2. Nāmakappa (Noun chapter): Catutthakaṇḍa (Fourth Section) (§211–§246)
Catutthakaṇḍa (Fourth Section)
Section titled “Catutthakaṇḍa (Fourth Section)”§211 (126): Attanto hismimanattaṃ (atta final becomes ana before hi) apavada
Section titled “§211 (126): Attanto hismimanattaṃ (atta final becomes ana before hi) apavada ”Tassa attano anto anattamāpajjate himhi vibhattimhi.
Attanehi, attanebhi.
Attantoti kimatthaṃ?
Rājehi, rājebhi.
Hisminti kimatthaṃ?
Attano.
Anattamitibhāvaniddesena attasaddassa sakādeso hoti sabbāsu vibhattīsu.
Sako, sakā, sakaṃ, sake.
The final of that [word] atta becomes ana before the inflection hi (③⨂ and ⑤⨂).
§212 (129): Tato smiṃ ni (after atta, smiṃ becomes ni) apavada
Section titled “§212 (129): Tato smiṃ ni (after atta, smiṃ becomes ni) apavada ”Tato attato smiṃvacanassa ni hoti.
Attani.
After that [lemma] atta, the inflection smiṃ (⑦⨀) becomes ni.1
§213 (127): Sassa no (after atta, sa becomes no) apavada
Section titled “§213 (127): Sassa no (after atta, sa becomes no) apavada ”Tato attato sassa vibhattissa no hoti.
Attano.
After that [lemma] atta, the inflection sa (④⨀ and ⑥⨀) becomes no.
§214 (128): Smā nā (after atta, smā becomes nā) apavada
Section titled “§214 (128): Smā nā (after atta, smā becomes nā) apavada ”Tato attato smā vacanassa nā hoti.
Attanā.
Puna tatogahaṇena tassa attano takārasseva rakāro hoti sabbesu vacanesu.
Atrajo, atrajaṃ.
After that [lemma] atta, the inflection smā (⑤⨀) becomes nā.
§215 (141): Jhalato ca (and after jha, la: smā becomes nā) apavada
Section titled “§215 (141): Jhalato ca (and after jha, la: smā becomes nā) apavada ”Jhalaiccetehi smāvacanassa nā hoti.
Agginā, daṇḍinā, bhikkhunā, sayambhunā.
Smāti kimatthaṃ?
Aggayo, munayo, isayo.
After these [lemmas termed] jha and la, the inflection smā (⑤⨀) becomes nā.
§216 (180): Ghapato smiṃ yaṃ vā (optionally, after gha, pa: smiṃ becomes yaṃ) apavada
Section titled “§216 (180): Ghapato smiṃ yaṃ vā (optionally, after gha, pa: smiṃ becomes yaṃ) apavada ”Tasmā ghapato smiṃ vacanassa yaṃ hoti vā.
Kaññāyaṃ, kaññāya.
Rattiyaṃ, rattiyā.
Itthiyaṃ, itthiyā.
Yāguyaṃ, yāguyā.
Vadhuyaṃ2, vadhuyā.
After those [lemmas termed] gha and pa, the inflection smiṃ (⑦⨀) optionally becomes yaṃ.
§217 (199): Yonaṃ ni napuṃsakehi (yo becomes ni after neuters) apavada
Section titled “§217 (199): Yonaṃ ni napuṃsakehi (yo becomes ni after neuters) apavada ”Sabbesaṃ yonaṃ ni hoti vā napuṃsakehi liṅgehi.
Aṭṭhīni, aṭṭhī, āyūni, āyū.
Napuṃsakehīti kimatthaṃ?
Itthiyo.
After neuter lemmas, all the yo [inflections] (①⨂ and ②⨂) optionally become ni.
§218 (196): Ato niccaṃ (always, after neuter a) apavada
Section titled “§218 (196): Ato niccaṃ (always, after neuter a) apavada ”Akārantehi napuṃsakaliṅgehi yonaṃ ni hoti niccaṃ.
Yāni, yāni.
Tāni, tāni.
Kāni, kāni.
Bhayāni, bhayāni.
Rūpāni, rūpāni.
After neuter lemmas ending in a, the yo [inflections] (①⨂ and ②⨂) always become ni.
§219 (195): Siṃ (neuter si becomes aṃ) apavada
Section titled “§219 (195): Siṃ (neuter si becomes aṃ) apavada ”Akārantehi napuṃsakaliṅgehi sivacanassa aṃ hoti niccaṃ.
Sabbaṃ, yaṃ, taṃ, kaṃ, rūpaṃ.
After neuter lemmas ending in a, the inflection si (①⨀) always becomes aṃ.
§220 (74): Sesato lopaṃ gasipi (after the rest, ga and si too are elided) utsarga
Section titled “§220 (74): Sesato lopaṃ gasipi (after the rest, ga and si too are elided) utsarga ”Tato niddiṭṭhehi liṅgehi3 sesato4 gasi iccete lopamāpajjante.
Bhoti itthi, sā itthī.
Bho daṇḍi, so daṇḍī.
Bho sattha, so satthā.
Bho rāja, so rājā.
Sesatoti kimatthaṃ?
Puriso gacchati.
Gasīti kimatthaṃ?
Itthiyā, satthussa.
After the rest, other than the lemmas specified [above], these [inflections], ga (⓪⨀) and si (①⨀), undergo elision.5
§221 (282): Sabbāsamāvuso pasagganipātādīhi ca (all [inflections elided] after āvuso, prefixes, particles) apavada
Section titled “§221 (282): Sabbāsamāvuso pasagganipātādīhi ca (all [inflections elided] after āvuso, prefixes, particles) apavada ”Sabbāsaṃ vibhattīnaṃ ekavacanabahuvacanānaṃ paṭhamā dutiyātatiyā catutthī pañcamī chaṭṭhī sattamīnaṃ lopo hoti, āvuso upasagga nipātaiccevamādīhi ca.
Tvaṃ panāvuso, tumhe panāvuso, padaso dhammaṃ vāceyya, vihāraṃ sve upagaccheyya.
Pa, parā, ni, nī, u, du, saṃ, vi, ava, anu, pari, adhi, abhi, pati, su, ā, ati, api, apa, upa, pahāro, parābhavo, nihāro, nīhāro, uhāro, duhāro, saṃhāro, vihāro, avahāro, anuhāro, parihāro, adhihāro, abhihāro, patihāro, suhāro, āhāro, atihāro, apihāro, apahāro, upahāro, evaṃ vīsati upasaggehi ca.
Yathā, tathā, evaṃ, khalu, kho, tatra, atho, atha, hi, tu ca, vā, vo, haṃ, ahaṃ6, alaṃ, eva, ho aho, he, ahe, re, are, evamādīhi nipātehi ca yojetabbāni.
Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.
All the inflections, singular and plural, of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh forms are elided after āvuso (“friend”), after the prefixes (upasagga), after the particles (nipāta), and after words of that kind.
§222 (342): Pumassa liṅgādīsu samāsesu (final of puma elided before liṅga etc. in compounds) apavada
Section titled “§222 (342): Pumassa liṅgādīsu samāsesu (final of puma elided before liṅga etc. in compounds) apavada ”Pumaiccetassa anto lopamāpajjate liṅgādīsu parapadesu samāsesu.
Pulliṅgaṃ, pumbhāvo, puṅkokilo.
Pumasseti kimatthaṃ?
Itthiliṅgaṃ, napuṃsakaliṅgaṃ.
Liṅgādīsūti kimatthaṃ?
Pumitthī.
Samāsesūti kimatthaṃ?
Pumassa liṅgaṃ.
The final of this puma undergoes elision when liṅga and the like are the following words, in compounds.
§223 (188): Aṃ yamīto pasaññato (aṃ becomes yaṃ after feminine ī) apavada
Section titled “§223 (188): Aṃ yamīto pasaññato (aṃ becomes yaṃ after feminine ī) apavada ”Aṃ vacanassa yaṃ hoti vā īto pasaññato.
Itthiyaṃ, itthiṃ.
Pasaññatoti kimatthaṃ?
Daṇḍinaṃ, bhoginaṃ.
Amiti kimatthaṃ?
Itthīhi.
The inflection aṃ (②⨀) optionally becomes yaṃ after an ī termed pa.
§224 (153): Naṃ jhato katarassā (aṃ becomes naṃ after a shortened jha) apavada
Section titled “§224 (153): Naṃ jhato katarassā (aṃ becomes naṃ after a shortened jha) apavada ”Tasmā jhato katarassā aṃ vacanassa naṃ hoti.
Daṇḍinaṃ, bhoginaṃ.
Jhatoti kimatthaṃ?
Vessabhuṃ.
Katarassāti kimatthaṃ?
Kucchiṃ.
After that [lemma termed] jha which has been made short, the inflection aṃ (②⨀) becomes naṃ.
§225 (151): Yonaṃ no (yo becomes no [after a shortened jha]) apavada
Section titled “§225 (151): Yonaṃ no (yo becomes no [after a shortened jha]) apavada ”Sabbesaṃ yonaṃ jhato katarassā no hoti.
Daṇḍino bhogino, he daṇḍino, he bhogino.
Katarassāti kimatthaṃ?
Aggayo, munayo, isayo.
Jhatoti kimatthaṃ?
Sayambhuno.
Yonanti kimatthaṃ?
Daṇḍinā, bhoginā.
After a [lemma termed] jha which has been made short, all the yo [inflections] become no.
§226 (154): Smiṃni (smiṃ becomes ni [after a shortened jha]) apavada
Section titled “§226 (154): Smiṃni (smiṃ becomes ni [after a shortened jha]) apavada ”Tasmā jhato katarassā smiṃvacanassa niādeso hoti.
Daṇḍini, bhogini.
Katarassāti kimatthaṃ?
Byādhimhi.
After that jha which has been made short, the inflection smiṃ (⑦⨀) is replaced by ni.
§227 (270): Kissa ka ve ca (kiṃ becomes ka before va, and elsewhere) apavada
Section titled “§227 (270): Kissa ka ve ca (kiṃ becomes ka before va, and elsewhere) apavada ”Kimiccetassa ko ca hoti vapaccaye pare.
Kva gatosi tvaṃ devānaṃpiyatissa.
Caggahaṇena avapaccaye parepi ko ca hoti.
Ko taṃ ninditumarahati, kathaṃ bodhayituṃ dhammaṃ.
Veti kimatthaṃ?
Kuto āgatosi tvaṃ.
And this [word] kiṃ becomes ka when the suffix va follows.
§228 (272): Ku hiṃhaṃsu ca (kiṃ becomes ku before hiṃ, haṃ) apavada
Section titled “§228 (272): Ku hiṃhaṃsu ca (kiṃ becomes ku before hiṃ, haṃ) apavada ”Kimiccetassa ku hoti hiṃ haṃ iccetesu ca.
Kuhiṃ gacchasi, kuhaṃ8 gacchasi.
Caggahaṇena hiñcanaṃ dācanaṃ paccayesu paresu aññatthāpi ku hoti.
Kuhiñcanaṃ, kudācanaṃ.
And this [word] kiṃ becomes ku before these [suffixes] hiṃ and haṃ.
§229 (226): Sesesu ca (and ka before the remaining [inflections and suffixes]) apavada
Section titled “§229 (226): Sesesu ca (and ka before the remaining [inflections and suffixes]) apavada ”Kimiccetassa ko hoti sesesu vibhattipaccayesu paresu.
Ko pakāro kathaṃ, kaṃ pakāraṃ kathaṃ.
Caggahaṇamanukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.
This [word] kiṃ becomes ka when the remaining inflections and suffixes follow.
The word ca is for drawing along (anukaḍḍhana).
§230 (262): Tra to thesu ca (And [ku] before tra, to, tha) apavada
Section titled “§230 (262): Tra to thesu ca (And [ku] before tra, to, tha) apavada ”Kimiccetassa ku hoti tratotha iccetesu ca.
Kutra, kuto, kuttha.
Caggahaṇamanukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.
And this [word] kiṃ becomes ku before these [suffixes] tra, to and tha.
The word ca is for drawing along (anukaḍḍhana).
§231 (263): Sabbassetassākāro vā (Optionally the whole of eta becomes a) apavada
Section titled “§231 (263): Sabbassetassākāro vā (Optionally the whole of eta becomes a) apavada ”Sabbassa etasaddassa akāro hoti vā tothaiccetesu.
Ato, attha, etto, ettha.
Optionally, before to and tha the whole of the word eta is replaced by the letter a.
§232 (267): Tre niccaṃ (Always before tra) apavada
Section titled “§232 (267): Tre niccaṃ (Always before tra) apavada ”Sabbassa etasaddassa akāro hoti niccaṃ trapaccaye pare.
Atra.
Before the suffix tra, the whole of the word eta is always replaced by the letter a.
§233 (264): E tothesu ca (And [optionally] e before to, tha) apavada
Section titled “§233 (264): E tothesu ca (And [optionally] e before to, tha) apavada ”Sabbassa etasaddassa ekāro hoti vā tothaiccetesu.
Etto, ato, ettha, attha.
Optionally, before to and tha the whole of the word eta is replaced by the letter e.
§234 (265): Imassi thaṃ dāni ha to dhesu ca (i for ima before thaṃ, dāni, ha, to, dha) apavada
Section titled “§234 (265): Imassi thaṃ dāni ha to dhesu ca (i for ima before thaṃ, dāni, ha, to, dha) apavada ”Imasaddassa sabbasseva ikāro hoti thaṃ dānihato dhaiccetesu.
Itthaṃ, idāni, iha, ito, idha.
Before the suffixes thaṃ, dāni, ha, to and dha, the whole of the word ima is replaced by the letter i.11
§235 (281): A dhunāmhi ca (a [for ima] before dhunā) apavada
Section titled “§235 (281): A dhunāmhi ca (a [for ima] before dhunā) apavada ”Imasaddassa sabbasseva akāro hoti dhunāmhi paccaye pare.
Adhunā.
Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.
Before the suffix dhunā, the whole of the word ima is replaced by the letter a.
The word ca is for restriction (avadhāraṇa).
§236 (280): Eta rahimhi (eta [for ima] before rahi) apavada
Section titled “§236 (280): Eta rahimhi (eta [for ima] before rahi) apavada ”Sabbasseva imasaddassa etādeso hoti rahimhi paccaye pare.
Etarahi.
Before the suffix rahi, the whole of the word ima is replaced by eta.
§237 (176): Itthīyamato āpaccayo (In the feminine, the suffix ā after a) utsarga
Section titled “§237 (176): Itthīyamato āpaccayo (In the feminine, the suffix ā after a) utsarga ”Itthiyaṃ vattamānāya akārato āpaccayo hoti.
Sabbā, yā, sā, kā. Katarā.
When [a lemma ending in] a is used in the feminine, the suffix ā is added after it.
§238 (187): Nadādito vā ī (ī after nadī and the like, and optionally after others) apavada
Section titled “§238 (187): Nadādito vā ī (ī after nadī and the like, and optionally after others) apavada ”Nadādito vāanadāditovā itthiyaṃ vattamānāya īpaccayo hoti.
Nadī, mahī, kumārī, taruṇī, sakhī, itthī.
Whether after nadī and the like or after other [lemmas], when used in the feminine, the suffix ī is added.1213
§239 (190): Ṇava ṇika ṇeyya ṇa ntuhi (ī after ṇava, ṇika, ṇeyya, ṇa and ntu) apavada
Section titled “§239 (190): Ṇava ṇika ṇeyya ṇa ntuhi (ī after ṇava, ṇika, ṇeyya, ṇa and ntu) apavada ”Ṇava ṇika ṇeyya ṇa ntuiccetehi itthiyaṃ vattamānehi īpaccayo hoti.
Māṇavī, paṇḍavī, nāvikī, venateyyī, kunteyyī, gotamī, guṇavatī, sāmāvatī.
After [lemmas ending in] ṇava, ṇika, ṇeyya, ṇa and ntu, when used in the feminine, the suffix ī is added.
§240 (193): Pati bhikkhurājīkārantehi inī (inī after pati, bhikkhu, rāja and lemmas in ī) apavada
Section titled “§240 (193): Pati bhikkhurājīkārantehi inī (inī after pati, bhikkhu, rāja and lemmas in ī) apavada ”Pati bhikkhu rājīkārantehi itthiyaṃ vattamānehi inīpaccayo hoti.
Gahapatānī, bhikkhunī, rājinī, hatthinī, daṇḍinī, medhāvinī, tapassinī.
After pati, bhikkhu, rāja and [lemmas] ending in ī, when used in the feminine, the suffix inī is added.
§241 (191): Ntussa tamīkāre ([Optionally] ta for ntu before ī) apavada
Section titled “§241 (191): Ntussa tamīkāre ([Optionally] ta for ntu before ī) apavada ”Sabbasseva ntupaccayassa takāro hoti vā īkāre pare.
Guṇavatī, guṇavantī, kulavatī, kulavantī, satimatī. Satimantī, mahatī, mahantī, gottamatī, gottamantī.
Optionally, before the letter ī the whole of the suffix ntu is replaced by ta.
§242 (192): Bhavato bhoto (bhota for bhavanta before the feminine ī) apavada
Section titled “§242 (192): Bhavato bhoto (bhota for bhavanta before the feminine ī) apavada ”Sabbasseva bhavantasaddassa bhotādeso hoti īkāre itthigate pare.
Bhoti ayye, bhoti kaññe, bhoti kharādiye.
Before the ī of the feminine, the whole of the word bhavanta is replaced by bhota.
§243 (110): Bho ge tu (bho [for bhavanta] before ga; and further forms) apavada
Section titled “§243 (110): Bho ge tu (bho [for bhavanta] before ga; and further forms) apavada ”Sabbasseva bhavantasaddassa bhoādeso hoti ge pare.
Bho purisa, bho aggi, bho rāja, bho sattha, bho daṇḍi, bho sayambhu.
Geti kimatthaṃ?
Bhavatā, bhavaṃ.
Tuggahaṇena aññasmimpi vacane sabbassa bhavantasaddassa bhonta bhante bhonto bhadde bhotā bhotoiccete ādesā honti.
Bhonta, bhante, bhonto, bhadde, bhotā, bhoto.
Before ga, the whole of the word bhavanta is replaced by bho.14
§244 (72): Akārapitādyantānamā (ā for a final a and for the final of pitu and the like [before ga]) apavada
Section titled “§244 (72): Akārapitādyantānamā (ā for a final a and for the final of pitu and the like [before ga]) apavada ”Akāro ca pitādīnamanto ca attamāpajjate ge pare.
Bho purisā, bho rājā, bho pitā, bho mātā, bho satthā.
The letter a, and the final of pitu and the like, become ā when ga follows.
§245 (152): Jhalapā rassaṃ (jha, la, pa [finals] are shortened [before ga]) apavada
Section titled “§245 (152): Jhalapā rassaṃ (jha, la, pa [finals] are shortened [before ga]) apavada ”Jhalapaiccete rassamāpajjante ge pare.
Bho daṇḍi, bho sayambhu, bhoti itthi, bhoti vadhu15.
These [finals] jha, la and pa become short when ga follows.
§246 (73): Ākāro vā (Optionally, ā [is shortened before ga]) apavada
Section titled “§246 (73): Ākāro vā (Optionally, ā [is shortened before ga]) apavada ”Ākāro rassamāpajjate vā ge pare.
Bho rāja, bho rājā, bho atta, bho attā, bho sakha, bho sakhā, bho sattha, bho satthā.
Optionally, before ga the letter ā becomes short.
Iti nāmakappe catuttho kaṇḍo.
Thus ends the fourth section of the nāma chapter.
Footnotes
Section titled “Footnotes”-
Senart’s edition continues the vutti
Tatoggahaṇaṃ avadhāraṇatthaṃ. Sake petavisaye(S1pettike visaye); the CST lacks the sentence and it is not translated here. ↩ -
CST4 prints
vakhuyaṃ. ↩ -
CST4 prints
ligehi. ↩ -
CST4 prints
sesakhatā; Nandisena’s and Senart’s editions readsesato, which is printed here. ↩ -
Nandisena (2005) renders
tato niddiṭṭhehi liṅgehi sesato“after the remaining lemmas that are shown”, taking the specified lemmas as included; here they are excluded, “after the rest, other than the lemmas specified”. ↩ -
CST4 prints
abhaṃ;ahaṃis read as the pair ofhaṃ, likeaho,aheandarebesideho,heandre. ↩ -
Senart’s edition, with S2 and T, reads the counter-example
sayambhuvofor the CST’ssayambhuno; the CST is kept. ↩ -
CST4 prints
kulaṃ. ↩ -
Senart’s edition names
kiṃas what thecadraws along (Casaddaggahaṇaṃ kiṃsaddānukaḍḍhanatthaṃ), and Malai (1997) translates so; the CST’s vutti names nothing, andkuis understood here. ↩ -
Senart’s edition, with S1 and S2, and the Sinhalese reading that Nandisena’s edition records read the sutta
E tothesu vāfor the CST’sE tothesu ca; the CST is kept. ↩ -
Senart’s edition and the manuscripts Nandisena’s edition reports end the vutti
Casaddaggahaṇaṃ avadhāraṇatthaṃ, which the CST lacks; Malai (1997) translates thecaaccordingly as restrictive. ↩ -
Senart’s edition adds
hatthīto the vutti’s examples, with S1, S2 and T (B1 omits it); Nandisena’s edition and Malai (1997) reject it, and the CST’s list is kept. ↩ -
Senart’s edition reads
nadādito vā anadādito vā akārato itthiyaṃ vattamānāya īpaccayo hoti, confining the suffix to lemmas ina, and Malai (1997) translates so; the CST has noakārato. ↩ -
After this sutta Senart’s edition prints two further rules that the CST does not have,
Obhāvo kvaci yosu vakārassaandBhadantassa bhaddanta bhante, and Malai (1997) translates them as Kaccāyana’s 244–245; the CST is followed. ↩ -
CST4 prints
bhotivadhuas one word. ↩