option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
tumhamhehi
naṃ (vacanassa)
(ādeso)
ākaṃ
after tumha, amha
naṃ inflection (④⨂, ⑥⨂)(replaced by)
ākaṃ
Tehi tumhaamhehi naṃvacanassa ākaṃ hoti.
Tumhākaṃ, amhākaṃ.
Namiti kimatthaṃ?
Tumhehi, amhehi.
After those, tumha and amha, the inflection naṃ (④⨂, ⑥⨂) becomes ākaṃ.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️⑥⨂(tumha)
tumhākaṃ
your; to you (⨂)
⚧️⑥⨂(amha)
amhākaṃ
our; to us
tumha + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
tumha + (naṃ→ākaṃ)
§161
→
tumh + (a + ākaṃ)
§83
→
tumhākaṃ
yo amhākaṃ satthā (9M 2.1: Cūḷasīhanādasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
(tumhamhehi)
yo appaṭhamo
(ādeso)
(ākaṃ)
optionally
(after tumha, amha)
the yo that is not first (②⨂)
(replaced by)
(ākaṃ)
Tehi tumhaamhehi yo appaṭhamo ākaṃhoti vā.
Tumhākaṃ passāmi, tumhe passāmi vā.
Amhākaṃ passasi, amhe passasi vā.
Yoti kimatthaṃ?
Tumhehi, amhehi.
Appaṭhamoti kimatthaṃ?
Gacchatha tumhe,
gacchāma mayaṃ.
Vātivikappanatthena yonaṃ aṃ ānaṃ honti.
Tumhaṃ tumhānaṃ.
Amhaṃ, amhānaṃ.
After those, tumha and amha, the yo that is not first (②⨂) optionally becomes ākaṃ.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️②⨂(tumha)
tumhākaṃ passāmi
I see you (⨂)
⚧️②⨂(tumha)
tumhe passāmi
I see you (⨂) (by §107)
⚧️②⨂(amha)
amhākaṃ passasi
you see us
⚧️②⨂(amha)
amhe passasi
you see us (by §107)
tumha + yo (②⨂)
rule
→
tumha + (yo→ākaṃ)
§162
→
tumh + (a + ākaṃ)
§83
→
tumhākaṃ
tumha + yo (②⨂)
rule
→
tumha + (yo→e)
§107
→
tumh + (a + e)
§83
→
tumhe
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(vā)
(tumhamhehi)
sassa (vibhattissa)
(ādeso)
aṃ
(optionally)
(after tumha, amha)
sa inflection (④⨀, ⑥⨀)(replaced by)
aṃ
Tehi tumhaamhehi1
Tumhaṃ dīyate, tava dīyate.
Tumhaṃ pariggaho, tava pariggaho.
Amhaṃ dīyate, mama dīyate.
Amhaṃ pariggaho, mama pariggaho.
Sasseti kimatthaṃ?
Tumhesu,
amhesu.
After those, tumha and amha, the inflection sa (④⨀, ⑥⨀) is optionally replaced by aṃ.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️④⨀(tumha)
tumhaṃ dīyate
it is given to you
⚧️④⨀(tumha)
tava dīyate
it is given to you (by §141)
⚧️⑥⨀(tumha)
tumhaṃ pariggaho
your possession
⚧️⑥⨀(tumha)
tava pariggaho
your possession (by §141)
⚧️④⨀(amha)
amhaṃ dīyate
it is given to me
⚧️④⨀(amha)
mama dīyate
it is given to me (by §141)
⚧️⑥⨀(amha)
amhaṃ pariggaho
my possession
⚧️⑥⨀(amha)
mama pariggaho
my possession (by §141)
tumha + sa (④⨀)
rule
→
tumha + (sa→aṃ)
§163
→
tumh + (a + aṃ)
§83
→
tumhaṃ
tumhaṃ yevassa tena antarāyo (6D 1.1: Paribbājakakathā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
sabbanāma-akārato
(yo) paṭhamo
(ettamāpajjate)
e
after the final a of a pronoun
the first yo (①⨂)
(becomes)
e
Sabbesaṃ sabbanāmānaṃ akārato yo paṭhamo ettamāpajjate.
Sabbe, ye, te, ke, tumhe, amhe, ime.
Sabbanāmāti kimatthaṃ?
Devā, asurā, nāgā, gandhabbā, manussā.
Akāratoti kimatthaṃ?
Amū purisā tiṭṭhanti.
Yoti kimatthaṃ?
Sabbo, yo, so, ko, ayaṃ.
Paṭhamaggahaṇaṃ uttarasuttatthaṃ.
After the a of all pronouns (sabbanāma), the first yo (①⨂) becomes e.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨂(sabba)
sabbe
all
🚹①⨂(ya)
ye
who, whoever
🚹①⨂(ta)
te
they, those
🚹①⨂(ka)
ke
who?
⚧️①⨂(tumha)
tumhe
you (⨂)
⚧️①⨂(amha)
amhe
we
🚹①⨂(ima)
ime
these
sabba + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
sabba + (yo→e)
§164
→
sabb + (a + e)
§83
→
sabbe
sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā (9M 4.5: Cūḷasaccakasutta)
By saying sabbanāmānaṃ (of pronouns) the rule does not apply to nouns.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨂(deva)
devā
gods
🚹①⨂(asura)
asurā
asuras
🚹①⨂(nāga)
nāgā
nāgas
🚹①⨂(gandhabba)
gandhabbā
gandhabbas
🚹①⨂(manussa)
manussā
humans
By saying akārato (after a) the rule does not apply to a pronoun ending in another vowel.
amū purisā tiṭṭhanti
By saying yo the rule does not apply to the singular si.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(sabba)
sabbo
all, every
🚹①⨀(ya)
yo
who, whoever
🚹①⨀(ta)
so
he, that
🚹①⨀(ka)
ko
who?
🚹①⨀(ima)
ayaṃ
this
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
(sabbanāma-akārato) dvandaṭṭhā
(yo paṭhamo)
(ettamāpajjate)
(e)
optionally
after the a of a pronoun standing in a dvanda compound
(the first yo)
(becomes)
(e)
Tasmā sabbanāma’kārato dvandaṭṭhā yo paṭhamo ettamāpajjate vā.
Katarakatame, katarakatamā vā.
Sabbanāmāti kimatthaṃ?
Devāsuranāgagandhabbamanussā2
Dvandaṭṭhāti kimatthaṃ?
Te, sabbe.
After that a of a pronoun standing in a dvanda, the first yo optionally becomes e.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨂(katara + katama)
katarakatame
which and which?
🚹①⨂(katara + katama)
katarakatamā
which and which? (by §107)
katarakatama + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
katarakatama + (yo→e)
§165
→
katarakatam + (a + e)
§83
→
katarakatame
katarakatama + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
katarakatama + (yo→ā)
§107
→
katarakatam + (a + ā)
§83
→
katarakatamā
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(dvandaṭṭhe)
sabbanāmikaṃ (kāriyaṃ)
na (hoti)
aññaṃ
(in a dvanda compound)
pronominal (operation)
does not (take place)
any other
Sabbanāmikānaṃ dvandaṭṭhe nāññaṃ kāriyaṃ hoti,
Pubbāparānaṃ, pubbuttarānaṃ, adharuttarānaṃ.
For pronominal [words] standing in a dvanda, there is no other operation.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑥⨂(pubba + apara)
pubbāparānaṃ
of the former and the latter
🚹⑥⨂(pubba + uttara)
pubbuttarānaṃ
of the eastern and the northern
🚹⑥⨂(adhara + uttara)
adharuttarānaṃ
of the lower and the upper
pubbāpara + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
pubbāpara + naṃ (no saṃ, sānaṃ)
§166
→
pubbāpar + (a→ā) + naṃ
§89
→
pubbāparānaṃ
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
bahubbīhimhi (samāse)
(sabbanāmikaṃ kāriyaṃ)
(na hoti)
(aññaṃ)
and
in a bahubbīhi compound
(pronominal operation)
(does not take place)
(any other)
Bahubbīhimhi ca samāse sabbanāmavidhānañca nāññaṃ kāriyaṃ hoti.
Piyapubbāya, piyapubbānaṃ, piyapubbe, piyapubbassa.
Ceti kimatthaṃ?
Sabbanāmavidhānaṃ hoti.
dakkhiṇapubbassaṃ3
And in a bahubbīhi compound too, no other pronominal operation takes place.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺⑥⨀(piya + pubba)
piyapubbāya
of the woman whose former [spouse] was dear
🚺⑥⨂(piya + pubba)
piyapubbānaṃ
of the women whose former [spouses] were dear
🚹⑦⨀(piya + pubba)
piyapubbe
in the man whose former [spouse] was dear
🚹⑥⨀(piya + pubba)
piyapubbassa
of the man whose former [spouse] was dear
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
sabbato (sabbanāmato)
naṃ (vacanassa)
(ādesā)
saṃ | sānaṃ
after every pronoun
naṃ inflection (④⨂, ⑥⨂)(replaced by)
saṃ | sānaṃ
Sabbato sabbanāmato naṃvacanassa saṃsānaṃiccete ādesā honti.
Sabbesaṃ, sabbesānaṃ, sabbāsaṃ, sabbāsānaṃ.
Yesaṃ, yesānaṃ, yāsaṃ, yāsānaṃ.
Tesaṃ, tesānaṃ, tāsaṃ, tāsānaṃ.
Kesaṃ, kesānaṃ, kāsaṃ, kāsānaṃ.
Imesaṃ, imesānaṃ, imāsaṃ, imāsānaṃ.
Amūsaṃ, amūsānaṃ.
Namiti kimatthaṃ?
Sabbassa, yassa, tassa, kassa.
Evaṃ sabbattha.
After every pronoun (sabbanāma), the inflection naṃ (④⨂, ⑥⨂) is replaced by saṃ and sānaṃ.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑥⨂(sabba)
sabbesaṃ
of all
🚹⑥⨂(sabba)
sabbesānaṃ
of all
🚺⑥⨂(sabba)
sabbāsaṃ
of all (women)
🚺⑥⨂(sabba)
sabbāsānaṃ
of all (women)
🚹⑥⨂(ya)
yesaṃ
of whom
🚹⑥⨂(ya)
yesānaṃ
of whom
🚺⑥⨂(ya)
yāsaṃ
of whom (women)
🚺⑥⨂(ya)
yāsānaṃ
of whom (women)
🚹⑥⨂(ta)
tesaṃ
of those
🚹⑥⨂(ta)
tesānaṃ
of those
🚺⑥⨂(ta)
tāsaṃ
of those (women)
🚺⑥⨂(ta)
tāsānaṃ
of those (women)
🚹⑥⨂(ka)
kesaṃ
of whom?
🚹⑥⨂(ka)
kesānaṃ
of whom?
🚺⑥⨂(ka)
kāsaṃ
of which (women)?
🚺⑥⨂(ka)
kāsānaṃ
of which (women)?
🚹⑥⨂(ima)
imesaṃ
of these
🚹⑥⨂(ima)
imesānaṃ
of these
🚺⑥⨂(ima)
imāsaṃ
of these (women)
🚺⑥⨂(ima)
imāsānaṃ
of these (women)
🚹⑥⨂(amu)
amūsaṃ
of those yonder
🚹⑥⨂(amu)
amūsānaṃ
of those yonder
sabba + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
sabb + (a→e) + naṃ
§102
→
sabbe + (naṃ→saṃ)
§168
→
sabbesaṃ
sabbā + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
sabbā + (naṃ→sānaṃ)
§168
→
sabbāsānaṃ
amu + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
amu + (naṃ→saṃ)
§168
→
am + (u→ū) + saṃ
§89
→
amūsaṃ
tesaṃ vūpasamo sukho (7D 3.36: Parinibbutakathā)
tāsaṃ itthīnaṃ (1V 1.2.3: Duṭṭhullavācāsikkhāpada)
amūsaṃ bhedāya (6D 1.2.1: Cūḷasīla)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
rājassa (sabbassa)
(ādeso)
rāju
sunaṃhisu
and
the whole of rāja
(replaced by)
rājusu, naṃ, hi inflections
Sabbasseva rājasaddassa rājuādeso hoti sunaṃhiiccetesu.
Rājūsu, rājūnaṃ, rājūhi, rājūbhi.
Sunaṃhisūti kimatthaṃ?
Rājā.
Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.
Rājesu, rājānaṃ, rājehi rājebhi.
The whole of the word rāja (“king”) is replaced by rāju before the inflections su, naṃ and hi.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨂(rāja)
rājūsu
among kings
🚹⑥⨂(rāja)
rājūnaṃ
of kings
🚹③⨂(rāja)
rājūhi
by kings
🚹③⨂(rāja)
rājūbhi
by kings (by §99)
rāja + su (⑦⨂)
rule
→
(rāja→rāju) + su
§169
→
rāj + (u→ū) + su
§89
→
rājūsu
rājūnaṃ ādinnadaṇḍānaṃ ādinnasatthānaṃ (3V 10.2: Dīghāvuvatthu)
rājūhi vā corehi vā (1V 1.4.1.6: Aññātakaviññattisikkhāpada)
By saying sunaṃhisu (before su, naṃ, hi) the rule does not reach other inflections.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(rāja)
rājā
king
The mention of ca is for limitation (avadhāraṇa).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨂(rāja)
rājesu
among kings
🚹⑥⨂(rāja)
rājānaṃ
of kings
🚹③⨂(rāja)
rājehi
by kings
🚹③⨂(rāja)
rājebhi
by kings
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
sabbassa imassa
(ādeso)
e
(sunaṃhisu)
optionally
the whole of ima
(replaced by)
e(su, naṃ, hi inflections)
Sabbasseva imasaddassa ekāro hoti vā sunaṃhiiccetesu.
Esu, imesu,
esaṃ, imesaṃ,
ehi, ebhi,
imehi, imebhi.
Imasseti kimatthaṃ?
Etesu, etesaṃ, etehi, etebhi.
The whole of the word ima (“this”) optionally becomes e before the inflections su, naṃ and hi.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨂(ima)
esu
in these
🚹⑦⨂(ima)
imesu
in these (by §101)
🚹⑥⨂(ima)
esaṃ
of these
🚹⑥⨂(ima)
imesaṃ
of these (by §102, §168)
🚹③⨂(ima)
ehi
by these
🚹③⨂(ima)
ebhi
by these (by §99)
🚹③⨂(ima)
imehi
by these (by §101)
🚹③⨂(ima)
imebhi
by these (by §101, §99)
ima + su (⑦⨂)
rule
→
(ima→e) + su
§170
→
esu
ima + su (⑦⨂)
rule
→
im + (a→e) + su
§101
→
imesu
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
imasaddassa (sabbassa)
(ādesā)
ana | imi
nāmhi
and
the whole of ima
(replaced by)
ana | iminā inflection (③⨀)
Imasaddassa sabbasseva ana imiiccete ādesā honti nāmhi vibhattimhi.
Anena dhammadānena, sukhitā hotu sā pajā.
Iminā buddhapūjena, patvāna amataṃ padaṃ.
Nāmhīti kimatthaṃ?
Imesu, imesaṃ, imehi, imebhi.4
The whole of the word ima is replaced by ana and imi before the inflection nā (③⨀).
anena dhammadānena, sukhitā hotu sā pajā
iminā buddhapūjena, patvāna amataṃ padaṃ
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹③⨀(ima)
anena
by this
🚹③⨀(ima)
iminā
by this
ima + nā (③⨀)
rule
→
(ima→ana) + nā
§171
→
ana + (nā→ena)
§103
→
an + (a + ena)
§83
→
anena
ima + nā (③⨀)
rule
→
(ima→imi) + nā
§171
→
iminā
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(imasaddassa sabbassa) anapuṃsakassa
(ādeso)
ayaṃ
simhi
the whole of ima when not neuter
(replaced by)
ayaṃsi inflection (①⨀)
Imasaddassa sabbasseva anapuṃsakassa ayaṃādeso hoti simhi vibhattimhi.
Ayaṃ puriso,
ayaṃ itthī.
Anapuṃsakasseti kimatthaṃ?
Idaṃ cittaṃ tiṭṭhati.
Simhīti kimatthaṃ?
Imaṃ purisaṃ passasi tvaṃ.
The whole of the word ima, when it is not neuter, is replaced by ayaṃ before the inflection si (①⨀).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(ima)
ayaṃ puriso
this man
🚺①⨀(ima)
ayaṃ itthī
this woman
ima + si (①⨀)
rule
→
(ima→ayaṃ) + si
§172
→
ayaṃ + si
§220
→
ayaṃ
pariyuṭṭhito ayaṃ puriso (2V 1.5.5.3: Sabhojanasikkhāpada)
Amusaddassa anapuṃsakassa makāro sakāramāpajjate vā simhi vibhattimhi.
Asu rājā,
asu itthī,
amuko rājā,
amukā itthī.
Anapuṃsakasseti kimatthaṃ?
Aduṃ pupphaṃ virocati.
Amusseti kimatthaṃ?
Ayaṃ puriso tiṭṭhati.
Simhīti kimatthaṃ?
Amuṃ5
The m of the word amu (“that yonder”, “such and such”), when it is not neuter, optionally becomes s before the inflection si (①⨀).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(amu)
asu rājā
that king
🚺①⨀(amu)
asu itthī
that woman
🚹①⨀(amu)
amuko rājā
that king (with ka, §178)
🚺①⨀(amu)
amukā itthī
that woman (with ka, §178)
amu + si (①⨀)
rule
→
a + (m→s) + u + si
§173
→
asu + si
§220
→
asu
asu amutra upapanno (7D 5.1: Nātikiyādibyākaraṇa)
By saying anapuṃsakassa (of the non-neuter) the neuter is excluded.
aduṃ pupphaṃ virocati
By saying amussa (of amu) other pronouns are excluded.6
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(ima)
ayaṃ puriso tiṭṭhati
this man stands
By saying simhi (before si) other inflections are excluded.
amuṃ purisaṃ passasi
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
etatesaṃ (anapuṃsakānaṃ) to
(āpajjate)
(saṃ)
(simhi)
the t of eta, ta when not neuter
(becomes)
(s)
(si inflection)
Eta taiccetesaṃ anapuṃsakānaṃ takāro sakāramāpajjate simhi vibhattimhi.
Eso puriso,
esā itthī,
so puriso,
sā itthī.
Etatesamiti kimatthaṃ?
Itaro puriso,
itarā itthī.
Anapuṃsakānamiti kimatthaṃ?
Etaṃ cittaṃ, etaṃ rūpaṃ.
Taṃ cittaṃ, taṃ rūpaṃ.
The t of eta (“this”) and ta (“that”), when they are not neuter, becomes s before the inflection si (①⨀).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(eta)
eso puriso
this man
🚺①⨀(eta)
esā itthī
this woman
🚹①⨀(ta)
so puriso
that man
🚺①⨀(ta)
sā itthī
that woman
ta + si (①⨀)
rule
→
(t→s) + a + si
§174
→
sa + (si→o)
§104
→
s + (a + o)
§83
→
so
tā + si (①⨀)
rule
→
(t→s) + ā + si
§174
→
sā + si
§220
→
sā
atha kho sā itthī sallakkhetvā (2V 1.5.5.3: Sabhojanasikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
tassa (sabbanāmassa) takārassa
(hoti)
nattaṃ
sabbattha (liṅgesu)
optionally
the t of the pronoun ta
(becomes)
neverywhere, in all genders
Tassa sabbanāmassa takārassa nattaṃ hoti vā sabbattha liṅgesu.
Nāya, tāya,
naṃ, taṃ,
ne, te,
nesu, tesu,
namhi, tamhi,
nāhi, tāhi,
nābhi, tābhi.
The t of the pronoun ta optionally becomes n everywhere, in all genders.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺③⨀(ta)
nāya
by her
🚺③⨀(ta)
tāya
by her
🚹②⨀(ta)
naṃ
him
🚹②⨀(ta)
taṃ
him
🚹①⨂(ta)
ne
they
🚹①⨂(ta)
te
they
🚹⑦⨂(ta)
nesu
in them
🚹⑦⨂(ta)
tesu
in them
🚹⑦⨀(ta)
namhi
in him
🚹⑦⨀(ta)
tamhi
in him
🚺③⨂(ta)
nāhi
by them (women)
🚺③⨂(ta)
tāhi
by them (women)
🚺③⨂(ta)
nābhi
by them (women)
🚺③⨂(ta)
tābhi
by them (women)
ta + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
(t→n) + a + yo
§175
→
na + (yo→e)
§164
→
n + (a + e)
§83
→
ne
tato naṃ dukkhamanveti (18Dh 1.1: Cakkhupālattheravatthu)
detha nesaṃ cīvarānī (1V 1.4.1.6: Aññātakaviññattisikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(vā)
(tassa sabbanāmassa takārassa) sabbassa
(hoti)
attaṃ
sasmāsmiṃsaṃsāsu
(sabbattha liṅgesu)
(optionally)
the whole ta — its t with its vowel
(becomes)
asa, smā, smiṃ, saṃ, sā(in all genders)
Tassa sabbanāmassa takārassa sabbasseva attaṃ hoti vā sasmāsmiṃ saṃsāiccetesu sabbattha liṅgesu.
Assa, tassa,
asmā, tasmā,
asmiṃ, tasmiṃ,
assaṃ, tassaṃ,
assā, tassā.
Takārasseti kimatthaṃ?
Amussaṃ, amussā.
Etesvīti kimatthaṃ?
Nesu, tesu.
The whole of the t of the pronoun ta optionally becomes a before sa, smā, smiṃ, saṃ and sā, everywhere, in all genders.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(ta)
assa
to him; of him
🚹④⨀(ta)
tassa
to him; of him
🚹⑤⨀(ta)
asmā
from that
🚹⑤⨀(ta)
tasmā
from that
🚹⑦⨀(ta)
asmiṃ
in that
🚹⑦⨀(ta)
tasmiṃ
in that
🚺⑦⨀(ta)
assaṃ
in her
🚺⑦⨀(ta)
tassaṃ
in her
🚺⑥⨀(ta)
assā
of her
🚺⑥⨀(ta)
tassā
of her
ta + sa (④⨀)
rule
→
(ta→a) + sa
§176
→
a + (s) + sa
§61
→
assa
tā + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
tā + (smiṃ→saṃ)
§179
→
t + (ā→a) + saṃ
§66
→
ta + (s) + saṃ
§62
→
(ta→a) + ssaṃ
§176
→
assaṃ
na cassa hoti āpatti (5V 20.3: Pācittiyādipañhā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
imasaddassa (sabbassa)
(hoti)
(attaṃ)
(sasmāsmiṃsaṃsāsu)
(sabbattha liṅgesu)
and
the whole of ima
(becomes)
(a)
(sa, smā, smiṃ, saṃ, sā)
(in all genders)
Imasaddassa ca sabbasseva attaṃ hoti vā sasmāsmiṃ saṃ sāiccetesu sabbattha liṅgesu.
Assa, imassa,
asmā, imasmā,
asmiṃ, imasmiṃ,
assaṃ, imissaṃ,
assā, imissā.
Imasaddasseti kimatthaṃ?
Etissaṃ, etissā.
And the whole of the word ima optionally becomes a before sa, smā, smiṃ, saṃ and sā, everywhere, in all genders.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(ima)
assa
to this; of this
🚹④⨀(ima)
imassa
to this; of this
🚹⑤⨀(ima)
asmā
from this
🚹⑤⨀(ima)
imasmā
from this
🚹⑦⨀(ima)
asmiṃ
in this
🚹⑦⨀(ima)
imasmiṃ
in this
🚺⑦⨀(ima)
assaṃ
in this (woman)
🚺⑦⨀(ima)
imissaṃ
in this (woman)
🚺⑥⨀(ima)
assā
of this (woman)
🚺⑥⨀(ima)
imissā
of this (woman)
imā + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
imā + (smiṃ→saṃ)
§179
→
im + (ā→i) + saṃ
§63
→
imi + (s) + saṃ
§62
→
imissaṃ
imā + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
imā + (smiṃ→saṃ)
§179
→
im + (ā→a) + saṃ
§66
→
ima + (s) + saṃ
§62
→
(ima→a) + ssaṃ
§177
→
assaṃ
asmiṃ loke paramhi ca (10M 5.8: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
asmā lokā paramhā ca (8D 8.10: Ālasyassa cha ādīnavā)
Sabbato sabbanāmato kakārāgamo hoti vā simhi vibhattimhi.
Sabbako, yako, sako, amuko, asuko.
Vāti kimatthaṃ?
Sabbo, yo, so, ko.
Sabbanāmatoti kimatthaṃ?
Puriso.
Puna sabbatoggahaṇena aññasmāpi kakārāgamo hoti.
hīnako,
potako.
After every pronoun (sabbanāma), the augment k is optionally inserted before the inflection si (①⨀).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(sabba)
sabbako
all, every
🚹①⨀(ya)
yako
who, whoever
🚹①⨀(ta)
sako
he, that one
🚹①⨀(amu)
amuko
that one yonder
🚹①⨀(amu)
asuko
that one yonder (with s, §173)
amu + si (①⨀)
rule
→
amu + (ka) + si
§178
→
amuka + (si→o)
§104
→
amuk + (a + o)
§83
→
amuko
asuko bhikkhu paṭhamassa jhānassa lābhī (1V 1.1.4: Catutthapārājikasikkhāpada)
Sabbato sabbanāmato ghapasaññato smiṃsaiccetesaṃ saṃsā ādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.
Sabbassaṃ, sabbassā, sabbāyaṃ, sabbāya,
imissaṃ, imissā, imāyaṃ, imāya,
amussaṃ, amussā, amuyaṃ, amuyā.
Sabbanāmatoti kimatthaṃ?
Itthiyaṃ, itthiyā.
Smiṃsānamiti kimatthaṃ?
Amuyo.
After every pronoun named gha or pa, the inflections smiṃ (⑦⨀) and sa (④⨀, ⑥⨀) are optionally replaced by saṃ and sā respectively.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺⑦⨀(sabba)
sabbassaṃ
in all
🚺⑥⨀(sabba)
sabbassā
of all
🚺⑦⨀(sabba)
sabbāyaṃ
in all (by §216)
🚺⑥⨀(sabba)
sabbāya
of all (by §111)
🚺⑦⨀(ima)
imissaṃ
in this
🚺⑥⨀(ima)
imissā
of this
🚺⑦⨀(ima)
imāyaṃ
in this (by §216)
🚺⑥⨀(ima)
imāya
of this (by §111)
🚺⑦⨀(amu)
amussaṃ
in that yonder
🚺⑥⨀(amu)
amussā
of that yonder
🚺⑦⨀(amu)
amuyaṃ
in that yonder (by §216)
🚺⑥⨀(amu)
amuyā
of that yonder (by §112)
sabbā + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
sabbā + (smiṃ→saṃ)
§179
→
sabb + (ā→a) + saṃ
§66
→
sabba + (s) + saṃ
§62
→
sabbassaṃ
amu + sa (⑥⨀)
rule
→
amu + (sa→sā)
§179
→
amu + (s) + sā
§62
→
amussā
imissā makkaṭiyā (1V 1.1.1.2: Makkaṭīvatthu)
amussā itthiyā sāratto (11M 1.1: Devadahasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
etāhi (sabbanāmehi ghapasaññehi)
smiṃ (vacanassa)
na (ādesā)
āya | yā
after these pronouns that are gha or pa
smiṃ inflection (⑦⨀)not (replaced by)
āya | yā
Etehi sabbanāmehi ghapasaññehi smiṃvacanassa neva āya yāādesā honti.
Etissaṃ, etāyaṃ,
imissaṃ, imāyaṃ,
amussaṃ, amuyaṃ.
Smiṃnti kimatthaṃ?
Tāya itthiyā mukhaṃ.
Etāhīti kimatthaṃ?
Kaññāya, vīṇāya, gaṅgāya, kapālikāya.
After these pronouns named gha or pa, the inflection smiṃ (⑦⨀) is not replaced by āya or yā.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺⑦⨀(eta)
etissaṃ
in this
🚺⑦⨀(eta)
etāyaṃ
in this (by §216)
🚺⑦⨀(ima)
imissaṃ
in this
🚺⑦⨀(ima)
imāyaṃ
in this (by §216)
🚺⑦⨀(amu)
amussaṃ
in that yonder
🚺⑦⨀(amu)
amuyaṃ
in that yonder (by §216)
imissaṃ parisāyaṃ (6D 4.5: Brāhmaṇapaññatti)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
manogaṇādito
smiṃ nānaṃ
(ādesā)
i | ā
yathāsaṅkhyaṃ
optionally
after the mano-group and the like
smiṃ, nā inflections(replaced by)
i | ārespectively
Tasmā manogaṇādito smiṃnāiccetesaṃ ikāraākārādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.
Manasi, manasmiṃ8
sirasi, sirasmiṃ,
manasā, manena,
vacasā, vacena,
sirasā, sirena,
sarasā, sarena,
tapasā, tapena,
vayasā, vayena,
yasasā, yasena,
tejasā, tejena,
urasā, urena,
thāmasā, thāmena.
Smiṃnānamiti kimatthaṃ?
Mano, siro, tamo, tapo, tejo.
Ādiggahaṇena aññāsmāpi smiṃnānaṃ ikāraākārādesā honti.
bilasi, bilasā, padasi, padasā.
After that mano-group and the like, the inflections smiṃ (⑦⨀) and nā (③⨀) are optionally replaced by i and ā respectively.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨀(mana)
manasi
in the mind
🚹⑦⨀(mana)
manasmiṃ
in the mind (rule not applied)
🚹⑦⨀(sira)
sirasi
on the head
🚹⑦⨀(sira)
sirasmiṃ
on the head (rule not applied)
🚹③⨀(mana)
manasā
with the mind
🚹③⨀(mana)
manena
with the mind (by §103)
🚹③⨀(vaca)
vacasā
with speech
🚹③⨀(vaca)
vacena
with speech (by §103)
🚹③⨀(sira)
sirasā
with the head
🚹③⨀(sira)
sirena
with the head (by §103)
🚹③⨀(sara)
sarasā
by the lake
🚹③⨀(sara)
sarena
by the lake (by §103)
🚹③⨀(tapa)
tapasā
by austerity
🚹③⨀(tapa)
tapena
by austerity (by §103)
🚹③⨀(vaya)
vayasā
by age
🚹③⨀(vaya)
vayena
by age (by §103)
🚹③⨀(yasa)
yasasā
by fame
🚹③⨀(yasa)
yasena
by fame (by §103)
🚹③⨀(teja)
tejasā
by fire
🚹③⨀(teja)
tejena
by fire (by §103)
🚹③⨀(ura)
urasā
with the chest
🚹③⨀(ura)
urena
with the chest (by §103)
🚹③⨀(thāma)
thāmasā
with strength
🚹③⨀(thāma)
thāmena
with strength (by §103)
mana + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
mana + (smiṃ→i)
§181
→
mana + (s) + i
§184
→
manasi
mana + nā (③⨀)
rule
→
mana + (nā→ā)
§181
→
mana + (s) + ā
§184
→
manasā
sādhukaṃ manasi karotha (6D 6.2.4: Dvepabbajitavatthu)
manasā ce paduṭṭhena (18Dh 1.1: Cakkhupālattheravatthu)
paṭhamena vayasā (6D 4.3: Buddhaguṇakathā)
uttamaṅge sirasmiṃ (4V 10.1.2: Aṭṭhagarudhamma)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(manogaṇādito)
sassa
(hoti)
o
and
(after the mano-group)
sa inflection (④⨀, ⑥⨀)(becomes)
o
Tasmā manogaṇādito sassa ca okāro hoti.
Manaso, thāmaso, tapaso.
And after that mano-group and the like, the inflection sa (④⨀, ⑥⨀) becomes o.9
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹④⨀(mana)
manaso
to the mind
🚹⑥⨀(thāma)
thāmaso
of strength
🚹⑥⨀(tapa)
tapaso
of austerity
mana + sa (④⨀)
rule
→
mana + (sa→o)
§182
→
mana + (s) + o
§184
→
manaso
manaso piyā hadayagāminiyo (8D 7.28–29: Lakkhaṇasutta)
thāmaso parāmāso na hoti (13S3 1.1.5.4: Dutiyaaniccasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
etesaṃ (manogaṇādīnaṃ)
(anto)
(āpajjate)
o
(vibhatti)lope (kate)
of these, the mano-group
(the final a)
(becomes)
owhen the inflection has been elided
Etesaṃ manogaṇādīnaṃ anto ottamāpajjate vibhattilope kate.
Manomayaṃ, ayomayaṃ, tejosamena, tapoguṇena, siroruhena.
Ādiggahaṇaṃkimatthaṃ?
Aññesamanto ottamāpajjate.
Āposamena, vāyosamena.
Lopeti kimatthaṃ?
Padasā10
The final of these, the mano-group and the like, becomes o when the inflection has been elided.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻①⨀(mana + maya)
manomayaṃ
mind-made
🚻①⨀(aya + maya)
ayomayaṃ
made of iron
🚹③⨀(teja + sama)
tejosamena
[with a mind] like fire
🚹③⨀(tapa + guṇa)
tapoguṇena
by the quality of austerity
🚹③⨀(sira + ruha)
siroruhena
by the hair
mana + [nā] + maya (+ si, 🚻)
rule
→
mana + nā + maya
§317
→
man + (a→o) + maya
§183
→
manomaya + si
§55
→
manomaya + (si→aṃ)
§219
→
manomayaṃ
manomayaṃ kāyaṃ upapanno (4V 7.1.2: Devadattavatthu)
tejosamena cetasā viharāmi (17A9 1.2.1: Sīhanādasutta)
kena tapoguṇena (22J 14.1.8: Mahāmorajātaka)
By the mention of ādi (“and the like”) the final of others becomes o.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹③⨀(āpa + sama)
āposamena
[with a mind] like water
🚹③⨀(vāya + sama)
vāyosamena
[with a mind] like wind
āposamena cetasā viharāmi (17A9 1.2.1: Sīhanādasutta)
By saying lope (when elided) the rule does not apply where the inflection is replaced, not elided. Evamaññepi yojetabbā: others too are to be construed in the same way.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻③⨀(pada)
padasā
on foot
🚹③⨀(tapa)
tapasā
by austerity
🚹③⨀(yasa)
yasasā
by fame
🚹③⨀(vaca)
vacasā
with speech
🚹③⨀(mana)
manasā
with the mind
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
(eteheva manogaṇādīhi)
āgamo
sa
sare (vibhattādese)
optionally
after these same mano-group words
augment
sbefore a vowel that replaces an inflection
Eteheva manogaṇādīhi vibhattādese sare pare sakārāgamo hoti vā.
Manasā, vacasā, manasi, vacasi.
Vāti kimatthaṃ?
Manena, tejena, yasena11
Sareti kimatthaṃ?
Mano, tejo, yaso.
Puna ādiggahaṇena aññasmimpi paccaye pare sakārāgamo hoti.
Mānasikaṃ, vācasikaṃ.
After these same, the mano-group and the like, when a vowel replacing an inflection follows, the augment s is optionally inserted.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹③⨀(mana)
manasā
with the mind
🚹③⨀(vaca)
vacasā
with speech
🚹⑦⨀(mana)
manasi
in the mind
🚹⑦⨀(vaca)
vacasi
in speech
vaca + nā (③⨀)
rule
→
vaca + (nā→ā)
§181
→
vaca + (s) + ā
§184
→
vacasā
vacasā paricitā manasā anupekkhitā (2V 1.5.3.1: Ovādasikkhāpada)
By saying vā the rule is optional.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹③⨀(mana)
manena
with the mind
🚹③⨀(teja)
tejena
by fire
🚹③⨀(yasa)
yasena
by fame
dibbena sukhena dibbena yasena (8D 7.1: Lakkhaṇasutta)
By saying sare (before a vowel) the first form, in which no vowel follows, is excluded.12
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(mana)
mano
mind
🚹①⨀(teja)
tejo
fire
🚹①⨀(yasa)
yaso
fame
Sabbassa santasaddassa sakārādeso hoti bhakāre pare, ante ca bakārāgamo hoti.
Sabbhireva samāsetha,
Sabbhikubbetha santhavaṃ.
Sataṃ saddhammamaññāya,
Seyyo hoti na pāpiyo.
Jīranti ve rājarathā sucittā.
Atho sarīrampi jaraṃ13
Satañca dhammo na jaraṃ upeti,
Santo have sabbhi pavedayanti.
Sabbhūto, sabbhāvo.
Bheti kimatthaṃ?
Santehi pūjito bhagavā.
Caggahaṇaṃ kvaci sakārasseva pasiddhatthaṃ.
Sakkāro, sakkato.
The whole of the word santa is replaced by sa when bh follows, and b is inserted at its end.
sabbhireva samāsetha, sabbhi kubbetha santhavaṃ; sataṃ saddhammamaññāya, seyyo hoti na pāpiyo (12S1 1.4.1: Sabbhisutta)
jīranti ve rājarathā sucittā, atho sarīrampi jaraṃ upeti; satañca dhammo na jaraṃ upeti, santo have sabbhi pavedayanti (18Dh 11.6: Mallikādevīvatthu)
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹③⨂(santa)
sabbhi
with the good
🚹①⨀(santa + bhūta)
sabbhūto
real, genuine
🚹①⨀(santa + bhāva)
sabbhāvo
existence; presence
santa + hi (③⨂)
rule
→
santa + (hi→bhi)
§99
→
(santa→sa) + bhi
§185
→
sa + (b) + bhi
§185
→
sabbhi
Simhi gacchantādīnaṃ ntasaddo amāpajjate vā.
Gacchaṃ, gacchanto,
mahaṃ, mahanto,
caraṃ, caranto,
khādaṃ, khādanto.
Gacchantādīnamiti kimatthaṃ?
Anto, danto, vanto, santo.
Optionally, before the si inflection the sound nta of gacchanta and the like becomes aṃ.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(gacchanta)
gacchaṃ
one going
🚹①⨀(gacchanta)
gacchanto
one going (option not taken: si becomes o by §104)
🚹①⨀(mahanta)
mahaṃ
great
🚹①⨀(mahanta)
mahanto
great (by §104)
🚹①⨀(caranta)
caraṃ
one wandering
🚹①⨀(caranta)
caranto
one wandering (by §104)
🚹①⨀(khādanta)
khādaṃ
one eating
🚹①⨀(khādanta)
khādanto
one eating (by §104)
gacchanta + si (①⨀)
rule
→
gaccha + (nta→aṃ) + si
§186
→
gacch + (a + aṃ) + si
§83
→
gacchaṃ + si
§220
→
gacchaṃ
gacchanta + si (①⨀)
rule
→
gacchanta + (si→o)
§104
→
gacchant + (a + o)
§83
→
gacchanto
gacchaṃ vadesi samaṇa ṭhitomhi (10M 4.6: Aṅgulimālasutta)
carañce nādhigaccheyya, seyyaṃ sadisamattano (18Dh 5.2: Mahākassapasaddhivihārikavatthu)
khādaṃ nāgassa maṃsāni, pivaṃ bhāgīrathodakaṃ (23J 19.1.1: Soṇakajātaka)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(gacchantādīnaṃ)
(ntasaddo)
(daṭṭhabbo)
ntu va
sesesu
(vibhattippaccayesu)
(of gacchanta and the like)
(the sound nta)
(is to be treated)
like ntu
in the remaining
(inflections and suffixes)
Gacchantādīnaṃntasaddontuppaccayova daṭṭhabbo sesesu vibhattippaccayesu.
Gacchato, mahato,
gacchati, mahati,
gacchatā, mahatā.
Sesesūti kimatthaṃ?
Gacchaṃ, mahaṃ, caraṃ, khādaṃ.
The sound nta of gacchanta and the like is to be seen as the suffix ntu in the remaining inflections and suffixes.
Brahma atta sakha rājaiccevamādito aṃvacanassa ānaṃ hoti vā.
Brahmānaṃ, brahmaṃ,
attānaṃ, attaṃ,
sakhānaṃ, sakhaṃ,
rājānaṃ, rājaṃ.
Amiti kimatthaṃ?
Rājā.
Optionally, after brahma, atta, sakha, rāja and the like the aṃ inflection (②⨀) becomes ānaṃ.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹②⨀(brahma)
brahmānaṃ
Brahmā
🚹②⨀(brahma)
brahmaṃ
Brahmā (option not taken)
🚹②⨀(atta)
attānaṃ
(one)self
🚹②⨀(atta)
attaṃ
(one)self (option not taken)
🚹②⨀(sakha)
sakhānaṃ
friend
🚹②⨀(sakha)
sakhaṃ
friend (option not taken)
🚹②⨀(rāja)
rājānaṃ
king
🚹②⨀(rāja)
rājaṃ
king (option not taken)
brahma + aṃ (②⨀)
rule
→
brahma + (aṃ→ānaṃ)
§188
→
brahm + (a + ānaṃ)
§83
→
brahmānaṃ
attānaṃ upamaṃ katvā, na haneyya na ghātaye (18Dh 10.1: Chabbaggiyabhikkhuvatthu)
rājānaṃ māgadhaṃ seniyaṃ bimbisāraṃ etadavoca (1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
kiñci attaṃ vā attaniyaṃ vā samanupassatī (13S3 1.2.4.7: Khemakasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
(brahmatta sakha rājādito)
si (vacanassa)
(hoti)
ā
and
(after brahma, atta, sakha, rāja and the like)
the si inflection
(becomes)
ā
Brahma atta sakha rājaiccevamādito sivacanassa ā ca hoti.
Brahmā, attā, sakhā, rājā, ātumā.
And after brahma, atta, sakha, rāja and the like the si inflection (①⨀) becomes ā.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(brahma)
brahmā
Brahmā
🚹①⨀(atta)
attā
self
🚹①⨀(sakha)
sakhā
friend
🚹①⨀(rāja)
rājā
king
🚹①⨀(ātuma)
ātumā
self
rāja + si (①⨀)
rule
→
rāja + (si→ā)
§189
→
rāj + (a + ā)
§83
→
rājā
attā hi attano nātho (18Dh 12.4: Kumārakassapamātuttherivatthu)
yo ca atthesu jātesu, sahāyo hoti so sakhā (8D 8.10: Ālasyassa cha ādīnavā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(brahmatta sakha rājādito)
yonaṃ
(ādeso)
āno
(after brahma, atta, sakha, rāja and the like)
the yo inflections
(replaced by)
āno
Brahmaatta sakha rājaiccevamādito yonaṃ ānoādeso hoti.
Brahmāno, attāno, sakhāno, rājāno, ātumāno.
After brahma, atta, sakha, rāja and the like the yo inflections (①⨂ and ②⨂) are replaced by āno.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨂(brahma)
brahmāno
Brahmās
🚹①⨂(atta)
attāno
selves
🚹①⨂(sakha)
sakhāno
friends
🚹①⨂(rāja)
rājāno
kings
🚹①⨂(ātuma)
ātumāno
selves
rāja + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
rāja + (yo→āno)
§190
→
rāj + (a + āno)
§83
→
rājāno
mayaṃ kho bhante rājāno nāma bahukiccā bahukaraṇīyā (1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
addasā kho so brahmā te brahmāno dūratova āgacchante (12S1 6.1.6: Brahmalokasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
sakhato
(yonaṃ)
(ādesā)
āyo | no
and
after sakha
(the yo inflections)
(replaced by)
āyo | no
Tasmā sakhato ca yonaṃ āyo no ādesā honti.
Sakhāyo, sakhino.
Yonamiti kimatthaṃ?
Sakhā.
And after that sakha the yo inflections (①⨂ and ②⨂) are replaced by āyo and no.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨂(sakha)
sakhāyo
friends
🚹①⨂(sakha)
sakhino
friends
sakha + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
sakha + (yo→āyo)
§191
→
sakh + (a + āyo)
§83
→
sakhāyo
sakha + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
sakha + (yo→no)
§191
→
sakh + (a→i) + no
§194
→
sakhino
ñātī suhajje sakhino samānayi (8D 7.14: Lakkhaṇasutta)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(sakhato)
smiṃ (vacanassa)
(hoti)
e
(after sakha)
the smiṃ inflection
(becomes)
e
Tasmā sakhato smiṃvacanassa ekāro hoti.
Sakhe.
After that sakha the smiṃ inflection (⑦⨀) becomes the letter e.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨀(sakha)
sakhe
(in) a friend
sakha + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
sakha + (smiṃ→e)
§192
→
sakh + (a + e)
§83
→
sakhe
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
brahmato
gassa
(hoti)
(ekāro)
and
after brahma
the ga inflection
(becomes)
(e)
Tasmā brahmato gassa ca ekāro hoti.
He brahme!
And after that brahma the ga inflection (⓪⨀) becomes the letter e.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⓪⨀(brahma)
he brahme
O Brahmā!
brahma + si = ga (⓪⨀)
rule
→
brahma + (ga→e)
§193
→
brahm + (a + e)
§83
→
brahme
mayhampi kho brahme etadahosi (3V 1.5: Brahmayācanakathā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
sakhantassa
(hoti)
i
no nā naṃ sesu
the final of sakha
(becomes)
ibefore no, nā, naṃ, sa
Tassa sakhantassa ikāro hoti nonānaṃsaiccetesu.
Sakhino, sakhinā, sakhīnaṃ, sakhissa.
Etesvīti kimatthaṃ?
Sakhārehi.
The final of that sakha becomes the letter i before no, nā, naṃ and sa.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨂(sakha)
sakhino
friends (no for yo, §191; also ④⨀ and ⑥⨀ with no for sa, §117)
🚹③⨀(sakha)
sakhinā
(by) a friend
🚹⑥⨂(sakha)
sakhīnaṃ
(of) friends
🚹⑥⨀(sakha)
sakhissa
(of) a friend
sakha + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
sakh + (a→i) + naṃ
§194
→
sakh + (i→ī) + naṃ
§89
→
sakhīnaṃ
sakha + sa (⑥⨀)
rule
→
sakh + (a→i) + sa
§194
→
sakhi + (s) + sa
§61
→
sakhissa
kataṃ anariyaṃ sākhena, sakhinā te janādhipa (22J 10.1.7: Nigrodhajātaka)
yo ñātīnaṃ sakhīnaṃ vā, dāresu paṭidissati (18Sn 1.7: Vasalasutta)
Tassa sakhantassa āro hoti vā himhi vibhattimhi.
Sakhārehi, sakhehi.
Optionally, the final of that sakha becomes āra before the hi inflection (③⨂ and ⑤⨂).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹③⨂(sakha)
sakhārehi
(by) friends
🚹③⨂(sakha)
sakhehi
(by) friends (option not taken)
sakha + hi (③⨂)
rule
→
sakh + (a→āra) + hi
§195
→
sakhār + (a→e) + hi
§101
→
sakhārehi
sakha + hi (③⨂)
rule
→
sakh + (a→e) + hi
§101
→
sakhehi
Tassa sakhantassa āro hoti vā sunaṃ aṃiccetesu.
Sakhāresu, sakhesu, sakhārānaṃ, sakhīnaṃ, sakhāraṃ, sakhaṃ.
Optionally, the final of that sakha becomes āra before su (⑦⨂), naṃ (④⨂ and ⑥⨂) and aṃ (②⨀).14
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨂(sakha)
sakhāresu
(among) friends
🚹⑦⨂(sakha)
sakhesu
(among) friends (option not taken, §101)
🚹⑥⨂(sakha)
sakhārānaṃ
(of) friends
🚹⑥⨂(sakha)
sakhīnaṃ
(of) friends (option not taken, §194)
🚹②⨀(sakha)
sakhāraṃ
friend
🚹②⨀(sakha)
sakhaṃ
friend (option not taken)
sakha + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
sakh + (a→āra) + naṃ
§196
→
sakhār + (a→ā) + naṃ
§89
→
sakhārānaṃ
sakha + aṃ (②⨀)
rule
→
sakh + (a→āra) + aṃ
§196
→
sakhār + (a + aṃ)
§83
→
sakhāraṃ
sakhā sakhāraṃ paritāyamāno (22J 6.2.4: Suvaṇṇakakkaṭajātaka)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
tu
brahmato
smiṃ
(ādeso)
ni
but
after brahma
the smiṃ inflection
(replaced by)
ni
Tasmā brahmato smiṃvacanassa niādeso hoti.
Brahmani.
After that brahma the smiṃ inflection (⑦⨀) is replaced by ni.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨀(brahma)
brahmani
(in) Brahmā
brahma + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
brahma + (smiṃ→ni)
§197
→
brahmani
Tuggahaṇena abrahmatopi smiṃ vacanassa ni hoti.
Kammani, cammani, muddhani.
By the mention of tu, the smiṃ inflection becomes ni after [lemmas] other than brahma as well.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚻⑦⨀(kamma)
kammani
(in) an action
🚻⑦⨀(camma)
cammani
(in) a hide
🚹⑦⨀(muddha)
muddhani
(on) the head
anujānāmi bhikkhave muddhani (3V 6.2: Mūlādibhesajjakathā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(brahmato)
(anto)
(āpajjate)
uttaṃ
sanāsu
(of brahma)
(the final)
(becomes)
ubefore sa, nā
Tassa brahmasaddassa anto uttamāpajjate sanāiccetesu.
Brahmuno, brahmunā.
Sanāsūti kimatthaṃ?
Brahmā.
The final of that word brahma becomes u before sa and nā.15
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑥⨀(brahma)
brahmuno
(of) Brahmā
🚹③⨀(brahma)
brahmunā
(by) Brahmā
brahma + sa (⑥⨀)
rule
→
brahm + (a→u) + sa
§198
→
brahmu + (sa→no)
§117
→
brahmuno
brahma + nā (③⨀)
rule
→
brahm + (a→u) + nā
§198
→
brahmunā
atha kho brahmuno sahampatissa (3V 1.5: Brahmayācanakathā)
mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā (3V 1.6: Pañcavaggiyakathā)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
satthupitādīnaṃ
(anto)
(āpajjate)
ā
sismiṃ
ca
si
lopo
si
of satthu, pitu and the like
(the final)
(becomes)
ābefore si
and
sielision
si
Satthupituādīnamanto attamāpajjate sismiṃ, silopo ca hoti.
Satthā, pitā, mātā, bhātā, kattā.
Sisminti kimatthaṃ?
Satthussa, pitussa, mātussa, bhātussa, kattussa.
The final of satthu, pitu and the like becomes ā before si, and the si is elided.16
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨀(satthu)
satthā
teacher
🚹①⨀(pitu)
pitā
father
🚺①⨀(mātu)
mātā
mother
🚹①⨀(bhātu)
bhātā
brother
🚹①⨀(kattu)
kattā
doer
satthu + si (①⨀)
rule
→
satth + (u→ā) + si
§199
→
satthā + si
§199
→
satthā
satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā (1V Veranjakanda: Verañjakaṇḍa)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(satthupitādīnaṃ)
(anto)
(āpajjate)
ārattaṃ
aññesu (vacanesu)
(of satthu, pitu and the like)
(the final)
(becomes)
ārain the other inflections
Satthupituādīnamanto aññesu vacanesu ārattamāpajjate.
Satthāraṃ, pitaraṃ, mātaraṃ, bhātaraṃ, kattāraṃ,
satthārehi, pitarehi, mātarehi, bhātarehi, kattārehi.
Aññesvīti kimatthaṃ?
Satthā, pitā, mātā, bhātā, kattā.
The final of satthu, pitu and the like becomes āra in the other inflections.17
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹②⨀(satthu)
satthāraṃ
the teacher
🚹②⨀(pitu)
pitaraṃ
the father
🚺②⨀(mātu)
mātaraṃ
the mother
🚹②⨀(bhātu)
bhātaraṃ
the brother
🚹②⨀(kattu)
kattāraṃ
the doer
🚹③⨂(satthu)
satthārehi
(by) teachers
🚹③⨂(pitu)
pitarehi
(by) fathers
🚺③⨂(mātu)
mātarehi
(by) mothers
🚹③⨂(bhātu)
bhātarehi
(by) brothers
🚹③⨂(kattu)
kattārehi
(by) doers
satthu + aṃ (②⨀)
rule
→
satth + (u→āra) + aṃ
§200
→
satthār + (a + aṃ)
§83
→
satthāraṃ
pitu + aṃ (②⨀)
rule
→
pit + (u→āra) + aṃ
§200
→
pit + (āra→ara) + aṃ
§209
→
pitar + (a + aṃ)
§83
→
pitaraṃ
satthu + hi (③⨂)
rule
→
satth + (u→āra) + hi
§200
→
satthār + (a→e) + hi
§101
→
satthārehi
mātaraṃ pitaraṃ hantvā (5V 20.2: Pārājikādipañhā)
pacchā kicce samuppanne, kattāraṃ nādhigacchatī (22J 1.9.10: Akataññujātaka)
Satthupituādīnamanto ārattamāpajjate vā naṃmhi vibhattimhi.
Satthārānaṃ, pitarānaṃ, mātarānaṃ, bhātarānaṃ.
Vāti kimatthaṃ?
Satthānaṃ, pitūnaṃ, mātūnaṃ, bhātūnaṃ.
Optionally, the final of satthu, pitu and the like becomes āra before the naṃ inflection (④⨂ and ⑥⨂).
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑥⨂(satthu)
satthārānaṃ
(of) teachers
🚹⑥⨂(pitu)
pitarānaṃ
(of) fathers
🚺⑥⨂(mātu)
mātarānaṃ
(of) mothers
🚹⑥⨂(bhātu)
bhātarānaṃ
(of) brothers
satthu + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
satth + (u→āra) + naṃ
§201
→
satthār + (a→ā) + naṃ
§89
→
satthārānaṃ
pitu + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
pit + (u→āra) + naṃ
§201
→
pit + (āra→ara) + naṃ
§209
→
pitar + (a→ā) + naṃ
§89
→
pitarānaṃ
imesaṃ mahānāma tiṇṇaṃ satthārānaṃ ekā niṭṭhā udāhu puthu niṭṭhā (15A3 3.3.4: Bharaṇḍukālāmasutta)
Where the option is not taken, satthu gives satthānaṃ by §202 (164): Satthunattañca , and pitu, mātu, bhātu keep their u, lengthened by §89 (87): Sunaṃhisu ca .18
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑥⨂(satthu)
satthānaṃ
(of) teachers
🚹⑥⨂(pitu)
pitūnaṃ
(of) fathers
🚺⑥⨂(mātu)
mātūnaṃ
(of) mothers
🚹⑥⨂(bhātu)
bhātūnaṃ
(of) brothers
pitu + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
pit + (u→ū) + naṃ
§89
→
pitūnaṃ
dassāmi dānaṃ pitūnaṃ pitāmahānaṃ (19Pv 2.8: Cūḷaseṭṭhipetavatthu)
Tassa satthusaddassa anto attamāpajjate vā naṃmhi vibhattimhi.
Satthānaṃ, pitānaṃ, mātānaṃ, bhātānaṃ, kattānaṃ.
Vāti kimatthaṃ?
Satthārānaṃ, pitarānaṃ, mātarānaṃ, bhātarānaṃ, dhītarānaṃ.
Optionally, the final of that word satthu becomes a before the naṃ inflection (④⨂ and ⑥⨂).19
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑥⨂(satthu)
satthānaṃ
(of) teachers
🚹⑥⨂(pitu)
pitānaṃ
(of) fathers
🚺⑥⨂(mātu)
mātānaṃ
(of) mothers
🚹⑥⨂(bhātu)
bhātānaṃ
(of) brothers
🚹⑥⨂(kattu)
kattānaṃ
(of) doers
satthu + naṃ (⑥⨂)
rule
→
satth + (u→a) + naṃ
§202
→
satth + (a→ā) + naṃ
§89
→
satthānaṃ
Caggahaṇaṃ aññesampi saṅgahaṇatthaṃ.
The mention of ca is for the inclusion of the others too.
Satthupituiccevamādīnamantassa uttaṃ hoti vā sasmiṃ, salopo ca.
Satthu, satthussa, satthuno dīyate, pariggaho vā.
Pitu, pitussa, pituno dīyate, pariggaho vā.
Bhātu, bhātussa, bhātuno dīyate, pariggaho vā.
Optionally, the final of satthu, pitu and the like becomes u before sa, and the sa is elided.
Caggahaṇaṃ dutiyasampiṇḍanatthaṃ.
The mention of ca is for gathering in the second [operation].
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
ca
sakkamandhātādīnaṃ
(anto)
(āpajjate)
(uttaṃ)
(sasmiṃ)
(niccaṃ)
ca
(sa)
(lopo)
(sa)
(niccaṃ)
and
of sakkamandhātu and the like
(the final)
(becomes)
(u)
(before sa)
(invariably)
and
(sa)
(elision)
(sa)
(invariably)
Sakkamandhātuiccevamādīnamanto uttamāpajjate sasmiṃ, salopo ca hoti.
Sakkamandhātu iva assa rājino vibhavo. Evaṃ kattu, gantu, dātu iccevamādī.
The final of sakkamandhātu and the like becomes u before sa, and the sa is elided.
Punārambhaggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ?
Niccadīpanatthaṃ.
Sakkamandhātu.
Caggahaṇaṃ dutiyasampiṇḍanatthaṃ.
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
tu
tato (ārādesato)
yonaṃ
(ādeso)
o
but
after that (āra replacement)
the yo inflections
(replaced by)
o
Tato ārādesato sabbesaṃ yo naṃ okārādeso hoti.
Satthāro, pitaro, mātaro, bhātaro, kattāro, vattāro.
After that āra replacement, all the yo inflections (①⨂ and ②⨂) are replaced by the letter o.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹①⨂(satthu)
satthāro
teachers
🚹①⨂(pitu)
pitaro
fathers
🚺①⨂(mātu)
mātaro
mothers
🚹①⨂(bhātu)
bhātaro
brothers
🚹①⨂(kattu)
kattāro
doers
🚹①⨂(vattu)
vattāro
speakers
satthu + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
satth + (u→āra) + yo
§200
→
satthāra + (yo→o)
§205
→
satthār + (a + o)
§83
→
satthāro
pitu + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
pit + (u→āra) + yo
§200
→
pit + (āra→ara) + yo
§209
→
pitara + (yo→o)
§205
→
pitar + (a + o)
§83
→
pitaro
pañcime moggallāna satthāro santo saṃvijjamānā lokasmiṃ (4V 7.1.3: Pañcasatthukathā)
akhīṇeva kamme pitaro ca pitāmahā ca kālaṅkatā (4V 7.1.1: Chasakyapabbajjākathā)
Tuggahaṇena aññasmāpi yonaṃ okāro hoti.
Caturo janā, gāvo, ubho purisā.
By the mention of tu, the yo inflections become the letter o after another [lemma] as well.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️①⨂(catu)
caturo janā
four people
🚹①⨂(go)
gāvo
cows
⚧️①⨂(ubha)
ubho purisā
both men
caturo janā saṃvidhāya, garubhaṇḍaṃ avāharuṃ (5V 20.1: Avippavāsapañhā)
neva gāvo haññiṃsu, na ajeḷakā haññiṃsu (6D 5.4.6: Soḷasākāra)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
tato (ārādesato)
smiṃ (vacanassa)
(ādeso)
i
after that (āra replacement)
the smiṃ inflection
(replaced by)
i
Tato ārādesato smiṃvacanassa ikārādeso hoti.
Satthari, pitari, mātari, dhītari, bhātari, kattari, vattari.
After that āra replacement, the smiṃ inflection (⑦⨀) is replaced by the letter i.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨀(satthu)
satthari
(in) the teacher
🚹⑦⨀(pitu)
pitari
(in) the father
🚺⑦⨀(mātu)
mātari
(in) the mother
🚺⑦⨀(dhītu)
dhītari
(in) the daughter
🚹⑦⨀(bhātu)
bhātari
(in) the brother
🚹⑦⨀(kattu)
kattari
(in) the doer
🚹⑦⨀(vattu)
vattari
(in) the speaker
satthu + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
satth + (u→āra) + smiṃ
§200
→
satthāra + (smiṃ→i)
§206
→
satth + (āra→ara) + i
§208
→
satthar + (a + i)
§83
→
satthari
satthari anupāhane caṅkamamāne (3V 5.5: Ajjhārāmeupāhanapaṭikkhepa)
mātupi puttamhi puttassapi mātari (8D 3.5: Dasavassāyukasamaya)
Puna tatogahaṇena aññasmāpi smiṃvacanassa ikāro hoti.
Bhuvi.
By the repeated mention of tato, the smiṃ inflection becomes the letter i after another [lemma] as well.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺⑦⨀(bhū)
bhuvi
on the earth
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
(tato ārādesato)
nā (vacanassa)
(ādeso)
ā
(after that āra replacement)
the nā inflection
(replaced by)
ā
Tato ārādesato nāvacanassa āādeso hoti.
Satthārā, pitarā, mātarā, bhātarā, dhītarā, kattārā, vattārā.
After that āra replacement, the nā inflection (③⨀) is replaced by ā.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹③⨀(satthu)
satthārā
(by) the teacher
🚹③⨀(pitu)
pitarā
(by) the father
🚺③⨀(mātu)
mātarā
(by) the mother
🚹③⨀(bhātu)
bhātarā
(by) the brother
🚺③⨀(dhītu)
dhītarā
(by) the daughter
🚹③⨀(kattu)
kattārā
(by) the doer
🚹③⨀(vattu)
vattārā
(by) the speaker
satthu + nā (③⨀)
rule
→
satth + (u→āra) + nā
§200
→
satthāra + (nā→ā)
§207
→
satthār + (a + ā)
§83
→
satthārā
pitu + nā (③⨀)
rule
→
pit + (u→āra) + nā
§200
→
pit + (āra→ara) + nā
§209
→
pitara + (nā→ā)
§207
→
pitar + (a + ā)
§83
→
pitarā
satthārā vā satthāraṃ saṃghena vā saṃghaṃ (6D 8.1: Samanuyuñjāpanakathā)
bhātāpi bhātarā vivadati (4V 4.8: Adhikaraṇa)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
āro (ārādeso)
rassaṃ (āpajjate)
(ara)
ikāre
the āra replacement
(becomes) short
(ara)
before the letter i
Ārādeso rassamāpajjate ikāre pare.
Satthari, pitari, mātari, dhītari, kattari, vattari.
The āra replacement becomes short when the letter i follows.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹⑦⨀(satthu)
satthari
(in) the teacher
🚹⑦⨀(pitu)
pitari
(in) the father
🚺⑦⨀(mātu)
mātari
(in) the mother
🚺⑦⨀(dhītu)
dhītari
(in) the daughter
🚹⑦⨀(kattu)
kattari
(in) the doer
🚹⑦⨀(vattu)
vattari
(in) the speaker
kattu + smiṃ (⑦⨀)
rule
→
katt + (u→āra) + smiṃ
§200
→
kattāra + (smiṃ→i)
§206
→
katt + (āra→ara) + i
§208
→
kattar + (a + i)
§83
→
kattari
pitupi puttamhi puttassapi pitari (8D 3.5: Dasavassāyukasamaya)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
pitādīnaṃ
(ārādeso)
(rassaṃ āpajjate)
(ara)
asimhi
(vibhattimhi)
of pitu and the like
(the āra replacement)
(becomes short)
(ara)
before a non-si
(inflection)
Pitādīnamārādeso20
Pitarā, mātarā, bhātarā, dhītarā21
The āra replacement of pitu and the like becomes short before an inflection other than si.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚹③⨀(pitu)
pitarā
(by) the father
🚺③⨀(mātu)
mātarā
(by) the mother
🚹③⨀(bhātu)
bhātarā
(by) the brother
🚺③⨀(dhītu)
dhītarā
(by) the daughter
🚹①⨂(pitu)
pitaro
fathers
🚺①⨂(mātu)
mātaro
mothers
🚹①⨂(bhātu)
bhātaro
brothers
🚺①⨂(dhītu)
dhītaro
daughters
mātu + nā (③⨀)
rule
→
māt + (u→āra) + nā
§200
→
māt + (āra→ara) + nā
§209
→
mātara + (nā→ā)
§207
→
mātar + (a + ā)
§83
→
mātarā
dhītu + yo (①⨂)
rule
→
dhīt + (u→āra) + yo
§200
→
dhīt + (āra→ara) + yo
§209
→
dhītara + (yo→o)
§205
→
dhītar + (a + o)
§83
→
dhītaro
puttopi mātarā vivadati (4V 4.8: Adhikaraṇa)
tisso ca dhītaro (2V 2.4.1.1: Lasuṇasikkhāpada)
Asimhiggahaṇaṃ tomhi pare ikārādesañāpanatthaṃ.
Mātito, pitito, bhātito, duhitito.
The mention of asimhi (before a non-si) is to make known the replacement by i when to follows.
lemma
inflected
meaning
🚺⑤⨀(mātu)
mātito
on the mother’s side
🚹⑤⨀(pitu)
pitito
on the father’s side
🚹⑤⨀(bhātu)
bhātito
on the brother’s side
🚺⑤⨀(duhitu)
duhitito
on the daughter’s side
ubhato sujāto hoti mātito ca pitito ca (2V 1.5.9.1: Antepurasikkhāpada)
option
before
from
operation
to
after
context
vā
tayātayīnaṃ
takāro
(āpajjate)
tvattaṃ
optionally
of tayā and tayi
the letter t
(becomes)
tv
Tayātayi iccetesaṃ takāro tvattamāpajjate vā.
Tvayā, tayā,
tvayi, tayi.
Etesamiti kimatthaṃ?
Tuvaṃ, tavaṃ.
Optionally, the letter t of tayā and tayi becomes tv.
lemma
inflected
meaning
⚧️③⨀(tumha)
tvayā
(by) you
⚧️③⨀(tumha)
tayā
(by) you (option not taken)
⚧️⑦⨀(tumha)
tvayi
(in) you
⚧️⑦⨀(tumha)
tayi
(in) you (option not taken)
tumha + nā (③⨀)
rule
→
(tumha + nā → tayā)
§145
→
(t→tv) + ayā
§210
→
tvayā
āṇatto ahaṃ tayā (1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
tayi gedhitacittosmi, cittaṃ vipariṇāmitaṃ (7D 8.1: Pañcasikhagītagāthā)
Iti nāmakappe tatiyo kaṇḍo.
Thus ends the third section of the nāma chapter.
