1. Sandhikappa (`sandhi` chapter)
Note
sandhi is derived from saṃ + dhā meaning “putting together” and is used to refer to the transformation that result from the joining together of two words (or two parts of a word) for the sake of euphony.
Paṭhamakaṇḍa (First Section - Definitions)
Note
This section provides an introductory rule, technical terms including akkhara (sounds, or units of a word), and rules for carrying out sandhi.
(Ka)
Seṭṭhaṃ tilokamahitaṃ abhivandiyaggaṃ,
Buddhañca dhammamamalaṃ gaṇamuttamañca;
Satthussa tassa vacanatthavaraṃ subuddhuṃ,
Vakkhāmi suttahitamettha susandhikappaṃ.
To the Supreme, honoured in the three worlds, worthy of the ultimate salute,
To the pure Dhamma of the Buddha and the highest collection (the Tipiṭaka);
To fully understand the meaning of the excellent words of that Teacher,
I will articulate thoroughly here the sutta (rules) in the sandhikappa (Sandhi Chapter)
(Kha)
Seyyaṃ jineritanayena budhā labhanti,
Tañcāpi tassa vacanatthasubodhanena;
Atthañca akkharapadesu amohabhāvā,
Seyyatthiko padamato vividhaṃ suṇeyyaṃ.
The wise obtain using the excellent method proclaimed by the Conqueror,
As well as fully understanding the meaning of his words;
And the clear knowledge of the meaning in the words and letters,
Excellent benefit for those who will listen to the words here in many ways.
§1 (1): Attho akkharasaññāto (Meaning is represented by akkhara) sīhagatika
Note
akkhara means “constant, durable, long-lasting” and in the context of Kaccāyana it means “sounds, tones, syllables of words” and also the units of the abugida (alpha-syllabary). It is derived from akshara (Sanskrit: अक्षर, romanized: akṣara, lit. ‘imperishable, indestructible, fixed, immutable’), a term used in the traditional grammar of the Sanskrit language and in the Vedanta school of Indian philosophy.
Reference
For “akkharasaññāto”, refer to “So neva ussādetabbo na apasādetabbo, anussādetvā anapasādetvā sveva sādhukaṃ saññāpetabbo tassa ca atthassa tesañca byañjanānaṃ nisantiyā.” (8D 6.7: Saññāpetabbavidhi)
Sabbavacanānamattho akkhareheva saññāyate.
Akkharavipattiyaṃ hi atthassa dunnayathā hoti, tasmā akkharakosallaṃ bahūpakāraṃ suttantesu.
All meanings of words are based on the recognition of akkhara. A mistaken akkhara result in difficulty in interpreting meaning, therefore proficiency in akkhara is extremely helpful in (deciphering) the rules (or understanding the suttas in the Tipiṭaka).
Note
An abugida is a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary, similar to a diacritical mark. This contrasts with a full alphabet, in which vowels have status equal to consonants.
Pāḷi is generally written in various Brahmic scripts (also known as Indic scripts), which are abugida writing systems. Brahmic scripts are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India. In the rest of this chapter, I use Brahmi as the writing system described by Kaccāyana. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for imperial edicts.
Reference
For more information on Brahmi, refer to:
§2 (2): Akkharāpādayo ekacattālīsaṃ (41 akkhara starting with a) anvattha
Te ca kho akkharā api akārādayo ekacattā līsaṃ1 suttantesu sopakārā.
Taṃ yathā?
A ā i ī u ū e o,
ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma,
ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ,
iti akkharā nāma.
Tena kvattho?
Attho akkharasaññāto.
And there are forty one akkhara constructed from sounds, starting with a.
Purpose
§3 (3): Tatthodantā sarā aṭṭha ([From akkhara] eight ending with o: sara) anvattha
Note
sara means “sound, voice, intonation, accent” and in the context of Kaccāyana it means “vowel”. Vowels have independent existence, unlike consonants which need to be combined with vowels to make a sound.
Tattha akkharesu akārādīsu odantā aṭṭha akkharā sarā nāma honti.
Taṃ yathā?
A ā i ī u ū e o, iti sarā nāma.
Tena kvattho?
Sarā sare lopaṃ.
Regarding the akkhara, the eight akkhara starting with a and ending with o are called sarā (vowels).
Note
The above symbols for the vowels are when they are used independently (ie. not attached or preceded by a consonant). If a vowel is attached to a consonant, the following diacritics are used:
Purpose
§4 (4): Lahumattā tayo rassā (3 short vowels: rassa) anvattha
Note
rassa refers to a “short” vowel (with a metrical length of one morae, or approximately the time taken to blink the eyes).
Tattha aṭṭhasu saresu lahumattā tayo sarā rassā nāma honti.
Taṃ yathā?
A i u, iti rassā nāma.
Tena kvattho?
Rassaṃ.
Regarding the eight vowels, the three short vowels are called rassa.
The rassa vowels are:
§5 (5): Aññe dīghā (Other [sarā] are dīgha) anvattha
Note
dīgha refers to a “long” vowel (with a metrical length of two morae, or perhaps even longer).
Tattha aṭṭhasu saresu rassehi aññe pañca sarā dīghā nāma honti.
Taṃ yathā?
Ā ī ū e o, iti dīghā nāma.
Tena kvattho?
Dīghaṃ.
Regarding the eight vowels, the five vowels other than the short vowels are called “digha.”
The digha vowels are:
Purpose
§6 (8): Sesā byañjanā (Remaining are byañjanā) anvattha
Note
byañjana means “attribute, sign, mark” and in the context of Kaccāyana it means “consonant”, because consonants are “signs” that distinguish the units of a word. From a metrical perspective, they are regarded as having a length of half a morae.
Ṭhapetvā aṭṭha sare sesā akkharā kakārādayo niggahitantā byañjanā nāma honti.
Taṃ yathā?
Ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma,
ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ,
iti byañjanā nāma.
Tena kvattho?
Sarā pakati byañjane.
Having set aside the eight vowels, the (remaining) letters starting with ka and ending with the niggahita (aṃ) are named byañjana (consonants).
The byañjanā are:
Note
Vowels following a consonant are inherent or written by diacritics. When no vowel is written, the vowel a is understood. For example the consonant ka can be combined with any of the diacritic vowels to form a syllable:
Purpose
§7 (9): Vaggā pañcapañcaso mantā (vagga: 5 by 5 [byañjane] ending with ma) anvattha
Note
vagga means “group” or “series”.
Tesaṃ kho byañjanānaṃ kakārādayo makārantā pañcapañcaso akkharavanto vaggā nāma honti.
Taṃ yathā?
Ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma,
iti vaggā nāma.
Tena kvattho?
Vaggantaṃ vā vagge.
The consonants starting with ka and ending with ma arranged in five groups of five, are named vagga (grouped).
Purpose
§8 (10): Aṃ iti niggahitaṃ (aṃ represents niggahita) anvattha
Note
niggahita (lit. “held down”) is a technical term referring to a nasalised after sound (Sanskrit: anusvāra) following a vowel. It is sometimes referred to as a vowel, but Kaccāyana classifies it as a consonant.
Aṃ iti niggahitaṃ nāma hoti.
Tena kvattho?
Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ.
The aṃ letter is named niggahita (nasal consonant).
Note
Note that the niggahita is also a diacritical mark appended to a consonant (possibly together with a vowel diacritic).
Purpose
§9 (11): Parasamaññā payoge (Other grammatical terms when applicable) saññaṅga
Yā ca pana paresu sakkataganthesu samaññā ghosāti vā aghosāti vā, tā payoge sati etthāpi yujjante.
Tattha ghosā nāma-
ga gha ṅa,
ja jha ña,
ḍa ḍha ṇa,
da dha na,
ba bha ma,
ya ra la va ha ḷa,
iti ghosā nāma.
Aghosā nāma-
ka kha,
ca cha,
ṭa ṭha,
ta tha,
pa pha,
sa,
iti aghosā nāma.
Tena kvattho?
Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā.
Terms such as ghosa (voiced) and aghosa (unvoiced) used in other texts (ie. Sanskrit grammar) are applicable here, keeping in mind when they are required to be used.
Note
ghosa means “sound” and is used to refer to “sonants” (consonants voiced with “sonority”) whereas aghosa is used to refer to “surds” (consonants pronounced with unintonated breath). Note that these are just two examples of Sanskrit technical terms that Kaccāyana says are applicable, others are used without definition, so Kaccāyana expects readers to be familiar with Sanskrit grammar.
ghosā letters:
aghosā letters:
Purpose
Refer to §29 (42): Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā
§10 (12): Pubbamadhoṭhita massaraṃ sarena viyojaye (In preceeding [word], detach vowel from vowelless [consonant]) vidhyanga
Note
Note that this is a meta-operational rule that makes sense when referring to abugida scripts like Brahmi where the vowels (diacritics) are attached to consonants in each unit of a word. In Romanised Pāli, the vowels and consonants are represented by distinct letters so separating the vowel from the consonant is inherently done.
Tattha sandhiṃ kattukāmo pubbabyañjanaṃ adhoṭhitaṃ assaraṃ katvā sarañca upari katvā sarena viyojaye.
Tatrāyamādi.
In that regard, those wishing to make “sandhi” should detach the vowel(s) from the preceeding and succeeding consonants (end phoneme of preceeding word, and first phoneme of succeeding word).
Example
tatrāyamādi
(18Dh 25.7 Sambahulabhikkhuvatthu)
| 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭 + 𑀅𑀬𑀁 + 𑀆𑀤𑀺 | tatra + ayaṃ + ādi | rule | |
|---|---|---|---|
| → | 𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀅) + (𑀅) + (𑀬 + 𑀅𑀁) + (𑀆) + 𑀤𑀺 | ta + (tr + a) + (a) + (ya + ṃ) + (ā) + di | §10 |
| → | 𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + ( | ta + tr + ( | §12 |
| → | 𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + (𑀅→𑀆) + 𑀬 + 𑀅𑀁 + 𑀆 + 𑀤𑀺 | ta + tr + (a→ā) + ya + ṃ + ā + di | §15 |
| → | 𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆 + 𑀬 + (𑀅𑀁→𑀫𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀤𑀺 | ta + tr + ā + ya + (ṃ→m + ā) + di | §34 |
| → | 𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀬 + (𑀫𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀤𑀺 | ta + (tr + ā) + ya + (m + ā) + di | §11 |
| → | 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀬𑀫𑀸𑀤𑀺 | tatrāyamādi |
§11 (14): Naye paraṃ yutte (To conclude, attach next) vidhyanga
Note
This meta-operational rule is the counterpart to §10, to ensure consonants and vowels are connected after the application of other sandhi rules.
Assaraṃ kho byañjanaṃ adhoṭhitaṃ2 parakkharaṃ naye yutte.
Tatrābhiratimiccheyya.
Yuttetikasmā?
Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me.
Ettha pana yuttaṃ na hoti.
The final vowelless consonant (in the preceeding word) must be connected to the next phoneme (first phoneme of the succeeding word).
Example
tatrābhiratimiccheyya
(17A10 4.2.3 Saṅgāravasutta)
| 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭 + 𑀅𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺𑀁 + 𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬 | tatra + abhiratiṃ + iccheyya | rule | |
|---|---|---|---|
| → | 𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀅) + (𑀅) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭 + (𑀢𑀺 + 𑀅𑀁) + (𑀇 + 𑀘𑁆) + 𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬 | ta + (tr + a) + (a) + bhira + (ti + ṃ) + (i + c) + cheyya | §10 |
| → | 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + ( | tatr + ( | §12 |
| → | 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + (𑀅→𑀆) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + 𑀅𑀁 + 𑀇 + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬 | tatr + (a→ā) + bhirati + ṃ + i + ccheyya | §15 |
| → | 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆 + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + (𑀅𑀁→𑀫𑁆 + 𑀇) + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬 | tatr + ā + bhirati + (ṃ→m + i) + ccheyya | §34 |
| → | 𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + (𑀫𑁆 + 𑀇) + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬 | ta + (tr + ā) + bhirati + (m + i) + ccheyya | §11 |
| → | 𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸 + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + 𑀫𑀺 + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬 | ta + trā + bhirati + mi + ccheyya | |
| → | 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺𑀫𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬 | tatrābhiratimiccheyya |
Counter-example
Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ,
ajini maṃ ahāsi me
(18Dh 1.3: Tissattheravatthu)
In the above text the rule is not applicable, so there are no connections (between the preceeding vowels and the following consonants, or between the final niggahita and the following vowel)
Iti sandhikappe paṭhamo kaṇḍo.
Thus ends the first section of the sandhi chapter.
Dutiyakaṇḍa (Second Section - Vowel Sandhi)
Note
This section describes sarasandhi (combination of vowels).
§12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ (Vowel, before vowel, is elided) utsarga
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sarā | lopaṃ | sare | ||||
| vowel1 | elide | vowel2 |
Sarā kho sare pare lopaṃ papponti.
Yassindriyāni samathaṅgatāni.
No hetaṃ bhante
sametāyasmā saṅghena.
Vowel, before another vowel, experience elision.
(When there are two vowels, the first vowel is elided)
Example
yassindriyāni samathaṅgatāni
(18Dh 7.5: Mahākaccāyanattheravatthu)
🚹⑥⨀(ya) 🚻①⨂(indriya) 🚻①⨂(samathaṅgata)
of whatever | faculties | calmed
| yassa + indriyāni | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | yas + (s + a) + (i + n) + driyāni | §10 |
| → | yas + s + ( | §12 |
| → | yas + (s + i + n) + driyāni | §11 |
| → | yassindriyāni |
Example
no hetaṃ bhante
(6D 1.1: Paribbājakakathā)
🔼(no) 🔼(hetaṃ) 🚹⓪⨀(bhavant)
not | certainly | Bhante
| hi + etaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (h + i) + (e) + taṃ | §10 |
| → | h + ( | §12 |
| → | (h + e) + taṃ | §11 |
| → | hetaṃ |
Example
sametāyasmā saṅghena
(1V 1.2.10: Saṃghabhedasikkhāpada)
🚹⓪⨀(sameta) 🚹⑤⨀(āya) 🚹③⨀(saṅgha)
attained | from power | by monastic community
| sameta + āyasmā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | same (t + a) + (ā) + yasmā | §10 |
| → | same t + ( | §12 |
| → | same (t + ā) + yasmā | §11 |
| → | sametāyasmā |
§13 (15): Vā paro asarūpā (Optionally, next dissimilar [vowel]) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vā | (sarā) | paro asarūpā | (lopaṃ) | |||
| optionally | (vowel) | dissimilar vowel | (elide) |
The option marker vā indicates this is an alternate to the previous rule §12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ (Vowel, before vowel, is elided).
Saramhā asarūpā paro saro lopaṃ pappoti vā.
Cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā,
kinnu’ māvasamaṇiyo.
Vāti kasmā?
Pañcindriyāni,
tayassu dhammā jahitā bhavanti.
Optionally, when a vowel not of the same type (of articulation) follows a vowel, the following vowel experience elision.
Example
cattārome, bhikkhave, dhammā
(15A4 5.5.7: Bahukārasutta)
🚹①⨂(catu) 🚹①⨂(ima) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
four | these | bhikkhave | teachings
| cattāro + ime | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | cattā + (r + o) + (i) + me | §10 |
| → | cattā + r + (o + | §13 |
| → | cattā + (r + o) + me | §11 |
| → | cattārome |
Example
kinnumāva samaṇiyo
(2V 2.2.10: Sikkhaṃpaccācikkhaṇasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(nu mā va) 🚹①⨀(samaṇiya)
who | ? | do not | like | a monastic
| kiṃ + nu + imā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | kiṃ + (n + u) + (i) + mā | §10 |
| → | kiṃ + n + (u + | §13 |
| → | kiṃ + (n + u) + mā | §11 |
| → | kinnumā |
Counter-example
pañcindriyāni
(17A10 2.4.10: Khīṇāsavabalasutta)
🚻①⨂(pañcindriya)
five faculties
| pañca + indriyāni | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pañ + (c + a) + (i + n) + driyāni | §10 |
| → | pañ + c + ( | §12 |
| → | pañ + (c + i + n) + driyāni | §11 |
| → | pañcindriyāni |
Note rule 12 is applied rather than rule 13 because “a” and “i” are considered “similar” vowels (from the perspective of articulation).
Counter-example
tayassu dhammā jahitā bhavanti
(18Sn 2.1: Ratanasutta)
🚹①⨂(ti) ⏯🤟⨂(assa) 🚹①⨂(dhamma) 🚹①⨂(jahita) ▶️🤟⨂(bhavati)
three | will be | teachings | abandoned | is
| tayo + assu | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ta + (y + o) + (a + s) + su | §10 |
| → | ta + y + ( | §12 |
| → | ta + (y + a + s) + su | §11 |
| → | tayassu |
Note rule 12 is applied rather than rule 13 because “o” and “a” are considered “similar” vowels (from the perspective of articulation).
§14 (16): Kvacāsavaṇṇaṃ3 lutte (Occasionally, different vaṇṇa after elision) apavada
Note
vaṇṇa can have various contexts, including “colour”, “appearance” and “praise” but in the context of Kaccāyana it means a certain sound. For example ivaṇṇa means a the sound i or ī (note, the length of the sound does not matter).
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kvaci | ( | (sare) | pappoti | asavaṇṇaṃ | ||
| occasionally | ( | (vowel2) | change | different sound |
The option marker kvaci indicates this cancels the vā option marker in the previous rule §13 (15): Vā paro asarūpā (Optionally, next dissimilar-sounding [vowel]). It provides an alternative to rule §12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ (Vowel, before vowel, is elided).
Saro kho paro pubbasare lutte kvaci asavaṇṇaṃ pappoti.
Saṅkhyaṃ nopeti vedagū,
bandhusseva samāgamo.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Yassindriyāni,
tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi.
A vowel, when the previous vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes a different sound (another vowel).
Example
saṅkhyaṃ nopeti vedagū
(18Sn 3.12: Dvayatānupassanāsutta)
🚺②⨀(saṅkhyā) ▶️🤟⨀(nopeti) 🚹①⨀(vedagū)
categorisation | does not approach | one who has perfect knowledge
| na + upeti | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (n + a) + (u) + peti | §10 |
| → | n + ( | §12 |
| → | n + (u→o) + peti | §14 |
| → | (n + o) + peti | §11 |
| → | nopeti |
Example
bandhusseva samāgamo
🚹⑥⨀(bandhu) 🔼(iva) 🚹①⨀(samāgama)
of relation | like | association of
| bandhussa + iva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | bandhus + (s + a) + (i) + va | §10 |
| → | bandhus + s + ( | §12 |
| → | bandhus + s + (i→e) + va | §14 |
| → | bandhus + (s + e) + va | §11 |
| → | bandhusseva |
Counter-example
yassindriyāni (samathaṅgatāni)
(18Dh 7.5: Mahākaccāyanattheravatthu)
🚹⑥⨀(ya) 🚻①⨂(indriya) 🚻①⨂(samathaṅgata)
of whatever | faculties | calmed
| yassa + indriyāni | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | yas + (s + a) + (i + n) + driyāni | §10 |
| → | yas + s + ( | §12 |
| → | yas + (s + i + n) + driyāni | §11 |
| → | yassindriyāni |
Counter-example
tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi
(18Kh 6: Ratanasutta)
🚻①⨀(tathūpama) 🚹②⨀(dhammavara) ⏮🤟⨀(adesayi)
similar to that | excellent teaching | taught
| tathā + upama | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ta + (th + ā) + (u) + pama | §10 |
| → | ta + th + ( | §12 |
| → | ta + th + (u→ū) + pama | §15 |
| → | ta + (th + ū) + pama | §11 |
| → | tathūpama |
§15 (17): Dīghaṃ (Long) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | ( | (sare) | (pappoti) | dīghaṃ | ||
| (occasionally) | ( | (vowel2) | (change) | long vowel2 |
Saro kho paro pubbasare lutte kvaci dīghaṃ pappoti.
Saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ,
anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Pañcahupāli aṅgehi samannāgato.
Natthaññaṃ kiñci.
A vowel, when the previous vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes long.
Example
saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ
(18Sn 1.10: Āḷavakasutta)
🔼(saddhīdha) 🚻①⨀(vitta) 🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚻①⨀(seṭṭha)
confidence here | wealth | of person | most important
| saddhā + idha | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | sad + (dh + ā) + (i) + dha | §10 |
| → | sad + dh + ( | §12 |
| → | sad + dh + (i→ī) + dha | §15 |
| → | sad + (dh + ī) + dha | §11 |
| → | saddhīdha |
Example
anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ
(18Sn 3.9: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🚹③⨂(anāgāra) 🔼(cūbhayaṃ)
by homeless wanderer | as well as
| ca + ubhayaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (c +a) + (u) + bhayaṃ | §10 |
| → | c + ( | §12 |
| → | c + (u→ū) + bhayaṃ | §15 |
| → | (c + ū) + bhayaṃ | §11 |
| → | cūbhayaṃ |
Counter-example
pañcahupāli aṅgehi samannāgato
(5V 17.11: Saṃghabhedakavagga)
⚧③⨂(pañca) 🚹⓪⨀(upāli) 🚻③⨂(aṅga) 🚹①⨀(samannāgata)
with five | Upāli| | with limb | endowed with
| pañcahi + upāli | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pañca + (h + i) + (u) + pāli | §10 |
| → | pañca + h + ( | §12 |
| → | pañca + (h + u) + pāli | §11 |
| → | pañcahupāli |
Counter-example
natthaññaṃ kiñci
(15A4 4.3.3: Mahākoṭṭhikasutta)
▶️🤟⨀(natthi) 🚻①⨀(añña) 🚻①⨀(kaci)
there is not | another | something
| natthi + aññaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | nat + (th + i) + (a) + ññaṃ | §10 |
| → | nat + th + ( | §12 |
| → | nat + (th + a) + ññaṃ | §11 |
| → | natthaññaṃ |
§16 (18): Pubbo ca (And previous) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | pubbo | (pappoti) | (dīghaṃ) | ( | ||
| (occasionally) | vowel1 | (change) | (long vowel1) | ( |
The use of ca (and) implies this rule is an alternative to the previous rule §15 (17): Dīghaṃ (Long). The examples imply this rule is applied after §13 (15): Vā paro asarūpā (Optionally, next dissimilar [vowel]).
Pubbo ca saro parasaralope kate kvaci dīghaṃ pappoti.
Kiṃsūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ,
sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā,
kvacīti kasmā?
Itissa muhuttampi.
A vowel, when the following vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes long.
Example
kiṃ sūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ
(18Sn 1.10: Āḷavakasutta)
🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(su idha) 🚻①⨀(vitta) 🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚻①⨀(seṭṭha)
what | ! | here | wealth | of person | most important
| su + idha | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (s + u) + (i) + dha | §10 |
| → | s + (u + | §13 |
| → | s + (u→ū) + dha | §16 |
| → | (s + ū) + dha | §11 |
| → | sūdha |
Example
sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā
(7D 10.2.1: Candimasūriyaupamā)
🚹①⨀(sādhu) 🔼(iti) 🔼(paṭissuṇitvā)
auspicious | like this | having agreed
| csādhu + iti | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | sā + (dh + u) + (i) + ti | §10 |
| → | sā + dh + (u + | §13 |
| → | sā + dh + (u→ū) + ti | §16 |
| → | sā + (dh + ū) + ti | §11 |
| → | sādhūti |
Counter-example
itissa muhuttampi
(2V 1.5.8.7: Sañciccasikkhāpada)
🔼(iti) ⏯🤟⨀(assa) 🚹②⨀(muhutta) 🔼(api)
like this | will be | moment | just
| iti + assa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | i + (t + i) + (a + s) + sa | §10 |
| → | i + t + (i + | §13 |
| → | i + (t + i + s) + sa | §11 |
| → | itissa |
§17 (19): Yamedantassādeso (y from e ending: replacement) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | edantassa | ādeso | yaṃ | (dīghaṃ) | ||
| (occasionally) | e | replace | y | (lengthened vowel) |
There is no option marker in the rule. Although this could be taken as a continuation of the ca option marker, analysis of the following rules suggest the implied option marker reverts to kvaci inherited from (§15 (17): Dīghaṃ (Long)). The examples imply this rule is typically applied after §15.
Ekārassa antabhūtassa sare pare kvaci yakārādeso hoti.
Adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo,
tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadeyyaṃ,
tyāssa pahīnā honti.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Tenāgatā4,
iti nettha.
When [word] ending with e, is followed by another vowel, the e is replaced with “y”.
Example
adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo
(3V 1.5: Brahmayācanakathā)
🚹①⨀(adhigata) 🔼(kho) 👆③⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(dhamma)
arrived at | indeed | by me | this | principle
| me + ayaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (m + e) + (a) + yaṃ | §10 |
| → | m + (e + a→ā) + yaṃ | §15 |
| → | m + (e→y + ā) + yaṃ | §17 |
| → | m + (y + ā) + yaṃ | §11 |
| → | myāyaṃ |
Example
tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadeyyaṃ
(9M 1.3: Dhammadāyādasutta)
🤘②⨀(tvaṃ) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🔼(evaṃ) 🔵⏯👆⨀(vadati)
you | I | thus | will speak
| te + ahaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (t + e) + (a) + haṃ | §10 |
| → | t + (e + a→ā) + haṃ | §15 |
| → | t + (e→y + ā) + haṃ | §17 |
| → | t + (y + ā) + haṃ | §11 |
| → | tyāhaṃ |
Example
tyāssa pahīnā honti
(11M 4.10: Dhātuvibhaṅgasutta)
🚹①⨂(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚹①⨂(pahīna) ▶️🤟⨂(hoti)
they | of this | given up | are
| te + assa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (t + e) + (a) + ssa | §10 |
| → | t + (e + a→ā) + ssa | §15 |
| → | t + (e→y + ā) + ssa | §17 |
| → | t + (y + ā) + ssa | §11 |
| → | tyāssa |
Counter-example
te anāgatā
(3V 9.3: Ñattivipannakammādikathā)
🚹①⨂(ta) 🚹①⨂(anāgata)
those | not present
The text implies this is transformed into tenāgatā through §13 but this is not found in the World Tipiṭaka Edition.
§18 (20): Vamodudantānaṃ (v from o or u ending) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | odudantānaṃ | (ādeso) | vaṃ | (sare) | ||
| (occasionally) | o | replace | v | (vowel) | ||
| (occasionally) | u | replace | v | (vowel) |
The implied option marker continues to be kvaci. The examples suggest this rule is an exception to rule §12 (13): Sarā sare lopaṃ (Vowel, before vowel, is elided).
Okārukārānaṃ antabhūtānaṃ sare pare kvaci vakārādeso hoti.
Atha khvassa,
svassa hoti,
bahvābādho,
vatthvettha vihitaṃ niccaṃ cakkhāpāthamāgacchati.
Kvacītikasmā?
Cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā,
kinnumāva samaṇiyo.
When [word] ending with o or u, followed by another vowel, the o or u is replaced with v.
Example
atha khvassa
(13S3 1.2.4.7: Khemakasutta)
🔼(atha kho) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
after that | of this
| kho + assa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (kh + o) + (a) + ssa | §10 |
| → | kh + (o→v + a) + ssa | §18 |
| → | kh + (v + a) + ssa | §11 |
| → | khvassa |
Example
svassa hoti
(17A9 1.4.3: Nibbānasukhasutta)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
that | of this | is
| so + assa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (s + o) + (a) + ssa | §10 |
| → | s + (o→v + a) + ssa | §18 |
| → | s + (v + a) + ssa | §11 |
| → | svassa |
Example
bahvābādho
(10M 4.5: Bodhirājakumārasutta)
🚹①⨀(bahvābādha)
sickly
| bahu + ābādho | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ba + (h + u) + (ā) + bādho | §10 |
| → | ba + h + (u→v + ā) + bādho | §18 |
| → | ba + (h + v + ā) + bādho | §11 |
| → | bahvābādho |
Example
vatthvettha vihitaṃ niccaṃ cakkhāpāthamāgacchati
🚻①⨀(vatthu) 🔼(ettha) 🚻①⨀(vihita) 🚻①⨀(nicca) 🚻①⨀(cakkhu) 🚹②⨀(āpātha) ▶️🤟⨀(āgacchati)
base | here | arranged | continuous | eye | sense organ | come
| vatthu + ettha | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | vat + (th + u) + (e + t) + tha | §10 |
| → | vat + th + (u→v + e) + t + tha | §18 |
| → | vat + (th + v + e + t) + tha | §11 |
| → | vatthvettha |
Counter-example
cattārome bhikkhave dhammā
(15A4 4.1.10: Sugatavinayasutta)
🚹①⨂(catu) 🚹①⨂(ima) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
four | these | bhikkhave | teachings
| cattāro + ime | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | cattā + (r + o) + (i) + me | §10 |
| → | cattā + r + (o + | §13 |
| → | cattā + (r + o) + me | §11 |
| → | cattārome |
Counter-example
kinnumāva samaṇiyo
(2V 2.2.10: Sikkhaṃpaccācikkhaṇasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(nu imā eva) 🚹①⨀(samaṇiya)
these are not the only | ascetic
| kiṃ + nu + imā + eva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | k + (i + ṃ) + (n + u) + (i + m + ā) + (e) + va | §10 |
| → | k + i + ( | §39 |
| → | k + i + n + (u + | §13 |
| → | (k + i) + (n + u) + (m + ā) + va | §11 |
| → | kinnumāva |
§19 (22): Sabbo caṃti (c from entire ti) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | caṃ | (ādeso) | ti | (sare) | ||
| (occasionally) | c | replace | ti | (vowel) |
sabbo could possibly be interpreted as an option marker but in this case refers to the phoneme ti which should not be split in accordance to §10. The examples show this rule is often followed by §28.
Sabbo icceso tisaddo byañjano sare pare kvaci cakāraṃ pappoti.
Iccetaṃ kusalaṃ, iccassa vacanīyaṃ, paccuttaritvā, paccāharati.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Itissa muhuttampi.
The entire “ti” sound/consonant, when followed by another vowel, occasionally becomes “c”.
Example
iccetaṃ kusalaṃ
(1V 1.2.10: Saṃghabhedasikkhāpada)
🔼(iti etaṃ) 🚻①⨀(kusala)
like this | thus | wholesome
| iti + etaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | i + (ti) + (e) + taṃ | §10 |
| → | i + (ti→c + e) + taṃ | §19 |
| → | (i + c→cc) + e + taṃ | §28 |
| → | i + (cc + e) + taṃ | §11 |
| → | iccetaṃ |
Example
iccassa vacanīyaṃ
(7D 2.1: Paṭiccasamuppāda)
🔼(iti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚻①⨀(vacanīya)
like this | of this | should be said
| iti + assa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | i + (ti) + (a) + ssa | §10 |
| → | i + (ti→c + a) + ssa | §19 |
| → | (i + c→cc) + a + ssa | §28 |
| → | i + (cc + a) + ssa | §11 |
| → | iccassa |
Example
paccuttaritvā
(11M 3.9: Bālapaṇḍitasutta)
🔼(iti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚻①⨀(vacanīya)
like this | of this | should be said
| pati + uttaritvā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pa + (ti) + (u) + ttaritvā | §10 |
| → | pa + (ti→c + u) + ttaritvā | §19 |
| → | p + (a + c→cc) + u + ttaritvā | §28 |
| → | p + a + (cc + u) + ttaritvā | §11 |
| → | paccuttaritvā |
Example
paccāharati
(1V 1.2.5: Sañcarittasikkhāpada)
▶️🤟⨀(paccāharati)
brings back
| pati + aharati | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pa + (ti) + (a) + harati | §10 |
| → | pa + (ti→c + a) + harati | §19 |
| → | p + (a + c→cc) + a + harati | §28 |
| → | p + a + cc + (a->ā) + harati | §15 |
| → | p + a + (cc + ā) + harati | §11 |
| → | paccāharati |
Counter-example
itissa muhuttampi
(2V 1.5.8.7: Sañciccasikkhāpada)
🔼(iti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚻①⨀(vacanīya)
like this | of this | should be said
| iti + assa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | i + (t + i) + (a) + ssa | §10 |
| → | i + t + (i + | §13 |
| → | i + (t + i) + ssa | §11 |
| → | itissa |
§20 (27): Do dhassa ca (And d from dha) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | dhassa | (ādeso) | do | (sare) | ||
| (Occasionally) | dha | replace | d | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | dha | replace | u | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | d | replace | t | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | t | replace | ṭ | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | t | replace | dh | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | tt | replace | tr | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | g | replace | t | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | r | replace | l | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | y | replace | j | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | v | replace | bb | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | y | replace | k | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | j | replace | y | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | t | replace | k | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | tt | replace | cc | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | p | replace | ph | (vowel) | ||
| (Occasionally) | k | replace | kh | (vowel) |
The ca indicates this is an alternative to the previous rule §19.
Dhaiccetassa sare pare kvaci dakārādeso hoti.
Ekamidāhaṃ bhikkhave samayaṃ.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Idheva maraṇaṃ bhavissati.
Vaggahaṇena dhakārassa hakārādeso hoti sāhu dassana mariyānaṃ.
Suttavibhāgena bahudhā siyā-
To dassa, yathā? Sugato.
Ṭo tassa, yathā? Dukkaṭaṃ.
Dho tassa, yathā? Gandhabbo.
Tro ttassa, yathā? Atrajo.
Ko gassa, yathā? Kulūpako.
Lo rassa, yathā? Mahāsālo.
Jo yassa, yathā? Gavajo.
Bbo vissa, yathā? Kubbato.
Ko yassa, yathā? Sake.
Yo jassa, yathā? Niyaṃputtaṃ.
Ko tassa, yathā? Niyako.
Cco ttassa, yathā bhacco.
Pho passa, yathā? Nipphatti.
Kho kassa, yathā? Nikkhamati.
Iccevamādī yojetabbā.
dha, followed by a vowel, occasionally is replaced with d.
Example
ekamidāhaṃ bhikkhave samayaṃ
(7D 1.17: Devatārocana)
🚻①⨀(eka) 🔼(idha) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹②⨀(samaya)
one | here | I | bhikkhave | occasion
| idha + ahaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | i + (dha) + (a) + haṃ | §10 |
| → | i + (dha→d + a) + haṃ | §20 |
| → | i + d + (a→ā) + haṃ | §15 |
| → | i + (d + ā) + haṃ | §11 |
| → | idāhaṃ |
Counter-example
idheva (me) maraṇaṃ bhavissati
(10M 4.2: Raṭṭhapālasutta)
🔼(idheva) 🚻①⨀(maraṇa) ⏭🤟⨀(bhavati)
right here | death | will become
| idha + eva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | i + (dh + a) + (e) + va | §10 |
| → | i + dh + ( | §12 |
| → | i + (dh + e) + va | §11 |
| → | idheva |
Additional
Instead of “v”, “dha” is occasionally replaced with “h”.
Example
sāhu dassana mariyānaṃ\(18Dh 15.8: Sakkavatthu)
🔼(sāhu) 🚻①⨀(dassana) 🚹⑥⨂(ariya)
excellent | appearance of | Buddha
| sādhu | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | sā + (dh→h + u) | §20 |
| → | sāhu |
Note that the substitution occurs within a word rather than across words. Because of this, rules §10 and §11 are not applied and the replacement occurs directly.
Additional
Additional substitutions:
d→tt→ṭt→dhtt→trg→tr→ly→jv→bby→kj→yt→ktt→ccp→phk→kh
Example
sugato\(1V 1: Verañjakaṇḍa)
🚹①⨀(sugata)
well gone
| su + gado | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | su + ga + (d→t + o) | §20 |
| → | sugato |
Example
dukkaṭaṃ\(1V 1.2.6: Kuṭikārasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(dukkaṭa)
wrong action
| du + kataṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | d + (u + k→kk) + ataṃ | §28 |
| → | d + u + kk + a + (t→ṭ + a) + ṃ | §20 |
| → | dukkaṭaṃ |
Example
gandhabbo\(10M 5.3: Assalāyanasutta)
🚹①⨀(gandhabba)
demigod
| gantabbo | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | gan + (t→dh + a) + bbo | §20 |
| → | gandhabbo |
Example
atrajo\(3V 8.31: Aṭṭhacīvaramātikā)
🚹①⨀(atraja)
born from oneself
| attajo | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | at + (tt→tr + a) + jo | §20 |
| → | atrajo |
Example
kulūpako\(1V 1.2.4: Attakāmapāricariyasikkhāpada)
🚹①⨀(kulūpaka)
one who approaches families
| kulūpago | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | kulūpa + (g→k + o) | §20 |
| → | kulūpako |
Example
mahāsālo\(10M 1.1: Kandarakasutta)
🚹①⨀(mahāsāla)
having immense wealth
| mahāsāro | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | mahāsā (r→l + o) | §20 |
| → | mahāsālo |
Example
gavajo\(23J 21.1.3: Sudhābhojanajātaka)
🚹①⨀(gavaja)
species of ox
| gavayo | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | gava + (y→j + o) | §20 |
| → | gavajo |
Example
kubbato\(18Dh 4.7: Chattapāṇiupāsakavatthu)
🚹④⨀(kubbanta)
for one doing
| kuvato | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ku + (v→bb + a) + to | §20 |
| → | kubbato |
Example
niyaṃputtaṃ\(23J 22.1.6: Bhūridattajātaka)
🚻①⨀(niya) 🚻①⨀(putta)
one’s own | child
| nijaṃputtaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | niya + (t→k + o) | §20 |
| → | niyaṃputtaṃ |
Example
bhacco\(15A4 2.2.1: Pattakammasutta)
🚹①⨀(bhacca)
dependant
| bhatto | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | bha ++ (tt→cc + o) | §20 |
| → | bhacco |
Example
nipphatti\(27Ne 4.1.10: Vevacanahāravibhaṅga)
🚺①⨀(nipphatti)
success
| nippatti | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | nip + (p→ph + a) + tti | §20 |
| → | nipphatti |
Example
nikkhamati\(10M 2.2: Mahārāhulovādasutta)
▶️🤟⨀(nikkhamati)
leaves
| nikkamati | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | nik + (k→kh + a) + mati | §20 |
| → | nikkhamati |
§21 (21): Ivaṇṇo yaṃ navā (i sound to y rarely) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| navā | ivaṇṇo | (ādeso) | yaṃ | (sare) | ||
| rarely | i | replace | y | (vowel) |
navā is generally interpreted by most translations (and also other grammatical books) to be an alternative to kvaci, to cancel out kvaci in the preceeding rule, however, I have decided to interpret it as a more restrictive form of optionality, hence have translated it as “rarely”. In any case, the vutti for rule 22 continues the use of navā as the applicable option marker, hence I believe it has a different meaning than kvaci.
Pubbo ivaṇṇo sare pare yakāraṃ pappoti navā.
Paṭisunthāravutyassa,
sabbā vityānubhūyate.
Navāti kasmā?
Pañcahaṅgehi samannāgato, muttacāgī anuddhato.
Rarely, the i sound (i or ī), followed by another vowel, is replaced with “y”.
Example
paṭisanthāravutyassa
(19Dh 25.7: Sambahulabhikkhuvatthu)
🔼(paṭisanthāravutyassa)
one should have a friendly disposition
| vutti + assa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | vut + (t + i) + (a) + ssa | §10 |
| → | vut + t + (i→y) + a + ssa | §21 |
| → | vut + (t + y + a) + ssa | §11 |
| → | vutyassa |
Example
sabbā vityānubhūyate
🚺①⨀(sabba) 🚺①⨀(vitti) 🔼(anu) | 🔵▶️🤟⨀(bhūyati)
all | joy | following | is becoming
| vitti + anu | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | vit + (t + i) + (a) + nu | §10 |
| → | vit + t + (i→y) + a + nu | §21 |
| → | vit + t + y + (a→ā) + nu | §15 |
| → | vit + (t + y + ā) + nu | §11 |
| → | vityānu |
Counter-example
pañcahaṅgehi samannāgato
(1V 1.4.2.8: Rūpiyasikkhāpada)
⚧③⨂(pañca) 🚻③⨂(aṅga) 🚹①⨀(samannāgata)
with 5 | with limbs | endowed with
| pañcahi + aṅgehi | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pañca + (h + i) + (a + ṅ) + gehi | §10 |
| → | pañca + h + ( | §12 |
| → | pañca + (h + a + ṅ) + gehi | §11 |
| → | pañcahaṅgehi |
Counter-example
muttacāgī anuddhato
🚺①⨀(mutti) 🚺①⨀(cāgī) 🚹①⨀(anuddhata)
freely | donates | not arrogant
| mutti + cāgī | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | mut + (t + i) + (c + ā) + gī | §10 |
| → | mut + t + (i→a + c) + ā + gī | §27 |
| → | mut + (t + a) + (c + ā) + gī | §11 |
| → | muttacāgī |
§22 (28): Evādissa ri pubbo ca rasso (eva becomes riva, and previous becomes short) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (navā) | (dīghā) + e | (ādeso) | rasso + ri | vādissa | ||
| (rarely) | (long vowel) + e | replace | short vowel + ri | va |
I have interpreted ca not as an option marker but an intention to signify two operations are included in this rule: a transformation of eva into riva as well as a shortening of the preceeding long vowel. The relevant option marker is navā inherited from the previous rule, which is made clear in the vutti.
Saramhā parassa evassa ekārassa ādissa rikāro hoti, pubbo ca saro rasso hoti navā.
Yathariva vasudhātalañca sabbaṃ,
tathariva guṇavā supūjaniyo.
Navāti kasmā?
Yathā eva, tathā eva.
Rarely, (long) vowel followed by “eva”, “e” becomes “ri”, and previous vowel becomes short.
Example
yathariva vasudhātalañca sabbaṃ
🔼(yathariva) 🚺①⨀(vasudhā) 🚻①⨀(tala) 🔼(ca) 🚻①⨀(sabba)
just as | earth level | and | entire
| yathā + eva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ya + (th + a) + (e + va) | §10 |
| → | yath + (ā→a) + (e→ri) + va | §22 |
| → | ya + (th + a) + ri + va | §11 |
| → | yathariva |
Example
tathariva guṇavā supūjaniyo
🔼(tathariva) 🚹①⨀(guṇavant) 🔼(su) 🚹①⨀(pūjaniya)
like this | one who is virtuous | well | worthy of veneration
| yathā + eva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ta + (th + a) + (e + va) | §10 |
| → | tath + (ā→a) + (e→ri) + va | §22 |
| → | ta + (th + a) + ri + va | §11 |
| → | tathariva |
Counter-example
yathā eva(nosandhi)
🔼(yathā) 🔼(eva)
like | only
Counter-example
tathā eva(nosandhi)
🚹①⨂(tatha) 🔼(eva)
true | only
Iti sandhikappe dutiyo kaṇḍo.
Thus ends the second section of the sandhi chapter.
Tatiyakaṇḍa (Third Section - Consonantal sandhi)
§23 (26): Sarā pakati byañjane (Vowel before consonant retains original form) utsarga
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sarā | pakati | (sarā) | byañjane | |||
| vowel | unchanged | (vowel) | consonant |
Sarā kho byañjane pare pakatirūpāni honti.
Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā,
pamādo maccuno padaṃ,
tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu.
Vowel, followed by consonant, retains original form.
Example
manopubbaṅgamā dhammā(nosandhifor mano + pubbaṅgamā)
(18Dh 1.1: Cakkhupālattheravatthu)
🚹①⨂(manopubbaṅgama) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
led by mind | nature
Example
pamādo maccuno padaṃ(nosandhi)
(18Dh 2.1: Sāmāvatīvatthu)
🚹①⨀(pamāda) 🚹⑥⨀(maccu) 🚻①⨀(pada)
carelessness | of death | way
Example
tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu(nosandhi)
(10M 5.8 Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🚹①⨀(tiṇṇa) 🚹①⨀(pāraṅgata) ⏮🤟⨀(ahosi)
crossed over | reached the other shore | became
§24 (35): Sare kvaci (Occasionally after vowel) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kvaci | (sarā) | (pakati) | (sarā) | sare | ||
| occasionally | vowel1 | unchanged | (vowel1) | vowel2 |
Sarā kho sare pare kvaci pakatirūpāni honti.
Ko imaṃ pathaviṃ vicessati.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Appassutāyaṃ puriso.
Vowel followed by another vowel occasionally retains original form.
Example
ko imaṃ pathaviṃ vicessati(nosandhiforko + imaṃ)
(18Dh 4.1: Pathavikathāpasutapañcasatabhikkhuvatthu)
🚹①⨀(ka) 🚺②⨀(ima) 🚺②⨀(pathavī) ⏭🤟⨀(vicessati)
who | this | earth | understand
Counter-example
appassutāyaṃ puriso
(18Dh 11.7: Lāḷudāyītheravatthu)
🚹①⨀(appassuta) 🚹①⨀(purisa)
ignorant | person
| appassuto + ayaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | appassu + (t + o) + (a) + yaṃ | §10 |
| → | appassu + t + (~~o + a) + yaṃ | §12 |
| → | appassu + t + (a→ā) + yaṃ | §15 |
| → | appassu + (t + ā) + yaṃ | §11 |
| → | appassutāyaṃ |
§25 (37): Dīghaṃ (Long) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | (sarā) | (pappoti) | dīghaṃ | (byañjane) | ||
| (occasionally) | (vowel) | (change) | long vowel | (consonant) |
Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci dīghaṃ papponti.
Sammā dhammaṃ vipassato,
evaṃ gāme munī care,
khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Idha modati pecca modati,
patilīyati,
paṭihaññati.
Vowel, followed by consonant, occasionally becomes long.
Example
sammā dhammaṃ vipassato
(18Dh 25.7: Sambahulabhikkhuvatthu)
🔼(samma) 🚹②⨀(dhamma) 🚹⑥⨀(vipassanta)
friend | nature | seeing deeply into
| samma + dhammaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | sam + (m + a) + (dh + a) + mmaṃ | §10 |
| → | sam + m + (a→ā + dh) + a + mmaṃ | §25 |
| → | sam + (m + ā) + (dh + a) + mmaṃ | §11 |
| → | sammādhammaṃ |
Example
evaṃ gāme munī care
(18Dh 4.5: Macchariyakosiyaseṭṭhivatthu)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚹②⨂(gāma) 🚹①⨂(muni) 🚹②⨂(cara)
thus | village | sage | wandering
| muni + care | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | mu + (n + i) + (c + a) + re | §10 |
| → | mu + n + (i→ī + c) + a + re | §25 |
| → | mu + (n + ī) + (c + a) + re | §11 |
| → | munīcare |
Example
khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā
(18Dh 4.5: Macchariyakosiyaseṭṭhivatthu)
🚺①⨀(khanti) 🚻①⨀(parama) 🚹①⨀(tapa) 🚹①⨂(titikkha)
patience | highest | religious practice | enduring
| khanti + paramaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | khan + (t + i) + (p + a) + ramaṃ | §10 |
| → | khan + t + (i→ī + p) + a + ramaṃ | §25 |
| → | khan + (t + ī) + (p + a) + ramaṃ | §11 |
| → | khantīparamaṃ |
Counter-example
idha modati pecca modati(nosandhi)
(18Dh 1.11: Dhammikaupāsakavatthu)
🔼(idha) ▶️🤟⨀(modati) 🔼(pecca) ▶️🤟⨀(modati)
here | is glad | after death | is glad
Counter-example
patilīyati(nosandhiforpati + līyati)
(16A7 1.5.6: Dutiyasaññāsutta)
▶️🤟⨀(patilīyati)
withdraws from
Counter-example
paṭihaññati(nosandhiforpaṭi + haññati)
(11M 3.10: Devadūtasutta)
▶️🤟⨀(paṭihaññati)
is struck
§26 (38): Rassaṃ (Short) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | (sarā) | (pappoti) | rassaṃ | (byañjane) | ||
| (occasionally) | (vowel) | (change) | short vowel | (consonant) |
Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci rassaṃ papponti.
Bhovādināma so hoti,
yathābhāvi guṇena so.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Sammāsamādhi,
sāvittī chandaso mukhaṃ,
upanīyati jīvitamappamāyu.
Vowel, followed by consonant, occasionally becomes short.
Example
bhovādināma so hoti
(10M 5.8: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🚹①⨀(bhovādī) 🔼(nāma) 🚹①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
Brahman | certainly | he | is
| bhovādī + nāma | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | bhovā + (d + ī) + (n + ā) + ma | §10 |
| → | bhovā + d + (ī→i + n) + ā + ma | §26 |
| → | bhovā + (d + i) + (n + ā) + ma | §11 |
| → | bhovādināma |
Example
yathābhāvi guṇena so
🔼(yathā) 🚹①⨀(bhāvī) 🚹③⨀(guṇa) 🚹①⨀(ta)
like | predestined | by virtue | that
| yathā + bhāvi | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ya + (th + ā) + (bh + ā) + vi | §10 |
| → | ya + th + (ā→a + bh) + ā + vi | §26 |
| → | ya + (th + a) + (bh + ā) + vi | §11 |
| → | yathabhāvi |
Counter-example
sammāsamādhi(nosandhiforsammā + samādhi)
(6D 6.2.3: Ariyaaṭṭhaṅgikamagga)
🚹①⨀(sammāsamādhi)
right mental composure
Counter-example
sāvittī chandaso mukhaṃ(nosandhiforsāvittī + chandaso)
(18Sn 3.7: Selasutta)
🚺①⨂(sāvitti) 🚹⑥⨀(chandas) 🚻①⨀(mukha)
Sāvittī (sun god) | of metre | opening
Counter-example
upanīyati jīvitamappamāyu(nosandhiforjīvita + appamāyu)
(12S1 1.1.3: Upanīyasutta)
▶️🤟⨀(upanīyati) 🚻⓪⨀(jīvita) 🚹①⨀(appamāyu)
is lead to the end | existence | short-lived
§27 (39): Lopañca tatrākāro (After elision, in that place a) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | (sarā) | (pappoti) | a | (byañjane) | ||
| (occasionally) | (vowel) | (change) | a | (consonant) |
Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci lopaṃ papponti. Tatra ca lope kate akārāgamo hoti.
Sa sīlavā.
Sa paññavā
esa dhammo sanantano,
sa ve kasāvamarahati,
sa mānakāmopi bhaveyya,
sa ve muni jātibhayaṃ adassi.5
Kvacīti kasmā?
So muni,
eso dhammo padissati,6
na so kāsāvamarahati.
Vowel, followed by consonant, occasionally becomes elided. In the place of the completed elision, a is inserted.
Example
sa sīlavā\(18Dh 6.9: Dhammikattheravatthu)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨂(sīlava)
that | Sīlava
| so + sīlavā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (s + o) + (s + ī) + lavā | §10 |
| → | s + ( | §27 |
| → | (s + a) + (s + ī) + lavā | §11 |
| → | sasīlavā |
Example
sa paññavā\(23J 17.1.2: Sarabhaṅgajātaka)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨂(paññava)
he | intelligent
| so + paññavā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (s + o) + (p + a) + ññavā | §10 |
| → | s + ( | §27 |
| → | (s + a) + (p + a) + ññavā | §11 |
| → | sapaññavā |
Example
esa dhammo sanantano\(11M 3.8: Upakkilesasutta)
🚹①⨀(eta) 🚹①⨀(dhamma) 🚹①⨀(sanantana)
this | doctrine | everlasting
| eso + dhammo | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | e + (s + o) + (dh + a) + mmo | §10 |
| → | e + s + ( | §27 |
| → | e + (s + a) + (dh + a) + mmo | §11 |
| → | esadhammo |
Example
sa ve kāsāvamarahati\(18Dh 1.7: Devadattavatthu)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(ve) ▶️🤟⨀(kāsāvamarahati)
that | truly | worthy of the brown red robe
| so + ve | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (s + o) + (v + e) | §10 |
| → | s + ( | §27 |
| → | (s + a) + (v + e) | §11 |
| → | save |
Example
sa mānakāmopi bhaveyya
🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(mānakāmopi) ⏯🤟⨀(bhavati)
he | who is proud | will be
| so + mānakāmopi | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (s + o) + (m + ā) + nakāmopi | §10 |
| → | s + ( | §27 |
| → | (s + a) + (m + ā) + nakāmopi | §11 |
| → | samānakāmopi |
Example
sa ve muni jātibhayaṃ adassi\(18Sn 1.12: Munisutta)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(ve) 🚹①⨀(muni) 🚻①⨀(jātibhaya) ⏮🤟⨀(adassi)
that | truly | sage | danger of rebirth | has seen
| so + ve | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (s + o) + (v + e) | §10 |
| → | s + ( | §27 |
| → | (s + a) + (v + e) | §11 |
| → | save |
Counter-example
so muni(nosandhi)
(12S1 4.1.6: Sappasutta)
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(muni)
that | sage
Counter-example
eso dhammo padissati(nosandhiforeso + dhammo)
(23J 18.1.1: Niḷinikājātaka)
🚹①⨀(eta) 🚹①⨀(dhamma) ▶️🤟⨀(padissati)
this doctrine | is seen
Counter-example
na so kāsāvamarahati(nosandhiforso + kāsāvamarahati)
(18Dh 1.7: Devadattavatthu)
🔼(na) 🚹①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(kāsāvamarahati)
no | he | is worthy of the monk’s robe
§28 (40): Para dvebhāvo ṭhāne (Next doubled in place) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ṭhāne | (sarā) | para | (pappoti) | dvebhāvo | ||
| in place | (vowel) | next [consonant] | (become) | doubled |
Saramhā parassa byañjanassa dvebhāvo hoti ṭhāne.
Idhappamādo,
purisassa jantuno,
pabbajjaṃ kittayissāmi,
cātuddasi, pañcaddasi,
abhikkantataro cando.7
Ṭhāneti kasmā?
Idha modati pecca modati.
From vowel, next consonant is doubled in place.
Example
idhappamādo
🔼(idha) 🚹①⨀(pamāda)
here | negligence
| idha + pamādo | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | i + (dh + a) + (p + a) + mādo | §10 |
| → | i + dh + (a + p→pp) + a + mādo | §28 |
| → | i + (dh + a) + (pp + a) + mādo | §11 |
| → | idhappamādo |
Example
purisassa jantuno
🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚹⑥⨀(jantu)
of person | of being
| purisa + sa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | puri + (s + a) + (s + a) | §10 |
| → | puri + s + (a + s→ss) + a | §28 |
| → | puri + (s + a) + (ss + a) | §11 |
| → | purisassa |
Example
pabbajjaṃ kittayissāmi
(18Sn 3.1: Pabbajjāsutta)
🚺②⨀(pabbajjā) ⏭👆⨀(kittayati)
renunciation | I declare
| pa + bajjaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (p + a) + (b + a) + jjaṃ | §10 |
| → | p + (a + b→bb) + a + jjaṃ | §28 |
| → | (p + a) + (bb + a) + jjaṃ | §11 |
| → | pabbajjaṃ |
Example
cātuddasi
(12S1 10.1.5: Sānusutta)
🚺⓪⨀(cātuddasī)
fourteenth day of lunar fortnight
| cātu + dasi | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | cā + (t + u) + (d + a) + si | §10 |
| → | cā + t + (u + d→dd) + a + si | §28 |
| → | cā + (t + u) + (dd + a) + si | §11 |
| → | cātuddasi |
Example
pañcaddasi
(12S1 10.1.5: Sānusutta)
🚺⓪⨀(pañcaddasī)
fifteenth day of lunar fortnight
| pañca + dasi | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si | §10 |
| → | pañ + c + (a + d→dd) + a + si | §28 |
| → | pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si | §11 |
| → | pañcaddasi |
Example
abhikkantataro cando
(6D 11.4: Bhūtanirodhesakabhikkhuvatthua)
🚹①⨀(abhikkantatara) 🚹①⨀(canda)
more brilliant than | moon
| abhi + kantataro | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | abh + (i) + (k + a +n) + tataro | §10 |
| → | abh + (i + k→kk) + a +n + tataro | §28 |
| → | abh + (i) + (kk + a +n) + tataro | §11 |
| → | abhikkantataro |
Counter-example
idha modati pecca modati(nosandhi)
(18Dh 1.11: Dhammikaupāsakavatthu)
🔼(idha) ▶️🤟⨀(modati) 🔼(pecca) ▶️🤟⨀(modati)
here | is glad | after death | is glad
§29 (42): Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā (Voiced and unvoiced groups: third and first) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (ṭhāne) | (sarā) | Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ | (pappoti) | (dvebhāvo) tatiyapaṭhamā | ||
| (in place) | (vowel) | voiced and unvoiced consonants [ending in h] | become | first letter of consonant (doubled) |
This is a rather complex rule which fortunately is easier to explain if I refer to roman letters. Consonants with ‘h’ (eg. kh, gh, … bh) preceeded by a vowel can be doubled using the previous letter (eg. kh→kkh, gh→ggh).
Vagge kho pubbesaṃ byañjanānaṃ ghosāghosabhūtānaṃ saramhā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ tatiyapaṭhamakkharā dvebhāvaṃ gacchanti ṭhāne.
Eseva cajjhānapphalo,
yatraṭṭhitaṃ
nappasaheyya maccu,
sele yathā pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito,
cattāriṭṭhānāni naro pamatto.
Ṭhāneti kasmā?
Idha cetaso daḷhaṃ gaṇhāti thāmasā.8
In a consonant following a vowel, the consonant prior in sequence within the group (voiced or unvoiced) corresponding to the third and first letters in that group, are doubled appropriately.
Example
eseva cajjhānapphalo
🔼(eseva ca) 🚻⓪⨀(jhāna) ⏮🤘⨀(phali)
just this | jhāna | bore fruit
| ca + jhāna + phalo | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (c + a) + (jh + ā) + (n + a) + (ph + a) + lo | §10 |
| → | c + (a + jh→jjh) + ā + n + (a + ph→pph) + a + lo | §29 |
| → | (c + a) + (jjh + ā) + (n + a) + (pph + a) + lo | §11 |
| → | cajjhānapphalo |
Note: the consonant jh is the fourth (voiced) consonant in the c group of letters (ca cha ja jha ña), so the consonant prior to it in the group is the j consonant (third consonant in the group). This is inserted prior to jh creating a doubling of j: jj.
Similarly, the ph consonant is the second (unvoiced) consonant in the p group of letters (pa pha ba bha ma), which results in a doubling of p (the first consonant in the group).
Example
yatraṭṭhitaṃ nappasaheyya maccu
(18Dh 9.12: Suppabuddhasakyavatthu)
🚻①⨀(yatraṭṭhita) ⏯🤟⨀(nappasahati) 🚹①⨀(maccu)
where remaining | does not overpower | death
| yatra + ṭhita | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ya + (tr + a) + (ṭh + i) + taṃ | §10 |
| → | ya + tr + (a + ṭh→ṭṭh) + i + taṃ | §29 |
| → | ya + (tr + a) + (ṭṭh + i) + taṃ | §11 |
| → | yatraṭṭhitaṃ |
Note: the consonant “ṭh” is the second (unvoiced) consonant in the “ṭ” group of letters (ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa), so the consonant prior to it in the group is the “ṭ” consonant (first consonant in the group). This is inserted prior to “ṭh” creating a doubling of “ṭ”: “ṭṭ”.
Example
sele yathā pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito
(7D 1.12: Brahmayācanakathā)
🚹②⨂(sela) 🔼(yathā) 🚹⑦⨀(pabbatamuddha) 🚹①⨀(ṭhita)
rock | as per | on top of mountain | standing
| pabbatamuddhani + ṭhito | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pabbatamuddha + (n + i) + (ṭh + i) + to | §10 |
| → | pabbatamuddha + n + (i + ṭh→ṭṭh) + i + to | §29 |
| → | pabbatamuddha + (n + i) + (ṭṭh + i) + to | §11 |
| → | pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito |
Example
cattāriṭṭhānāni naro pamatto
(18Dh 22.4: Khemakaseṭṭhiputtavatthu)
🚻①⨂(catu) 🚻①⨂(ṭhāna) 🚹①⨀(nara) 🚹①⨀(pamatta)
four | grounds | man | careless
| cattāri + ṭhānāni | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | cattā (r +i) + (ṭh + ā) + nāni | §10 |
| → | cattā r +(i + ṭh→ṭṭh) + ā + nāni | §29 |
| → | cattā (r +i) + (ṭṭh + ā) + nāni | §11 |
| → | cattāriṭṭhānāni |
Counter-example
idha cetaso(nosandhi)
🔼(idha) 🚹⑥⨀(cetas)
here | of intention
Counter-example
daḷhaṃ gaṇhāti thāmasā(nosandhi)
(22J 7.1.5: Dabbhapupphajātaka)
🚹②⨀(daḷha) ▶️🤟⨀(gaṇhāti) 🚹③⨀(thāmas)
steady | seizes | with strength
Iti sandhikappe tatiyo kaṇḍo.
Thus ends the third section of the sandhi chapter.
Catutthakaṇḍa (Fourth Section - niggahita sandhi)
§30 (58): Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ (ṃ before consonant [remains] niggahita) utsarga
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ṃ | niggahitaṃ | ṃ | byañjane | |||
ṃ | retain | ṃ | consonant |
Niggahitaṃ kho byañjane pare aṃ iti hoti.
Evaṃ vutte,
taṃ sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā.
ṃ before other consonant remains as niggahita.
Example
evaṃ vutte(nosandhi)
(10M 1.1: Kandarakasutta)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚹⑦⨀(vutta)
thus | said
Example
taṃ sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā(nosandhi)
🚻①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(sādhu) 🔼(iti) 🔼(paṭissuṇitvā)
that | auspicious | like this | having agreed
§31 (49): Vaggantaṃ vā vagge (Optionally, Before group, to end of group) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vā | (ṃ) | (pappoti) | vaggantaṃ | vagge | ||
| optionally | (ṃ) | (becomes) | end of group | grouped consonant | ||
| optionally | (ṃ) | (replace) | l | consonant in same group as ṃ |
Vaggabhūte byañjane pare niggahitaṃ kho vaggantaṃ vā pappoti.
Tanniccutaṃ,
dhammañcare sucaritaṃ,9
cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ.
Santantassa manaṃ hoti,10
taṅkāruṇikaṃ,
evaṅkho bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ.
Vāggahaṇenaniggahitaṃ kho lakārādeso hoti.
Puggalaṃ.
Vāti kasmā?
Na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu.
Following a consonant existing in a group, the niggahita becomes the end consonant in that group.
Example
tanniccutaṃ
🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(ni) 🚻①⨀(cuta)
that | out | died
| taṃ + ni + cutaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (ta + ṃ) + (n + i) + (c + u) + taṃ | §10 |
| → | ta + (ṃ→n + n) + i + c + u + taṃ | §31 |
| → | ta + n + n + (i + c→cc) + u + taṃ | §28 |
| → | (ta + n) + (n + i) + (cc + u) + taṃ | §11 |
| → | tanniccutaṃ |
n is the last consonant in the group starting with t (ta tha da dha na)
Example
dhammañcare sucaritaṃ
(18Dh 13.2: Suddhodanavatthu)
🚻①⨀(dhamma) 🔵▶️👆⨀(carati) 🚻①⨀(sucarita)
dhamma | I practice | moral
| dhammaṃ + care | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | dham + (ma + ṃ) + (c + a) + re | §10 |
| → | dham + ma + (ṃ→ñ + c) + a + re | §31 |
| → | dham + (ma + ñ) + (c + a) + re | §11 |
| → | dhammañcare |
ñ is the last consonant in the group starting with c (ca cha ja jha ña)
Example
cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ
(18Dh 16.9: Nandiyavatthu)
🚻①⨀(cirappavāsī) 🚻①⨀(purisa)
who is long absent from home | person
| ciraṃ + pavāsīṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ci + (r + a + ṃ) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ | §10 |
| → | ci + r + a + (ṃ→m + p) + a + vāsīṃ | §31 |
| → | ci + r + a + (m→p + p) + a + vāsīṃ | §35 |
| → | ci + (r + a + p) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ | §11 |
| → | cirappavāsiṃ |
m is the last consonant in the group starting with p (pa pha ba bha ma)
Example
santantassa manaṃ hoti
(18Dh 7.7: Kosambivāsitissattherasāmaṇeravatthu)
🚻①⨀(santa) 🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(mana) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
of that calm | having such a mind | is
| santaṃ + tassa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | san + (t + a + ṃ) + (t + a) + ssa | §10 |
| → | san + t + a + (ṃ→n + t) + a + ssa | §31 |
| → | san + (t + a + n) + (t + a) + ssa | §11 |
| → | santantassa |
Example
taṅkāruṇikaṃ
🚻①⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(kāruṇika)
that | compassionate
| taṃ + kāruṇikaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (ta + ṃ) + (k + ā) + ruṇikaṃ | §10 |
| → | (ta + (ṃ→ṅ + k) + ā + ruṇikaṃ | §31 |
| → | (ta + ṅ) + (k + ā) + ruṇikaṃ | §11 |
| → | taṅkāruṇikaṃ |
ṅ is the last consonant in the group starting with k (ka kha ga gha ṅa)
Example
evaṅkho bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ
🔼(evaṃ kho) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(sikkhitabba)
thus | indeed | bhikkhave | should be learned
| evaṃ + kho | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | e + (v + a + ṃ) + (kh + o) | §10 |
| → | e + v + a + (ṃ→ṅ + kh) + o | §31 |
| → | e + (v + a + ṅ) + (kh + o) | §11 |
| → | evaṅkho |
Additional
If the next consonant is in the same group as ṃ, the niggahita can be replaced with the letter l.
Example
pulliṅgaṃ
🚹②⨀(pulliṅga)
masculine gender
| puṃ + liṅgaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (p +u +ṃ) + (l + i) + ṅgaṃ | §10 |
| → | p +u +(ṃ→l + l) + i + ṅgaṃ | §31 |
| → | (p +u +l) + (l + i) + ṅgaṃ | §11 |
| → | pulliṅgaṃ |
Counter-example
na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu(nosandhi)
(18Dh 5.8: Kassakavatthu)
🔼(na) 🚻①⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(kamma) 🚻①⨀(kata) 🚹①⨀(sādhu)
no | that | karma | completed | excellent
§32 (50): Ehe ñaṃ11 (Before e or h, becomes ñ) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (vā) | (ṃ) | (pappoti) | ñaṃ | ehe | ||
| (optionally) | (ṃ) | (becomes) | ñ | e | ||
| (optionally) | (ṃ) | (becomes) | ñ | h |
Ekārahakāre pare niggahitaṃ kho ñakāraṃ pappoti vā.
Paccattaññeva parinibbāyissāmi,12
taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi,
evañhi vo bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ.
Tañhi tassa musā hoti.
Vāti kasmā?
Evametaṃ abhiññāya,
evaṃ hoti subhāsitaṃ.
Optionally, the niggahita, followed by e or h, becomes ñ.
Example
paccattaññeva parinibbāyissāmi
(7D 2.4: Attasamanupassanā)
🚻①⨀(paccatta) 🔼(eva) ⏭👆⨀(parinibbāyati)
individual | just | completely quenched
| paccattaṃ + eva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | paccat + (t + a + ṃ) + (e) + va | §10 |
| → | paccat + t + a + (ṃ→ñ + e) + va | §32 |
| → | paccat + t + (a + ñ→ññ) + e + va | §28 |
| → | paccat + (t + a + ñ) + (ñ + e) + va | §11 |
| → | paccattaññeva |
Example
taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi
(10M 1.8: Abhayarājakumārasutta)
🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(eva) 🔼(ettha) ⏭👆⨀(paṭipucchati)
that just | here | asks about
| taṃ + eva + ettha | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (t + a + ṃ) + (e) + (v + a) + (e) + ttha | §10 |
| → | t + a + (ṃ→ñ + e) + v + a + e + ttha | §32 |
| → | t + (a + ñ→ññ) + e + v + a + e + ttha | §28 |
| → | t + a + ñ + ñ + e + v + ( | §12 |
| → | (t + a + ñ) + (ñ + e) + (v + e) + ttha | §11 |
| → | paccattaññeva |
Example
evañhi vo bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ
(11M 4.9: Araṇavibhaṅgasutta)
🔼(evaṃ hi vo) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(sikkhitabba)
thus | certainly | surely | bhikkhave | should be practised
| evaṃ + hi | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | e + (v + a + ṃ) + (h + i) | §10 |
| → | e + v + a + (ṃ→ñ + h) + i | §32 |
| → | e + (v + a + ñ) + (h + i) | §11 |
| → | evañhi |
Example
tañhi tassa musā hoti
(18Sn 3.12: Dvayatānupassanāsutta)
🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(hi) 🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🔼(musā) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
that | surely | of that | lie | is
| taṃ + hi | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (t + a + ṃ) + (h + i) | §10 |
| → | t + a + (ṃ→ñ + h) + i | §32 |
| → | (t + a + ñ) + (h + i) | §11 |
| → | tañhi |
Counter-example
evametaṃ abhiññāya
(18Dh 5.15: Vanavāsitissasāmaṇeravatthu)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚻①⨀(eta) 🚺③⨀(abhiñña)
thus | this | with direct knowledge
| evaṃ + etaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | e + (v + a + ṃ) + (e) + taṃ | §10 |
| → | e + v + a + (ṃ→m + e) + taṃ | §34 |
| → | e + (v + a + m) + (e) + taṃ | §11 |
| → | evametaṃ |
Counter-example
evaṃ hoti subhāsitaṃ(nosandhi)
🔼(evaṃ) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚻①⨀(subhāsita)
thus | is | well spoken
§33 (51): Sa ye ca (And y) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (vā) | (ṃ) + sa ye | (pappoti) | y | |||
| (optionally) | (ṃ) + y | (becomes) | ñ |
Niggahitaṃ kho yakāre pare saha yakārena ñakāraṃ pappoti vā.
Saññogo,
saññuttaṃ.
Vāti kasmā?
Saṃyogo,
saṃyuttaṃ.
Optionally, the niggahita, followed by y, from y becomes ñ.
Example
saññogo
(26Ps 1.2.1: Assādadiṭṭhiniddesa)
🚹①⨀(saññoga)
attachment
| saṃ + yogo | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (s + a + ṃ) + (y + o) + go | §10 |
| → | s + a + (ṃ + y)→ñ + o + go | §33 |
| → | s + (a + ñ→ññ) + o + go | §28 |
| → | (s + a + ñ) + (ñ + o) + go | §11 |
| → | saññogo |
Example
saññuttaṃ
(19Th1 16.1.2: Pārāpariyattheragāthā)
🚻①⨀(saññutta)
tied
| saṃ + yuttaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (s + a +ṃ) + (y + u) + ttaṃ | §10 |
| → | s + a + (ṃ + y)→ñ + u + ttaṃ | §33 |
| → | s + (a + ñ→ññ) + u + ttaṃ | §28 |
| → | (s + a +ñ) + (ñ + u) + ttaṃ | §11 |
| → | saññuttaṃ |
Counter-example
saṃyogo(nosandhi)
(13S4 1.2.2.1: Paṭhamamigajālasutta)
🚹①⨀(saṃyoga)
attachment
Counter-example
saṃyuttaṃ(nosandhi)
(20Ap1 41.4.1: Setudānaānisaṃsa)
🚻①⨀(saṃyutta)
tied
§34 (52): Madā sare (Before vowel, m or d) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (vā) | (ṃ) | (pappoti) | madā | sare | ||
| (optionally) | (ṃ) | (becomes) | m | vowel | ||
| (optionally) | (ṃ) | (becomes) | d | vowel |
Niggahitassa kho sare pare makāradakārādesā honti vā.
Tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ,
etadavoca satthā.
Vāti kasmā?
Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me.
Optionally, the niggahita before a vowel is replaed with m or d.
Example
tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ
(18Dh 16.1.2: Pārāpariyattheragāthā)
🚻①⨀(ta) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) ▶️👆⨀(brūti) 🚹②⨀(brāhmaṇa)
that | I | call | brahman
| taṃ + ahaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (t + a + ṃ) + (a) + haṃ | §10 |
| → | t + a + (ṃ→m + a) + haṃ | §34 |
| → | (t + a + m) + (a) + haṃ | §11 |
| → | tamahaṃ |
Example
etadavoca satthā
(12S1 11.1.3: Dhajaggasutta)
🔼(etaṃ) 🔵⏮🤟⨀(avoca) 🚹①⨂(sattha)
thus | said | master
| etaṃ + avoca | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | e + (t + a +ṃ) + (a) + voca | §10 |
| → | e + t + a + (ṃ→d + a) + voca | §34 |
| → | e + (t + a +d) + (a) + voca | §11 |
| → | etadavoca |
Counter-example
akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ(nosandhi)
⏮🤟⨀(akkocchi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(avadhi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ)
verbally abused | me | beat | me
Counter-example
ajini maṃ ahāsi me"(nosandhi)
⏮🤟⨀(ajini) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(ahāsi) 👆⑥⨀(ahaṃ)
robbed | me | stole | me
§35 (34): Ya va ma da na ta ra lā cāgamā (And y, v, m, d, n, t, r, l insertion) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (vā) | āgamā | ya va ma da na ta ra lā | sare | |||
| ca | ma | (ādesa) | ka | sare | ||
| ca | ka | (ādesa) | da | sare | ||
| ca | da | (ādesa) | ta | sare | ||
| (optionally) | insert | y | vowel | |||
| (optionally) | insert | v | vowel | |||
| (optionally) | insert | m | vowel | |||
| (optionally) | insert | d | vowel | |||
| (optionally) | insert | n | vowel | |||
| (optionally) | insert | t | vowel | |||
| (optionally) | insert | r | vowel | |||
| (optionally) | insert | l | vowel | |||
| and | m | (replace) | p | vowel | ||
| and | k | (replace) | d | vowel | ||
| and | d | (replace) | t | vowel |
Sare pare yakāro vakāro makāro dakāro nakāro takāro rakāro lakāro ime āgamā honti vā.
Nayimassa vijjā,13
yathayidaṃ cittaṃ.
Migī bhantā vudikkhati,
sittā te lahu messati,
asittā te garu messati.
Asso bhadro kasāmiva,
sammadaññā vimuttānaṃ.
Manasādaññā vimuttānaṃ,
attadatthamabhiññāya.
Ciraṃnāyati,
ito nāyati.
Yasmātiha bhikkhave,
tasmātiha bhikkhave,
ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ.
Sabbhireva samāsetha,
āraggeriva sāsapo,
sāsaporiva āraggā.
Chaḷabhiññā,
saḷāyatanaṃ.
Vāti kasmā?
Evaṃ mahiddhiyā esā14,
akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me,
ajeyyo anugāmiko.
Caggahaṇena idheva makārassa pakāro hoti.
Cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ.
Kakārassa ca dakāro hoti.
Sadatthapasuto siyā.
Dakārassa ca takāro hoti,
sugato.
Optionally, y, v, m, d, n, t, r, ḷ are inserted before a vowel.
Example
nayimassa vijjā
(22J 3.1.9: Tirīṭavacchajātaka)
🔼(na) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚺①⨀(vijjā)
no | of this | knowledge
| na + imassa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | na + (y) + imassa | §35 |
| → | nayimassa |
Example
yathayidaṃ cittaṃ
(15A1 5.7: Paṇihitaacchavagga)
⏹🤘⨂(yāti) 🔼(idaṃ) 🚻①⨀(citta)
travel | this | mind | mind
| yatha + idaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | yatha + (y) + idaṃ | §35 |
| → | yathayidaṃ |
Example
migī bhantā vudikkhati
(23J 18.1.2: Ummādantījātaka)
🚺①⨀(migī) 🚺①⨀(bhanta) ▶️🤟⨀(udikkhati)
doe | swerving | perceive
| bhantā + udikkhati | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | bhantā + (v) + udikkhati | §35 |
| → | bhantāvudikkhati |
Example
sittā te lahu messati
(18Dh 25.7: Sambahulabhikkhuvatthu)
🚺①⨀(sitta) 🤘③⨀(tvaṃ) 🚺①⨀(lahu) ⏭🤟⨀(eti)
emptied | by you | fast | becomes
| lahu + essati | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | lahu + (m) + essati | §35 |
| → | lahumessati |
Example
asittā te garu messati
🚺①⨀(asitta) 🤘③⨀(tvaṃ) 🚺①⨀(garu) ⏭🤟⨀(eti)
nonemptied | by you | heavy | becomes
| garu + essati | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | garu + (m) + essati | §35 |
| → | garumessati |
Example
asso bhadro kasāmiva
(18Dh 10.10: Pilotikatissattheravatthu)
🚹①⨀(assa) 🚹①⨀(bhadra) 🚹⓪⨀(kasanta) 🔼(iva)
horse | fortunate | ploughing | like
| kasā + iva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | kasā + (m) + iva | §35 |
| → | kasāmiva |
Example
sammadaññā vimuttānaṃ
(18Dh 4.11: Godhikattheraparinibbānavatthu)
🚺①⨀(sammadaññā) 🚹⑥⨂(vimutta)
complete understanding | of liberation
| sammā + aññā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | sammā + (d) + aññā | §35 |
| → | sammadaññā |
Example
manasādaññā vimuttānaṃ
🚹③⨀(manas) 🚹③⨀(añña) 🚹⑥⨂(vimutta)
with mind | awakening | of liberation
| manasā + aññā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | manasā + (d) + aññā | §35 |
| → | manasādaññā |
Example
attadatthamabhiññāya
(18Dh 12.10: Attadatthattheravatthu)
🚹⓪⨀(attadattha) 🚺③⨀(abhiñña)
one own’s benefit | with direct knowledge
| attadattha + abhiññāya | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | attadattha + (m) + abhiññāya | §35 |
| → | attadatthamabhiññāya |
Example
ciraṃnāyati
🚻①⨀(cira) 🚻①⨀(āyati)
long time | future
| ciraṃ + āyati | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ciraṃ + (n) + āyati | §35 |
| → | ciraṃnāyati |
Example
ito nāyati
🚹①⨀(ita) 🚺①⨀(āyati)
from now | future
| ito + āyati | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ito + (n) + āyati | §35 |
| → | itonāyati |
Example
yasmātiha bhikkhave
🚹⑤⨀(ya) 🔼(iha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu)
from what | here | bhikkhave
| yasmā + iha | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | yasmā + (t) + iha | §35 |
| → | yasmātiha |
Example
tasmātiha bhikkhave
(7D 3.20: Ānandayācanakathā)
🚹⑤⨀(ta) 🔼(iha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu)
from that | here | bhikkhave
| tasmā + iha | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | tasmā + (t) + iha | §35 |
| → | tasmātiha |
Example
ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ
(6D 10.3: Paññākkhandha)
🔼(ajjatagge) 🚹②⨀(pāṇupeta)
from today onwards | until death
| ajja + agga + e | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ajja + (a + g) + (g + a) + (e) | §10 |
| → | ajja + a + g + g + ( | §12 |
| → | ajja + (t) + a + g + g + e | §35 |
| → | ajja + (t + a) + g + (g + e) | §11 |
| → | ajjatagge |
Example
āraggeriva sāsapo
(10M 5.8: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🚻⑦⨀(āragga) 🔼(iva) 🚹①⨀(sāsapa)
in pin point | like | mustard seed
| āragge + iva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | āragge + (r) + iva | §35 |
| → | āraggeriva |
Example
sāsaporiva āraggā
(10M 5.8: Vāseṭṭhasutta)
🚹①⨀(sāsapa) 🔼(iva) 🚻③⨀(āragga)
mustard seed | like | with pin-point
| sāsapo + iva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | sāsapo + (r) + iva | §35 |
| → | sāsaporiva |
Example
chaḷabhiññā
(12S1 8.1.7: Pavāraṇāsutta)
🚹①⨂(chaḷabhiñña)
having six higher knowledges
| cha + abhiññā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | cha + (ḷ) + abhiññā | §35 |
| → | chaḷabhiññā |
Example
chaḷāyatanaṃ
(27Ne 4.1.4: Padaṭṭhānahāravibhaṅga)
🔼(cha) 🚻①⨀(āyatana)
six | sense organs
| cha + āyatanaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | cha + (ḷ) + āyatana | §35 |
| → | chaḷāyatanaṃ |
Counter-example
evaṃ mahiddhiyā esā
(18Kh 8: Nidhikaṇḍasutta)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚺①⨀(maha) 🚺③⨀(iddhi) 🚺①⨀(eta)
thus | great | with psychic power | this
| mahā + iddhiyā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ma + (h + ā) + (i) + ddhiyā | §10 |
| → | ma + h + ( | §12 |
| → | ma + (h + i) + ddhiyā | §11 |
| → | mahiddhiyā |
Counter-example
akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ(nosandhi)
⏮🤟⨀(akkocchi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(avadhi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ)
verbally abused | me | beat | me
Counter-example
ajini maṃ ahāsi me(nosandhi)
⏮🤟⨀(ajini) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(ahāsi) 👆⑥⨀(ahaṃ)
robbed | me | stole | me
Counter-example
ajeyyo anugāmiko(nosandhi)
(18Kh 8: Nidhikaṇḍasutta)
🚹①⨀(ajeyya) 🚹①⨀(anugāmika)
invincible | follower
Additional
By using the word ca in this rule, m becomes p.
Example
cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ
(18Dh 16.9: Nandiyavatthu)
🚻①⨀(cirappavāsī) 🚻①⨀(purisa)
who is long absent from home | person
| ciraṃ + pavāsīṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ci + (r + a + ṃ) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ | §10 |
| → | ci + r + a + (ṃ→m + p) + a + vāsīṃ | §31 |
| → | ci + r + a + (m→p + p) + a + vāsīṃ | §35 |
| → | ci + (r + a + p) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ | §11 |
| → | cirappavāsiṃ |
Additional
(Similarly,) k becomes d.
Example
sadatthapasuto siyā
(18Dh 12.10: Attadatthattheravatthu)
🚹①⨀(sadatthapasuta) ⏯🤟⨀(siyā)
intent on one’s own benefit | will be
| sa + kattha + pasuto | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | sa + (k→d) attha + pasuto | §35 |
| → | sadatthapasuto |
Additional
(Similarly,) d becomes t.
Example
sugato
(10M 1.1: Kandarakasutta)
🚹①⨀(sugata)
well gone
sugado rule → suga + (d→t + o) §35 → sugato
§36 (47): Kvaci o byañjane (Occasionally, o before consonant) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kvaci | (āgamā) | o | byañjane | |||
| occasionally | (insert) | o | consonant |
Byañjane pare kvaci okārāgamo hoti.
Atippago kho tāva sāvatthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carituṃ.
Parosahassaṃ.
Kvacīki kasmā?
Etha passathimaṃ lokaṃ,
andhībhūto ayaṃ loko.
Occasionally, there is insertion of o before consonant.
Example
atippago kho tāva sāvatthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carituṃ
(6D 9.1: Poṭṭhapādaparibbājakavatthu)
🔼(atippago kho) 🔼(tāva) 🚺⑦⨀(sāvatthī) 🚹④⨀(piṇḍa) 🔼(carituṃ)
too early to | indeed | as far as | at Sāvatthī | for alms | walk
| atippage + kho | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | atippa + (g + e) + (o) + kho | §10 |
| → | atippa + g + e + (o) + kho | §36 |
| → | atippa + g + ( | §12 |
| → | atippa + (g + o) + kho | §11 |
| → | atippago |
Example
parosahassaṃ
(6D 3.2: Ambaṭṭhamāṇava)
🚻①⨀(parosahassa)
more than 1000
| para + sahassaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pa + (r + a) + (s + a) + hassaṃ | §10 |
| → | pa + r + a + (o) + s + a + hassaṃ | §36 |
| → | pa + r + ( | §12 |
| → | pa + (r + o) + (s + a) + hassaṃ | §11 |
| → | parosahassaṃ |
Counter-example
etha passathimaṃ lokaṃ
(18Dh 13.4: Abhayarājakumāravatthu)
▶️🤘⨂(eti) ⏹🤘⨂(passati) 🚻①⨀(ima) 🚹②⨀(loka)
come you all | must lok | this | world
| passatha + imaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | passa + (th + a) + (i) + maṃ | §10 |
| → | passa + th + ( | §12 |
| → | passa + (th + i) + maṃ | §11 |
| → | passathimaṃ |
Counter-example
andhabhūto ayaṃ loko(nosandhi)
(18Dh 13.7: Pesakāradhītāvatthuu)
🚹①⨀(andhabhūta) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(loka)
blind | this | world
§37 (57): Niggahitañca (And niggahita) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | (āgamā) | niggahitaṃ | (byañjane) | |||
| (kvaci) | (āgamā) | niggahitaṃ | (sare) | |||
| ca | vi | (āgamā) | pa | (byañjane) | ||
| (occasionally) | (insert) | ṃ | (consonant) | |||
| (occasionally) | (insert) | ṃ | (vowel) | |||
| and | vi | (replace) | pa | (vowel) |
Niggahitañcāgamo hoti sare vā byañjane vā pare kvaci.
Cakkhuṃudapādi,
avaṃsiro,
yāvañcidha bhikkhave purimaṃ jātiṃ sarāmi,15
aṇuṃthūlāni sabbaso,
manopubbaṅgamā dhammā.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Idheva naṃ pasaṃsanti,
pecca sagge pamodati,
na hi etehi yānehi,
gaccheyya agataṃ disaṃ.
Caggahaṇena visaddassa ca pakāro hoti.
Pacessati, vicessati vā.
Occasionally, a niggahita is inserted before a vowel or consonant.
Example
cakkhuṃudapādi
(3V 1.6: Pañcavaggiyakathā)
🚻①⨀(cakkhu) ⏮🤟⨀(udapādi)
eye | arose
| cakkhu + udapādi | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | cakkhu + (ṃ + u) + dapādi | §37 |
| → | cakkhuṃudapādi |
Example
avaṃsiro
(22J 1.4.10: Khadiraṅgārajātaka)
🚹①⨀(avaṃsira)
head down
| ava + siro | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ava + (ṃ + s) + iro | §37 |
| → | avaṃsiro |
Example
yāvañcidha bhikkhave purimaṃ jātiṃ sarāmi
(28Mi 3.7.1: Satiuppajjanapañha)
🚻①⨀(yāvant) 🔼(ca idha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(purima) 🚺①⨀(jāti) ▶️👆⨀(sarati)
as many as | and | here | bhikkhave | past | life | recollect
| jāti + sarāmi | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | jāti + (ṃ + s) + arāmi | §37 |
| → | jātiṃsarāmi |
Example
aṇuṃthūlāni sabbaso
(18Dh 19.6: Hatthakavatthu)
🔼(anu) 🚻①⨂(thūla) 🔼(sabbaso)
after | massive | altogether
| aṇu + thūlāni | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | aṇu + (ṃ + t) + hūlāni | §37 |
| → | aṇuṃthūlāni |
Example
manopubbaṅgamā dhammā
(18Dh 1.1: Cakkhupālattheravatthu)
🚹③⨀(manopubbaṅgama) 🚹③⨀(dhamma)
led by mind | by nature
| mano + pubba + gama | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | mano + pub + (b + a) + (g + a)+ ma | §10 |
| → | mano + pub + b + a + (ṃ) + g + a + ma | §37 |
| → | mano + pub + (b + a + ṃ→ṅ) + g + a + ma | §31 |
| → | mano + pub + (b + a + ṅ) + (g + a) + ma | §11 |
| → | manopubbaṅgamā |
Counter-example
idheva naṃ pasaṃsanti
(12S1 3.3.5: Pabbatūpamasutta)
🔼(idheva) 🚻①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨂(pasaṃsati)
right here | that | praise
| idha + eva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | i + (dh + a) + (e) + va | §10 |
| → | i + dh + ( | §12 |
| → | i + (dh + e) + va | §11 |
| → | idheva |
Counter-example
pecca sagge pamodati(nosandhi)
(23J 22.1.3: Suvaṇṇasāmajātaka)
🔼(pecca) 🚹⑦⨀(sagga) ▶️🤟⨀(pamodati)
after death | in heaven | is happy with
Counter-example
na hi etehi yānehi(nosandhi)
(18Dh 23.2: Hatthācariyapubbakabhikkhuvatthu)
🔼(nahi) 🚹③⨂(eta) 🚻③⨂(yāna)
certainly not | by this | by carriage
Counter-example
gaccheyya agataṃ disaṃ(nosandhi)
(18Dh 23.2: Hatthācariyapubbakabhikkhuvatthu)
⏯🤟⨀(gacchati) 🚹②⨀(agata) 🚹②⨀(disa)
will go | not gone | enemy
Additional
By using the word ca in this rule, vi becomes pa.
Example
pacessati
(18Dh 4.1: Pathavikathāpasutapañcasatabhikkhuvatthu)
⏭🤟⨀(pacessati)
will understand
| vicessati | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (vi→pa) + cessati | §37 |
| → | pacessati |
§38 (53): Kvaci lopaṃ (Occasionally, elision) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kvaci | (niggahitaṃ) | lopaṃ | ( | (sare) | ||
| occasionally | (ṃ) | elide | ( | (vowel) |
Niggahitaṃ kho sare pare kvaci lopaṃ pappoti.
Tāsāhaṃ santike,
vidūnaggamiti.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Ahameva nūna bālo16
etamatthaṃ viditvāna.
Occasionally, the niggahita before a vowel is elided.
Example
tāsāhaṃ santike
(2V 2.2.10: Sikkhaṃpaccācikkhaṇasikkhāpada)
🚻⑥⨂(ta) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹⑦⨀(santika)
of that | I | near
| tāsaṃ + ahaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | tā + (s + a + ṃ) + (a) + haṃ | §10 |
| → | tā + s + a + ( | §38 |
| → | tā + s + ( | §12 |
| → | tā + (s + a) + haṃ | §11 |
| → | tāsāhaṃ |
Example
vidūnaggamiti
🚹⑥⨂(vidū) 🚻①⨀(agga) 🔼(iti)
of wise men | foremost | and so
| vidūnaṃ + aggaṃ + iti | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | vidū + (n + a + ṃ) + (a) + g + (g + a + ṃ) + (i) + ti | §10 |
| → | vidū + n + a + ( | §38 |
| → | vidū + n + ( | §12 |
| → | vidū + n + a + g + g + a + (ṃ→m + i) + ti | §34 |
| → | vidū + (n + a) + g + (g + a) + (m + i) + ti | §11 |
| → | vidūnaggamiti |
Counter-example
etamatthaṃ viditvāna
(2V 2.4.8.6: Khīyanadhammasikkhāpada)
🚹②⨀(eta) 🚹②⨀(attha) (viditvāna)
this | meaning | having perceived
| etaṃ + atthaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | eta + (ṃ→m + a) + tthaṃ | §34 |
| → | etamatthaṃ |
§39 (54): Byañjane ca (And before consonant) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ca | (niggahitaṃ) | lopaṃ | ( | byañjane | ||
| and | (ṃ) | elide | (ṃ | consonant |
Niggahitaṃ kho byañjane pare kvaci lopaṃ pappoti.
Ariyasaccānadassanaṃ,
etaṃ buddhānasāsanaṃ.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Etaṃ maṅgalamuttamaṃ,
taṃ vo vadāmi bhaddante.
Occasionally, the niggahita before a consonant is elided.
Example
ariyasaccānadassanaṃ
(18Sn 2.4: Maṅgalasutta)
🚻①⨀(ariyasaccānadassana)
understanding the noble truths
| ariyasaccānaṃ + dassana | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ariyasaccāna + ( | §39 |
| → | ariyasaccānadassanaṃ |
Example
etaṃ buddhānasāsanaṃ
(18Dh 14.4: Ānandattherapañhavatthu)
🚻①⨀(eta) 🚻①⨀(buddhānasāsana)
this | Buddhas’ teaching
| buddhānaṃ + sāsana | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | buddhāna + ( | §39 |
| → | buddhānasāsanaṃ |
Counter-example
etaṃ maṅgalamuttamaṃ
(18Sn 2.4: Maṅgalasutta)
🚻①⨀(eta) 🚻①⨀(maṅgala) 🚻①⨀(uttama)
this | blessing | best
| maṅgalaṃ + uttamaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | maṅga + (l + a + ṃ) + (u) + ttamaṃ | §10 |
| → | maṅga + l + a + (ṃ→m + u) + ttamaṃ | §34 |
| → | maṅga + l + a + (m + u) + ttamaṃ | §11 |
| → | maṅgalamuttamaṃ |
Counter-example
taṃ vo vadāmi bhaddante(nosandhi)
(22J 16.1.6: Mahākapijātaka)
⏮🤟⨀(akkocchi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(avadhi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ)
verbally abused | me | beat | me
§40 (55): Paro vāsaro (Optionally, next vowel) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vā | (niggahitaṃ) | paro saro | (lopaṃ) | ( | ||
| optionally | (ṃ) | next vowel | (elide) | ( |
Niggahitamhā paro saro lopaṃ pappoti vā.
Bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti,
uttattaṃva,
yathābījaṃva,
yathādhaññaṃva.
Vāti kasmā?
Ahameva nūna bālo,
etadahosi.
Optionally, next vowel following niggahita is elided.
Example
bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti
(6D 1.5: Vivaṭṭakathādi)
🚻①⨀(bhāsita) ⏮🤟⨂(abhinandi) 🔼(iti)
speech | they were pleased with | like this
| abhinanduṃ + iti | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | abhinan + (d + u + ṃ) + (i) + ti | §10 |
| → | abhinan + d + u + (ṃ + | §40 |
| → | abhinan + d + u + (ṃ→n + | §34 |
| → | abhinan + (d + u + n) + ti | §11 |
| → | abhinandunti |
Example
uttattaṃva
🚻①⨀(uttatta) 🔼(iva)
shining | like
| uttattaṃ + iva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | uttat + (t + a + ṃ) + (i) + va | §10 |
| → | uttat + t + a + (ṃ + | §40 |
| → | uttat + (t + a + ṃ) + va | §11 |
| → | uttattaṃva |
Example
yathābījaṃva
🔼(yathā) 🚻①⨀(bīja) 🔼(iva)
as per | seed | like this
| yathā + bījaṃ + iva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | yathā + bī + (j + a + ṃ) + (i) + va | §10 |
| → | yathā + bī + j + a + (ṃ + | §40 |
| → | yathā + bī + (j + a + ṃ) + va | §11 |
| → | yathābījaṃva |
Example
yathādhaññaṃva
🔼(yathā) 🚻①⨀(dhañña) 🔼(iva)
as per | crop | like this
| yathā + dhaññaṃ + iva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | yathā + dhañ + (ñ + a + ṃ) + (i) + va | §10 |
| → | yathā + dhañ + ñ + a + (ṃ + | §40 |
| → | yathā + dhañ + (ñ + a + ṃ) + va | §11 |
| → | yathādhaññaṃva |
Counter-example
ahameva nūna bālo
🔼(ahameva) 🔼(nūna) 🚹①⨀(bāla)
I am just | could it be | foolish
| ahaṃ + eva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | a + (h + a + ṃ) + (e) + va | §10 |
| → | a + h + a + (ṃ→m + e) + va | §34 |
| → | a + h + a + (m + e) + va | §11 |
| → | ahameva |
Counter-example
etadahosi(nosandhi)
(1V 1.1.2: Dutiyapārājikasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(ta) ⏮🤟⨀(ahosi)
that | was
§41 (56): Byañjano ca visaññogo (And consonant detached) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (lutte) | (niggahītamhā | (byañjano sasaññogo) | visaññogo | byañjano | ||
| ca | tiṇṇaṃ byañjanānamantare ye sarūpā | (visaññogo) | (byañjano) ye | |||
| (elision) | (ṃ + | doubled consonant | (detach) | single consonant | ||
| and | doubled consonant + y | (detach) | (consonant) + y |
Niggahitamhā parasmiṃ sare lutte yadi byañjano sasaññogo visaññogo hoti.
Evaṃsa te āsavo,17
pupphaṃsā uppajji.
Lutteti kasmā?
Evamassa vidūnaggamiti.
Caggahaṇena tiṇṇaṃ byañjanānamantare ye sarūpā, tesampi lopo hoti.
Agyāgāraṃ,
paṭisanthāravutyassa.
When vowel following niggahita is elided, if (next) consonant is a double consonant, it becomes single consonant.
Example
evaṃsa te āsavā
(10M 1.4: Potaliyasutta)
🔼(evaṃ) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🤘⑥⨀(tvaṃ) 🚹①⨀(āsava)
thus | of this | of you | discharge
| evaṃ + assa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | e + (v + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa | §10 |
| → | e + v + a + (ṃ + | §40 |
| → | e + v + a + ṃ + (ss→s) + a | §41 |
| → | e + (v + a + ṃ) + (s + a) | §11 |
| → | evaṃsa |
Example
pupphaṃsā uppajji
(1V 1.1.1.1: Sudinnabhāṇavāra)
🚺①⨀(pupphaṃsā) ⏮🤟⨀(uppajji)
fertile period | arose
| pupphaṃ + assā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pup + (ph + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa | §10 |
| → | pup + ph + a + (ṃ + | §40 |
| → | pup + ph + a + ṃ + (ss→s) + a | §41 |
| → | pup + (ph + a + ṃ) + (s + a) | §11 |
| → | pupphaṃsā |
Counter-example
vidūnaggamiti
(1V 1.2.6: Kuṭikārasikkhāpada)
🔼(evamassa)
thus to him
| vidūna + aggamiti | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | vidū + (n + a) + (a) + ggamiti | §10 |
| → | vidū + n + ( | §12 |
| → | vidū + (n + a) + ggamiti | §11 |
| → | vidūnaggamiti |
Additional
By employing the word “ca”, when there are three consonants, double consonants together with “y”, there is elision (of double consonant into single consonant).
Example
agyāgāraṃ
(2V 1.5.6.1: Surāpānasikkhāpada)
🚻①⨀(agyāgāra)
room for keeping the sacred fire
| aggi + agāraṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ag + (g + i) + (a) + gāraṃ | §10 |
| → | ag + g + (i→y) + a + gāraṃ | §21 |
| → | a + (gg→g + y) + a + gāraṃ | §41 |
| → | a + (g + y + a) + gāraṃ | §11 |
| → | agyāgāraṃ |
Example
paṭisanthāravutyassa
(18Dh 25.7: Sambahulabhikkhuvatthu)
🔼(paṭisanthāravutyassa)
one should be cordial by nature
| vutti + assa | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | vut + (t + i) + (a) + ssa | §10 |
| → | vut + t + (i→y) + a + ssa | §21 |
| → | vu + (tt→t + y) + a + ssa | §41 |
| → | vu + (t + y + a) + ssa | §11 |
| → | vutyassa |
Iti sandhikappe catuttho kaṇḍo.
Thus ends the fourth section of the sandhi chapter.
Pañcamakaṇḍa (Fifth Section - Miscellaneous sandhi)
§42 (32): Gosare puthassāgamo kvaci (Occasionally, insertion of g after putha before vowel) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kvaci | puthassa | āgamo | go | sare | ||
| occasionally | putha | insert | g | vowel |
Puthaiccetassa ante sare pare kvaci gakārāgamo hoti.
Puthage va.
Occasionally, in a word ending with putha followed by a vowel, g is inserted (in between).
Example
puthageva
🚹①⨀(puthu) 🔼(eva)
broad | even
| putha + eva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | putha + (g) + eva | §42 |
| → | puthageva |
§43 (33): Pāssa canto rasso (And after finishing [inserting g], pā is shortened) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | pāssa | (pappoti) | pago | (sare) | ||
| (occasionally) | pā | (replace) | pag | (vowel) |
Pāiccetassa ante sare pare kvaci gakārāgamo hoti, anto ca saro rasso hoti.
Pageva vutyassa.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Pā eva vutyassa.
Occasionally, in a word ending with pā followed by a vowel, g is inserted (in between), and the end vowel of pā is shortened to pa.
Example
pageva vutyassa
🔼(pageva) 🚺⓪⨀(vutti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
all the more | of this way of life
| pā + eva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (pā) + (e) + va | §10 |
| → | (pā→pag + e) + va | §43 |
| → | (pa) + (g + e) + va | §11 |
| → | pageva |
Counter-example
pā eva vutyassa(nosandhi)\
§44 (24): Abbho abhi (from abbh to abhi) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | abhi | (pappoti) | abbho | (sare) | ||
| (occasionally) | abhi | (replace) | abbh | (vowel) |
Abhiiccetassa sare pare abbhādeso hoti.
Abbhudīritaṃ,
abbhuggacchati.
abhi followed by vowel is replaced by abbh.
Example
abbhudīritaṃ
🔼(abhi) 🚻①⨀(udīrita)
highly | mentioned
| pā + eva | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (abhi→abbh + u) + dīritaṃ | §44 |
| → | abbhudīritaṃ |
Example
abbhuggacchati
(3V 6.14: Pāṭaligāmavatthu)
🔼(abhi) ▶️🤟⨀(uggacchati)
highly | rises
| abhi + uggacchati | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (abhi→abbh) + uggacchati | §44 |
| → | abbhuggacchati |
§45 (25): Ajjho adhi (from adhi to ajjh) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | adhi | (pappoti) | ajjho | (sare) | ||
| (occasionally) | adhi | (replace) | ajjh | (vowel) |
Adhiiccetassa sare pare ajjhādeso hoti.
Ajjhokāse,
ajjhāgamā.
adhi followed by vowel is replaced by ajjh.
Example
ajjhokāse
(1V 1.1.2.2: Vinītavatthu)
🚹⑦⨀(ajjhokāsa)
in open air
| adhi + okāse | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (adhi→ajjh) + okāse | §45 |
| → | ajjhokāse |
Example
ajjhāgamā
(22J 8.1.5: Gaṅgamālajātaka)
🔵⏮🤟⨀(ajjhāgami)
found
| adhi + āgamā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (adhi→ajjh) + āgamā | §45 |
| → | ajjhāgamā |
§46 (26): Te na vā ivaṇṇe (those rules do not apply before i sound) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| na vā | (abhi) | ivaṇṇe | ||||
| na vā | (adhi) | ivaṇṇe | ||||
| restriction | abhi | (no change) | i | |||
| restriction | abhi | (no change) | ī | |||
| restriction | adhi | (no change) | i | |||
| restriction | adhi | (no change) | Ī |
This is a restriction on §44 and §45. Note that the relevant option marker is still vā as this rule is a negation of it, as can be confirmed by the vutti.
Te ca kho abhiadhiiccete ivaṇṇe pare abbho ajjhoitivuttarūpā na18 honti vā.
Abhicchitaṃ,
adhīritaṃ.
Vāti kasmā?
Abbhīritaṃ,
ajjhiṇamutto.
Optionally, abhi and adhi before the i sound (i and ī) do not become abbh and ajjh.
Example
abhicchitaṃ(nosandhi)
🔼(abhi) + 🚻①⨀(icchita)
desired
Example
adhīritaṃ(nosandhi)
🔼(adhi) + 🚻①⨀(īrita)
uttered
Counter-example
abbhīritaṃ
🔼(abhi) 🚻①⨀(īrita)
highly | moved
| abhi + īritaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (abhi→abbh) + īritaṃ | §44 |
| → | abbhīritaṃ |
Counter-example
ajjhiṇamutto
🔼(adhi) 🚻①⨀(iṇamutta)
towards | free from debt
| adhi + iṇamutto | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (adhi→ajjh) + iṇamutto | §45 |
| → | ajjhiṇamutto |
§47 (23): Atissa canatassa19 (ati not replaced with c) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (na vā) | atissa | (ivaṇṇe) | ||||
| restriction | abhi | (no change) | i | |||
| restriction | abhi | (no change) | ī | |||
| restriction | adhi | (no change) | i | |||
| restriction | adhi | (no change) | Ī |
This is a restriction on §19. Note that according to the vutti the option marker has switched to ivaṇṇe as this rule is an extension of the previous rule, but I have chosen to keep it as vā.
Atiiccetassa antabhūtassa tisaddassa ivaṇṇe pare ‘‘sabbo caṃ tī’’ti vuttarūpaṃ na hoti.
Atīsigaṇo,
atīritaṃ.
Ivaṇṇeti kasmā?
Accantaṃ.
47 (23): Atissa cantassa
The ti of word ati is not replaced with c via (§19 (22): Sabbo caṃti) when followed by i sound (i and ī).
Example
atīsigaṇo
🔼(ati) 🚹①⨀(isi) 🚹①⨀(gaṇa)
too | sage | with group
| ati + isi + gaṇo | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | a + (t + i) + (i) + si + gaṇo | §10 |
| → | a + t + ( | §12 |
| → | a + t + (i→ī) + si + gaṇo | §15 |
| → | a + (t + ī) + si + gaṇo | §11 |
| → | atīsigaṇo |
Example
atīritaṃ
(24Mn 1.14: Tuvaṭakasuttaniddesa)
🚻①⨀(atīrita)
not tested
| ati + īritaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | a + (t + i) + (ī) + ritaṃ | §10 |
| → | a + t + ( | §12 |
| → | a + (t + ī) + ritaṃ | §11 |
| → | atīritaṃ |
Counter-example
accantaṃ
(11M 1.7: Gaṇakamoggallānasutta)
🚻①⨀(accanta)
final
| ati + antaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | a + (t + i) + (a) + ntaṃ | §10 |
| → | a + (ti→c + a) + ntaṃ | §19 |
| → | (a + c→cc) + a + ntaṃ | §28 |
| → | a + (cc + a) + ntaṃ | §11 |
| → | accantaṃ |
§48 (43): Kvaci paṭi patissa (Occasionally, pati becomes paṭi) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kvaci | patissa | (pappoti) | paṭi | |||
| occasionally | pati | (replace) | paṭi |
Patiiccetassa sare vā byañjane vā pare kvaci paṭiādeso hoti.
Paṭaggi dātabbo,20
paṭihaññati.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Paccantimesu janapadesu,
patilīyati,
patirūpadesavāso ca.
Occasionally, pati followed by vowel or consonant is replaced by paṭi.
Example
paṭaggi dātabbo
(4V 5.1: Khuddakavatthu)
🚹①⨀(paṭaggi) 🚹①⨀(dātabba)
counter fire | should be given
| pati + aggi | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pati + (a) + ggi | §10 |
| → | (pati→paṭi) + (a) + ggi | §48 |
| → | pa + ṭ + ( | §12 |
| → | pa + (ṭ + a) + ggi | §11 |
| → | paṭaggi |
Example
paṭihaññati
(4V 6.1.1: Vihārānujānana)
▶️🤟⨀(paṭihaññati)
is struck
| pati + haññati | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (pati→paṭi) + haññati | §48 |
| → | paṭihaññati |
Counter-example
paccantimesu janapadesu
(8D 10.9: Navaka)
🚹⑦⨂(paccantima) 🚹⑦⨂(janapada)
in outlying | in countries
| pati + antimesu | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | pa + (t + i) + (a + n) + timesu | §10 |
| → | pa + (ti→c + a) + ntimesu | §19 |
| → | p + (a + c→cc) + a + ntimesu | §28 |
| → | p + a + (cc + a) + ntimesu | §11 |
| → | paccantimesu |
Counter-example
patilīyati(nosandhi)
(16A7 1.5.6: Dutiyasaññāsutta)
▶️🤟⨀(patilīyati)
withdraws from
Counter-example
patirūpadesavāso ca(nosandhi)
(18Sn 2.4: Maṅgalasutta)
🚹①⨀(patirūpadesavāsa) 🔼(ca)
living in a suitable place | and
§49 (44): Puthassu byañjane (putha ending becomes u before consonant) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | puthassa | (pappoti) | puthu | byañjane | ||
| (kvaci) | antaggahaṇena aputhassāpi sare pare antassa | (pappoti) | ukāro | (byañjane) | ||
| (occasionally) | putha | (replace) | puthu | consonant | ||
| (occasionally) | end vowel of a word not ending with putha | (replace) | u | (consonant) |
Puthaiccetassa anto saro byañjane pare ukāro hoti.
Puthujjano,
puthubhūtaṃ.
Antaggahaṇena aputhassāpi sare pare antassa ukāro hoti.
manuññaṃ.
The end vowel of “putha” followed by consonant becomes “u”.
Example
puthujjano
(6D 1.2.1: Cūḷasīla)
🚹①⨀(puthujjana)
common man
| putha + jano | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (puth + a→u) + jano | §49 |
| → | puthujjano |
Example
puthubhūtaṃ
(7D 3.14: Mārayācanakathā)
🚻①⨀(puthubhūta)
widely spread
| putha + bhūtaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | puth + (a→u) + bhūtaṃ | §49 |
| → | puthubhūtaṃ |
Additional
(Occasionally) the end vowel of a word, even when not ending with “putha”, becomes “u”.
Example
manuññaṃ
(10M 2.6: Laṭukikopamasutta)
🚻①⨀(manuñña)
beautiful
| mano + ñaṃ | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | ma + (n + o) + (ñ + a + ṃ) | §10 |
| → | ma + n + (o→u) + ñ + a + ṃ | §49 |
| → | ma + n + (u + ñ→ññ) + a + ṃ | §28 |
| → | ma + (n + u) + (ññ + a + ṃ) | §11 |
| → | manuññaṃ |
§50 (45): O avassa (From ava to o) apavada
Analysis
| option | before | from | operation | to | after | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kvaci) | avassa | (pappoti) | o | (byañjane) | ||
| (occasionally) | ava | (replace) | o | consonant |
Avaiccetassa byañjane pare kvaci okāro hoti.
Andhakārena onaddhā.
Kvacīti kasmā?
Avasussatu me sarīre maṃsalohitaṃ.
Occasionally, the end vowel of “ava” followed by consonant becomes “o”.
Example
andhakārena onaddhā
(18Dh 11.1: Visākhāyasahāyikānaṃvatthu)
🚹③⨀(andhakāra) 🚹⑤⨀(onaddha)
with darkness | enveloped with
| ava + naddhā | rule | |
|---|---|---|
| → | (ava→o) + naddhā | §50 |
| → | onaddhā |
Counter-example
avasussatu me sarīre maṃsalohitaṃ(nosandhi)
⏹🤟⨀(avasussati) 👆④⨀(ahaṃ)🚻⑦⨀(sarīra) 🚻①⨀(maṃsalohita)
dries up | for me | in body | flesh and blood
§51 (59): Anupadiṭṭhānaṃ vuttayogato (Following previously articulated grammatical rules) vidhyaṅga
Anupadiṭṭhānaṃ upasagganipātānaṃ sarasandhīhi byañjanasandhīhi vuttasandhīhi ca yathāyogaṃ yojetabbaṃ.
Pāpanaṃ,
parāyaṇaṃ,
upāyanaṃ,
upāhanaṃ,
nyāyogo,
nirupadhi,21
anubodho,
duvūpasantaṃ, suvūpasantaṃ,
dvālayo, svālayo,
durākhyātaṃ, svākhyāto,
udīritaṃ,
samuddiṭṭhaṃ,
viyaggaṃ,
vijjhaggaṃ,
byaggaṃ,
avayāgamanaṃ,
anveti,
anupaghāto,
anacchariyaṃ,
pariyesanā,
parāmāso,
evaṃ sare ca honti.
Pariggaho,
paggaho,
pakkamo,
parakkamo,
nikkamo,
nikkasāvo,
nillayānaṃ,22
dullayānaṃ,23
dumbhikkhaṃ,
dubbhuttaṃ,24
sandiṭṭhaṃ,
duggato,25
viggaho,
niggataṃ,26
abhikkamo,
paṭikkamo,
evaṃ byañjane ca.
Sesā sabbe yojetabbā.
Following the previously articulated grammatical rules of vowel sandhi, consonant sandhi and miscellaneous sandhi should also be applied to upasagga (prefixes) and nipāta (particles) following the stated order.
Additional
Before vowels.
| word | derivation | rule | meaning | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pāpanaṃ | pa + √ap + *e + ana | §12 | attaining | |
| parāyaṇaṃ | parā + √i + *aṇa | §13 | destined | (20Ap1 40.3: Sabbakittikattheraapadāna) |
| upāyanaṃ | upa + ā + √i | §12 | tribute | (20Ap1 1.8: Upālittheraapadāna) |
| upāhanaṃ | upa + ā + √nah + a | §12 | sandals | (3V 1.18: Ācariyavattakathā) |
| nyāyogo | ni + ā + √yuj + *e + a | §21 | without devotion | |
| nirupadhi | ni + upa + √dhā | §35 | without attachment | (10M 2.6: Laṭukikopamasutta) |
| anubodho | anu + √budh + *a | §36 | knowledge | (16A7 2.2.2: Sattasūriyasutta) |
| duvūpasantaṃ | du + upa + √sam + ta | §35 | difficulty calming | (5V 11.1: Ukkoṭanabhedādi) |
| suvūpasantaṃ | su + upa + √sam + ta | §35 | easy calming | (4V 12.2: Dutiyabhāṇavāra) |
| dvālayo | du + ā + √lī + *a | §18 | bad attachment | |
| svālayo | su + ā + √lī + *a | §18 | good attachment | |
| durākhyātaṃ | du + ā + √khyā + ta | §35 | wrongly proclaimed | |
| svākhyāto | su + ā + √khyā + ā | §18 | well proclaimed | |
| udīritaṃ | u + √īr + ita | §35 | uttered | (20Ap1 49.9: Dhammaruciyattheraapadāna) |
| samuddiṭṭhaṃ | saṃ + ud + √dis + ta | §34 | explained | (38P2 Anantara) |
| viyaggaṃ | vi + aggaṃ | §35 | very highest | |
| vijjhaggaṃ | vi + adhi + aggaṃ | §45 + §12 | very highest | |
| byaggaṃ | vi + a + √gam + ā | §21 | departed | |
| avayāgamanaṃ | ava + ā + √gam + ana | §35 | lower arrival | |
| anveti | anu + √i + a + ti | §18 + §14 | lower arrival | (18Sn 5.12: Bhadrāvudhamāṇavapucchā) |
| anupaghāto | na + upa + √ghaṭ + *a | §12 | not hurtful | (11M 1.3: Kintisutta) |
| anacchariyaṃ | a + acchara + iya | §12 | natural | (4V 1.4: Paṭisāraṇīyakamma) |
| pariyesanā | pari + √es + anā | §35 | searching | (7D 2.1: Paṭiccasamuppāda) |
| parāmāso | para + √mas + *a | §25 | seizing | (13S3 1.1.5.4: Dutiyaaniccasutta) |
Additional
Before consonants.
| word | derivation | rule | meaning | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pariggaho | pari + √gah + a | §28 | surrounding | (7D 2.1: Paṭiccasamuppāda) |
| paggaho | pa + √gah + a | §28 | initial effort | (8D 10.2: Duka) |
| pakkamo | pa + √kam + a | §28 | continued effort | |
| parakkamo | para + √kam + a | §28 | continued effort | (29Dhs 2.1.10.2: Kiriyāmanoviññāṇadhātusomanassasahagata) |
| nikkamo | nī + √kam + a | §28 | endurance | (29Dhs 2.1.6: Dvādasa akusala) |
| nikkasāvo | nī + kasāya | §28 | free from impurity | (3V 1.2: Ajapālakathā) |
| nillayānaṃ | ni + √lī + *a | §28 | in an instant | |
| dullayānaṃ | du + √lī + *a | §28 | wrong moment | |
| dubbhikkhaṃ | du + √bhikkh + a | §28 | wrong begging | (3V 6.5: Antovuṭṭhādipaṭikkhepakathā) |
| dubbhuttaṃ | du + √bhuj + ta | §28 | bad eating | |
| sandiṭṭhaṃ | saṃ + √dis + ta | §31 | well-pronounced | (25Cn 3.1: Paṭhamavagga) |
| duggato | dur + √gam + a | §28 | bad place | (1V 1.2.5: Sañcarittasikkhāpada) |
| viggaho | vi + √gah + a | §28 | quarrel | (2V 1.5.2.2: Aññavādakasikkhāpada) |
| niggataṃ | nī + √gam + ta | §28 | gone out | |
| abhikkamo | abhi + √kam + a | §28 | going forward | (10M 5.7: Dhanañjānisutta) |
| paṭikkamo | pati + √kam + a + a | §28 | going backwards | (10M 5.7: Dhanañjānisutta) |
Additional
All remaining (rules) should be applied.
Iti sandhikappe pañcamo kaṇḍo.
Thus ends the fifth section of the sandhi chapter.
Sandhikappo niṭṭhito.
The sandhi chapter is finished.
Footnotes
-
The CST4 edition misspells this as
ekacattā līsa. ↩ -
The CST4 edition misspells this as
adhoṭhataṃ. ↩ -
CST4 mispells this as
kvacāsacaṇṇaṃ↩ -
CST4 mispells this as
nenāgatā↩ -
Closest text
Sa ve munī jātikhayantadassī↩ -
Closest text
eso dhūmo padissati↩ -
Closest text
abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro ca↩ -
Closest text
daḷhaṃ gaṇhāhi thāmasā↩ -
Closest text
dhammaṃ care sucaritaṃ↩ -
Closest text
santaṃ tassa manaṃ hoti↩ -
CST4 misspells this as
uṃ. ↩ -
Closest text
paccattaññeva parinibbāyati. ↩ -
Closest text
nayimassa vijjāmayamatthi. ↩ -
Closest text
evaṃ mahatthikā esā. ↩ -
Closest text
jātiṃ saranti. ↩ -
Closest text
ahameva nūna bālā. ↩ -
Closest text
evaṃsa te āsavā↩ -
CST4 misspells this as
naṃ. ↩ -
CST4 misspells this as
cantassa. ↩ -
Closest text is
paṭaggiṃ dātuṃ. ↩ -
CST4 misspells this as
nigupadhi. ↩ -
CST4 misspells this as
nillayanaṃ. ↩ -
CST4 misspells this as
dullayanaṃ. ↩ -
CST4 misspells this as
dubbuttaṃ. ↩ -
CST4 misspells this as
duggaho. ↩ -
CST4 misspells this as
niggato. ↩