sabbaseṭṭho, cittaṃ iccevamādi. Evaṃ yathājinavacanānuparodhena sabbattha yojetabbā.
In these — the first, middle and last [positions] — strengthening (vuddhi), elision (lopaāgamavikāraviparītaādesakvaci), so far as this does not conflict with the Conqueror’s word.
The vutti takes the six operations in turn and gives each in the three positions, every list ending iccevamādi (“and so on”).
Strengthening (vuddhi):
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(abhidhamma + ṇika)
ābhidhammiko
first: an Abhidhamma scholar — a to ā (§400)
🚹①⨀(vinatā + ṇeyya)
venateyyo
first: a descendant of Vinatā — i to e (§400)
🚺②⨀(sukha + seyyā)
sukhaseyyaṃ
middle: comfortable rest — se for the sa of sayana
🚻①⨀(sukha + kārī)
sukhakāri dānaṃ
middle: a gift that brings happiness — kā for the ka of kara
🚻①⨀(sukha + kārī)
sukhakāri sīlaṃ
middle: virtue that brings happiness
🚹①⨀(kaliṅga + ṇa)
kāliṅgo
last: a man of Kaliṅga — vuddhi in a derived word (§352)
🚹①⨀(magadha + ṇika)
māgadhiko
last: of Magadha — the later member of aṅgamāgadhiko
🚹①⨂(paccakkha + dhamma)
paccakkhadhammā
last: those who have seen the Dhamma for themselves — ā for the final a (§340)
Elision (lopa
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨀(catu + dasa)
tālīsaṃ
first: forty — the ca of cattālīsaṃ dropped (§390)
🚹①⨀(kattuṃ + kāma)
kattukāmo
middle: wishing to do — the ṃ of the infinitive kattuṃ dropped
🚹①⨀(kumbhakāra + putta)
kumbhakāraputto
middle: a potter’s son — the inflection of kumbhakārassa dropped (§317)
🚻①⨀(veda + la)
vedallaṃ
middle: catechism — the ṃ of vedaṃ dropped (§358)
🚹①⨀(√bhikkha + rū)
bhikkhu
last: a monk — the r of the suffix dropped (§535)
🚺①⨀(bhikkhu + inī)
bhikkhunī
last: a nun (§240)
Insertion (āgama
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(√vaca + ta)
vutto bhagavatā
first: said by the Blessed One — v prefixed to utto (§487)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(sīlavantu)
sa sīlavā
middle: he is virtuous — the a of sa (for so, §27) standing in the middle of the phrase
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(paññavantu)
sa paññavā
middle: he is wise
🚻①⨀(veda + la)
vedallaṃ
last: catechism — the second l (§358)
Modification (vikāra
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(isi + ṇa)
ārisyaṃ
first: the state of a sage — i to ā (§402)
🚻①⨀(iṇa + ṇya)
āṇyaṃ
first: indebtedness (§402)
🚻①⨀(usabha + ṇa)
āsabhaṃ
first: pre-eminence — u to ā (§402)
🚻①⨀(uju + ṇa)
ajjavaṃ
first: uprightness (§402)
🚻①⨀(vara + isi + ṇa)
varārisyaṃ
middle: the state of an excellent sage — the ā of §402 inside the compound
🚻①⨀(para + isi + ṇa)
parārisyaṃ
middle: the state of another sage
🚻①⨂(ya)
yāni
last: which — a to ā before ni (§88, §217)
🚻①⨂(ta)
tāni
last: those
🚻①⨂(sukha)
sukhāni
last: pleasures
Metathesis (viparīta
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨀(uggata) 🚹⑦⨀(sūriya)
uggate sūriye
first: when the sun has risen — u for the o of ava (§79)
▶️🤟⨀(uggacchati)
uggacchati
first: it rises
▶️🤟⨀(samuggacchati)
samuggacchati
middle: it rises up — the same after saṃ
🚹⑦⨀(samuggata) 🚹⑦⨀(sūriya)
samuggate sūriye
middle: when the sun has risen up
🚹①⨀(dvi + go)
digu
last: two cows, the digu compound — u for the o of go (§325)
🚻①⨀(dvi + guṇa)
diguṇaṃ
last: twofold
Replacement (ādesa
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️⑥⨂(i + u)
yūnaṃ
first: of i and u — y for i (§401)
🚹⑤⨀(ni + āyoga)
nyāyogā
middle: from application — y for the i of ni
🚹①⨀(sabba + pasattha + iya)
sabbaseyyo
last: best of all — sa for pasattha (§263)
🚹①⨀(sabba + pasattha + iṭṭha)
sabbaseṭṭho
last: best of all (§263)
🚻①⨀(citta)
cittaṃ
last: mind — aṃ for si (§219)
Evaṃ yathājinavacanānuparodhena sabbattha yojetabbā: in this way [the operations] are to be applied everywhere, so far as they do not conflict with the Conqueror’s word.
āyasmāpi dhaniyo kumbhakāraputto (1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
ahaṃ, bhante, saññācikāya kuṭiṃ kattukāmo (1V 1.2.6: Kuṭikārasikkhāpada)
antarāyiko dhammo vutto bhagavatā (3V 2.2: Pātimokkhuddesānujānana)
kimidaṃ soppasi sūriye uggate (12S1 4.1.7: Supatisutta)
sabbaseṭṭho mahāvīra, sadiso te na vijjati (21Bu 1: Ratanacaṅkamanakaṇḍa)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
a-yuvaṇṇānaṃ
(saññā) vuddhi
āyo (ā|e|o)
(yathāsaṅkhyaṃ)
and
of the letter a, the i-sound and the u-sound
(the name) vuddhi
ā|e|o(respectively)
A iti akāro, i īiti ivaṇṇo, u ūiti uvaṇṇo, tesaṃ akāraivaṇṇuvaṇṇānaṃ ā e ovuddhiyo honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ, ā ī ūvuddhi ca.56
Ābhidhammiko, venateyyo, oḷumpiko.
Puna vuddhiggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Uttarapadavuddhibhāvatthaṃ, aṅgamagadhehi āgatāti aṅgamāgadhikā. Nigamajanapadesu jātāti negamajānapadā. Purimajanapadesu jātāti porimajānapadā. Sattāhe niyuttoti sattāhikā, catuvijje niyuttoti cātuvijjikā. Iccevamādī yojetabbā.
Vuddhiiccanena kvattho? Vuddhādisarassa vā’saṃyogantassa saṇe ca.
a means the letter a; i and ī the i-sound (ivaṇṇa); u and ū the u-sound (uvaṇṇa). The strengthened forms (vuddhi) of these — the letter a, the i-sound and the u-sound — are ā, e and o respectively; and ā, ī and ū are vuddhi as well.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(abhidhamma + ṇika)
ābhidhammiko
an Abhidhamma scholar — a to ā (§351)
🚹①⨀(vinatā + ṇeyya)
venateyyo
a descendant of Vinatā — i to e (§346)
🚹①⨀(uḷumpa + ṇika)
oḷumpiko
one who crosses by raft — u to o (§350)
uḷumpa + nā (③⨀) + ṇika
rule
→
uḷumpa + nā + ṇika
§317
→
uḷumpa + (ṇika)
§396
→
(u→o) + ḷumpa + ika
§400, §405
→
oḷump + (a + ika)
§83
→
oḷumpika + si
§601, §55
→
oḷumpika + (si→o)
§104
→
oḷumpiko
garuḷo pana venateyyo kimāha (22J 10.1.3: Catuposathiyajātaka)
Puna vuddhiggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? — what is the purpose of the mention of vuddhi again? Uttarapadavuddhibhāvatthaṃ: so that the last member (uttarapada) is strengthened.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨂(aṅga + magadha + ṇika)
aṅgamagadhehi āgatāti aṅgamāgadhikā
come from Aṅga and Magadha — ā in the second member
🚹①⨂(nigama + janapada + ṇa)
nigamajanapadesu jātāti negamajānapadā
born in towns and provinces — e in the first member, ā in the second
🚹①⨂(purima + janapada + ṇa)
purimajanapadesu jātāti porimajānapadā
born in the former provinces (purima, “former, foremost”) — o in the first, ā in the second57
🚹①⨂(sattāha + ṇika)
sattāhe niyuttoti sattāhikā
engaged for seven days — the ā of āha for the a of aha
🚹①⨂(catu + vijjā + ṇika)
catuvijje niyuttoti cātuvijjikā
devoted to the four Vedas — ā in catu58
Iccevamādī yojetabbā: the like are to be applied in the same way.
Iti nāmakappe taddhitakappo aṭṭhamo kaṇḍo.
Thus ends the taddhita chapter, the eighth section of the nāma chapter.
Taddhitakappo niṭṭhito.
The taddhita chapter is finished.
