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Kaccāyana

2. Nāmakappa (Noun chapter): Paṭhamakaṇḍa (First Section) (§52–§119)

Paṭhamakaṇḍa (First Section - Definitions, Internal morphology, Default inflections)

Section titled “Paṭhamakaṇḍa (First Section - Definitions, Internal morphology, Default inflections)”

§52 (60): Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi (Suitable for the teachings of the Conqueror) sīhagatika

Section titled “§52 (60): Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi (Suitable for the teachings of the Conqueror) sīhagatika ”

‘‘Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi’’ iccetaṃ adhikāratthaṃ veditabbaṃ.

Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi should be understood as a governing rule.

§53 (61): Liṅgañca nippajjate (And lemmas are derived) sīhagatika

Section titled “§53 (61): Liṅgañca nippajjate (And lemmas are derived) sīhagatika ”

Yathā yathā jinavacanayuttaṃ hi liṅgaṃ, tathā tathā idha liṅgañca nippajjate.

Taṃ yathā? Eso no satthā, brahmā, attā, sakhā, rājā.

For whatever liṅgaṃ (lemmas and genders) that are Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi “suitable for the teachings of the Conqueror”, then those liṅgaṃ are derived.2

§54 (62): Tato ca vibhattiyo (And their inflections) sīhagatika

Section titled “§54 (62): Tato ca vibhattiyo (And their inflections) sīhagatika ”

Tato jinavacanayuttehi liṅgehi vibhattiyo parā honti.

There are vibhattiyo (inflections) following the lemmas that are Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi “suitable for the teachings of the Conqueror.”

§55 (63): Si yo, aṃ yo, nā hi, sa naṃ, smā hi, sa naṃ, smiṃ su (inflection forms) rūḷhī

Section titled “§55 (63): Si yo, aṃ yo, nā hi, sa naṃ, smā hi, sa naṃ, smiṃ su (inflection forms) rūḷhī ”

Kā ca pana tāyo vibhattiyo?

Si, yo iti paṭhamā,

aṃ, yoiti dutiyā,

nā hi iti tatiyā,

sa, naṃiti catutthī,

smā, hi iti pañcamī,

sa, naṃ iti chaṭṭhī,

smiṃ, su iti sattamī.

Vibhattiiccanena kvattho?

Amhassa mamaṃ savibhattissa se.

And what are those inflections? There are 14 terms representing the 7 inflection forms (with separate terms representing singular (⨀) or plural (⨂))

symbol ⨀ ⨂ inflection form
① si yo paṭhamā (“first”)
② aṁ yo dutiyā (“second”)
③ nā hi tatiyā (“third”)
④ sa naṁ catutthī (“fourth”)
⑤ smā hi pañcamī (“fifth”)
⑥ sa naṁ chaṭṭhī (“sixth”)
⑦ smiṁ su sattamī (“seventh”)

Those inflections are attached to, and belong with, the words.

§56 (64): Tadanuparodhena (Without contradicting them) sīhagatika

Section titled “§56 (64): Tadanuparodhena (Without contradicting them) sīhagatika ”

Yathā yathā tesaṃ jinavacanānaṃ anuparodho, tathā tathā idha liṅgañca nippajjate.

In whatever way there is no contradiction (anuparodha) of those words of the Conqueror (the jinavacana of §52 (60): Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi), in that way the lemma is formed here — and, by ca, the verb as well.

§57 (71): Ālapane si ga sañño (for vocatives si is called ga) rūḷhī

Section titled “§57 (71): Ālapane si ga sañño (for vocatives si is called ga) rūḷhī ”

Ālapanatthe si gasañño hoti.

Bhoti ayye,
bhoti kaññe,
bhoti kharādiye.

Ālapaneti kimatthaṃ?

Sā ayyā.

Sīti kimatthaṃ?

Bhotiyo ayyāyo.

Gaiccanena kvattho?

Ghate ca.

In the sense of address (ālapana), the inflection si is given the name ga. The forms used for addressing are therefore:

symbol ⨀ ⨂ inflection form
⓪ si (called ga) yo ālapane (“vocative”)

§58 (29): Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā jhalā (jha: i-words, la: u-words) rūḷhī

Section titled “§58 (29): Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā jhalā (jha: i-words, la: u-words) rūḷhī ”

Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇāiccete jhalasaññā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Isino, aggino, gahapatino, daṇḍino.

Setuno, ketuno, bhikkhuno.

Sayambhuno, abhibhuno.

Jhalaiccanena kvattho?

Jhalato sassa no vā.

  • jha: refers to i-words (lemmas ending with i and ī) that are not feminine — masculine (🚹) and neuter (🚻)
  • la: refers to u-words (lemmas ending with u and ū) that are not feminine — 🚹 and 🚻

The vutti names the vowels without any gender. The feminine i- and u-words are taken out of jha and la and renamed pa by the next rule, §59 (182): Te itthikhyā po; neuters such as aṭṭhi and āyu (see §88 (147): Yosu katanikāralopesu dīghaṃ) remain jha and la words.

§59 (182): Te itthikhyā po (Those [sounds] are called pa for feminine words) rūḷhī

Section titled “§59 (182): Te itthikhyā po (Those [sounds] are called pa for feminine words) rūḷhī ”

Te ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā yadā itthikhyā, tadā pasaññā honti.

Rattiyā, itthiyā,

dhenuyā, vadhuyā.

Itthikhyāti kimatthaṃ?

Isinā,

bhikkhunā.

Saiccanena kvattho?

Pato yā.

pa: refers to feminine (🚺) i-words and u-words (lemmas ending with i, ī, u and ū)

§60 (177): Ā gho (gha: feminine ā-words) rūḷhī

Section titled “§60 (177): Ā gho (gha: feminine ā-words) rūḷhī ”

Ākāro yadā itthikhyo, tadā ghasañño hoti.

Saddhāya, kaññāya, vīṇāya, gaṅgāya, disāya sālāya, mālāya, tulāya, dolāya, pabhāya, sobhāya, paññāya, karuṇāya nāvāya, kapālikāya.

Āti kimatthaṃ?

Rattiyā, itthiyā.

Itthikhyoti kimatthaṃ?

Satthārā desito ayaṃ dhammo.

Ghaiccanena kvattho?

Ghato nādīnaṃ.

gha: feminine (🚺) ā-words (lemmas ending with ā; no feminine lemma ends in short a, and the ā is shortened before certain inflections by §66 (205): Gho rassaṃ)

§61 (86): Sāgamo se (Before sa inflections: insert s) utsarga

Section titled “§61 (86): Sāgamo se (Before sa inflections: insert s) utsarga ”

Sakārāgamo hoti se vibhattimhi.

Purisassa, aggissa, isissa, daṇḍissa, bhikkhussa, sayambhussa, abhibhussa.

Seti kimattaṃ?

Purisasmiṃ.

sa inflection form (④ and ⑥): insert s before sa

  • 🚹④⨀(x) = x + s + sa (where x is the lemma)
  • 🚹⑥⨀(x) = x + s + sa

§62 (206): Saṃsāsvekavacanesu ca (And in saṃ, sā singular inflections) utsarga

Section titled “§62 (206): Saṃsāsvekavacanesu ca (And in saṃ, sā singular inflections) utsarga ”

Saṃsāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu sakārāgamo hoti.

Etissaṃ, etissā

imissaṃ, imissā,

tissaṃ, tissā,

Tassaṃ tassā,

yassaṃ, yassā,

amussaṃ, amussā.

Saṃsāsvīti kimatthaṃ?

Agginā, pāṇinā.

Ekavacanesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Tāsaṃ, sabbāsaṃ.

Vibhattādesesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Manasā,

vacasā,

thāmasā.

In saṃ (⑦) and sā (⑥) singular inflections, there is insertion of s.

  • 🚺⑦⨀(x∈pa∪gha) = x + smiṁ (§55) = x + smiṁ→saṃ (§179) = x + s + saṃ (§62) (x∈pa∪gha means x is in the set of pa or gha words)
  • 🚺⑥⨀(x∈pa∪gha) = x + sa (§55) = x + sa→sā (§179) = x + s + sā (§62)

§63 (217): Etimāsami (etā, imā endings become i) utsarga

Section titled “§63 (217): Etimāsami (etā, imā endings become i) utsarga ”

Etāimāiccetesamanto saro ikāro hoti saṃsāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu.

Etissaṃ, etissā, imissaṃ, imissā.

Saṃsāsvīti kimatthaṃ?

Etāya, imāya.

Ekavacanesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Etāsaṃ, imāsaṃ.

The vowel endings of etā and imā become i in saṃ (⑦) and sā (⑥) singular inflections.

  • 🚺⑦⨀(etā) = etā + smiṁ (§55) = etā + smiṁ→saṃ (§179) = etā→eti + saṃ (§63) = eti + s + saṃ (§62) = etissaṃ
  • 🚺⑥⨀(etā) = etā + sa (§55) = etā + sa→sā (§179) = etā→eti + sā (§63) = eti + s + sā (§62) = etissā
  • 🚺⑦⨀(imā) = imā + smiṁ (§55) = imā + smiṁ→saṃ (§179) = imā→imi + saṃ (§63) = imi + s + saṃ (§62) = imissaṃ
  • 🚺⑥⨀(imā) = imā + sa (§55) = imā + sa→sā (§179) = imā→imi + sā (§63) = imi + s + sā (§62) = imissā

§64 (216): Tassā vā (Optionally, for tā) apavada

Section titled “§64 (216): Tassā vā (Optionally, for tā) apavada ”

Tassā itthiyaṃ vattamānassa antassa ākārassa ikāro hoti vā saṃsāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu.

Tissaṃ, tissā, tassaṃ, tassā.

Optionally, for tā the ending ā become i in saṃ (⑦) and sā (⑥) singular inflections.

  • 🚺⑦⨀(tā) = tā + smiṁ (§55) = tā + smiṁ→saṃ (§179) = tā→ti + saṃ (§64) = ti + s + saṃ (§62) = tissaṃ
  • 🚺⑥⨀(tā) = tā + sa (§55) = tā + sa→sā (§179) = tā→ti + sā (§64) = ti + s + sā (§62) = tissā

§65 (215): Tato sassa ssāya (From those, of sa inflections there is ssāya) apavada

Section titled “§65 (215): Tato sassa ssāya (From those, of sa inflections there is ssāya) apavada ”

Tato tā etā imāto sassa vibhattissa ssāyādeso hoti vā.

Tissāya, etissāya, imissāya.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Tissā, etissā, imissā.

Optionally, for tā, etā, imā of sa (⑥) inflections, sa is changed to ssāya.

  • 🚺⑥⨀(tā) = tā + sa (§55) = tā + sa→ssāya (§65) = tā→ti + ssāya (§64) = tissāya
  • 🚺⑥⨀(etā) = etā + sa (§55) = etā + sa→ssāya (§65) = etā→eti + ssāya (§63) = etissāya
  • 🚺⑥⨀(imā) = imā + sa (§55) = imā + sa→ssāya (§65) = imā→imi + ssāya (§63) = imissāya

§66 (205): Gho rassaṃ (gha becomes short) apavada

Section titled “§66 (205): Gho rassaṃ (gha becomes short) apavada ”

Gho rassamāpajjate saṃsāsu ekavacanesu vibhattādesesu.

Tassaṃ, tassā, yassaṃ, yassā, sabbassaṃ, sabbassā.

Saṃsāsvīti kimatthaṃ?

Tāya, sabbāya.

Ekavacanesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Tāsaṃ, sabbāsaṃ.

The vowel endings of gha (ā-words) are shortened (ie. become a) in saṃ (⑦) and sā (⑥) singular inflections.

  • 🚺⑦⨀(x∈gha) = x + smiṁ (§55) = x + smiṁ→saṃ (§179) = x(ā→a) + saṃ (§66) = x(ā→a) + s + saṃ (§62) = x(ā→a) + ssaṃ
  • 🚺⑥⨀(x∈gha) = x + sa (§55) = x + sa→sā (§179) = x(ā→a) + sā (§66) = x(ā→a) + s + sā (§62) = x(ā→a) + sā

§67 (229): No ca dvādito naṃmhi (And for [numbers] such as dvi (2) etc. there is n before naṃ inflections) apavada

Section titled “§67 (229): No ca dvādito naṃmhi (And for [numbers] such as dvi (2) etc. there is n before naṃ inflections) apavada ”

Dviiccevamādito saṅkhyāto nakārāgamo hoti naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Dvinnaṃ, tinnaṃ, catunnaṃ, pañcannaṃ, channaṃ, sattannaṃ, aṭṭhannaṃ, navannaṃ, dasannaṃ.

Dvāditoti kimatthaṃ?

Sahassānaṃ.

Naṃmhīti kimatthaṃ?

Dvīsu, tīsu.

Caggahaṇenassañcāgamo hoti.

Catassannaṃ itthīnaṃ tissannaṃ vedanānaṃ.

For numbers such as dvi (2) etc. n is inserted before naṃ (④ and ⑥ plural inflections). Note numbers are always plural and can assume any gender in Pāḷi grammar.

  • ⚧️④⨂(x>1) = x + naṃ (§55) = x + n + naṃ (§67) = x + nnaṃ

§68 (184): Amā pato smiṃsmānaṃ vā (aṃ, ā from smiṃ, smā [inflections] of pa [words]) apavada

Section titled “§68 (184): Amā pato smiṃsmānaṃ vā (aṃ, ā from smiṃ, smā [inflections] of pa [words]) apavada ”

Paiccetasmā smiṃsmāiccetesaṃ aṃāādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Matyaṃ, matiyaṃ, matyā, matiyā,

nikatyaṃ, nikatiyaṃ, nikatyā, nikatiyā,

vikatyaṃ, vikatiyaṃ, vikatyā, vikatiyā,

viratyaṃ, viratiyaṃ, viratyā, viratiyā,

ratyaṃ, ratiyaṃ, ratyā, ratiyā,

puthabyaṃ, puthaviyaṃ, puthabyā, puthaviyā,

pavatyaṃ, pavatyā, pavattiyaṃ, pavattiyā.

Optionally, there is replacement of aṃ, ā from pa word smiṃ (⑦) and smā (⑤) inflection forms in that order.

  • 🚺⑦⨀(x∈pa) = x + smiṃ (§55) = x + smiṃ→aṃ (§68) = x + aṃ
  • 🚺⑤⨀(x∈pa) = x + smā (§55) = x + smā→ā (§68) = x + ā

§69 (186): Ādito o ca (And o from ādi) apavada

Section titled “§69 (186): Ādito o ca (And o from ādi) apavada ”

Ādiiccetasmā smiṃvacanassa aṃoādesā honti vā.

Ādiṃ3, ādo.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Ādismiṃ, ādimhi nāthaṃ namassitvāna,

Caggahaṇena aññasmāpi smiṃ vacanassa ā o aṃādesā honti.

Divā ca ratto ca haranti ye bali.

Bārāṇasiṃ ahu rājā.

Optionally, there is replacement of aṃ, o from ādi for smiṃ (⑦) inflection forms.

  • 🚹⑦⨀(ādi) = ādi + smiṃ (§55) = ādi + smiṃ→aṃ (§69) = ād + (i + a) + ṃ (§13) = ādiṃ
  • 🚹⑦⨀(ādi) = ādi + smiṃ (§55) = ādi + smiṃ→o (§69) = ād + (~~i~~ + o) (§12) = ādo

§70 (30): Jhalānamiyuvā sare vā (Optionally, iya, uva for jha, la before vowel) apavada

Section titled “§70 (30): Jhalānamiyuvā sare vā (Optionally, iya, uva for jha, la before vowel) apavada ”

Jhalaiccetesaṃ iya uvaiccete ādesā honti vā sare pare yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Tiyantaṃ pacchiyāgāre,

aggiyāgāre,

bhikkhuvāsane nisīdati,

puthuvāsane4 nisīdati.

Sareti kimatthaṃ?

Timalaṃ, tiphalaṃ, ticatukkaṃ, tidaṇḍaṃ, tilokaṃ, tinayanaṃ, tipāsaṃ, tihaṃsaṃ, tibhavaṃ, tikhandhaṃ, tipiṭakaṃ, tivedanaṃ, catuddisaṃ, puthubhūtaṃ.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Pañcahaṅgehi, tīhākārehi, cakkhāyatanaṃ.

Vāti vikappanatthaṃ, ikārassa ayādeso hoti,

vatthuttayaṃ.

Optionally, for jha and la words, iy and uv can replace [the vowel endings] before a vowel, in that sequence.

§71 (505): Yavakārā ca (and [jha, la become] y, v before a vowel) apavada

Section titled “§71 (505): Yavakārā ca (and [jha, la become] y, v before a vowel) apavada ”

Jhalānaṃ yakāra vakārādesā honti sare pare yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Agyāgāraṃ, cakkhvāyatanaṃ5, svāgataṃ, te mahāvīra.

Caggahaṇaṃ sampiṇḍanatthaṃ.

Optionally, for jha and la words, y and v can replace [the vowel endings] before a vowel, in that sequence. This rule is grouped with the previous rule.

§72 (185): Pasaññassa ca (And for pa) apavada

Section titled “§72 (185): Pasaññassa ca (And for pa) apavada ”

Pasaññassa ca ivaṇṇassa vibhattādese sare pare yakārādeso hoti.

Puthabyā, ratyā, matyā.

Sareti kimatthaṃ? Puthaviyaṃ.

And for inflections of pa words ending in i, y can replace [i] before a vowel.

§73 (174): Gāva se (go to gāva before s) apavada

Section titled “§73 (174): Gāva se (go to gāva before s) apavada ”

Goiccetassa okārassa āvādeso hoti se vibhattimhi.

Gāvassa.

From [lemmas ending with] go the o is replaced with āva before sa inflections.

  • 🚹⑥⨀(go) = go + sa (§55) = g + o→āva + sa (§73) = g + āva + s + sa (§61) = gāvassa

§74 (169): Yosu ca (And in yo inflections) apavada

Section titled “§74 (169): Yosu ca (And in yo inflections) apavada ”

Goiccetassa okārassa āvādeso hoti yoiccetesu paresu.

Gāvo gacchanti, gāvo passanti,

gāvī gacchanti,gāvī passanti.

Caggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ?

Nāsmāsmiṃsu vacanesu āvā deso hoti.

Gāvena, gāvā, gāve, gāvesu.

For [lemmas ending with]go the o is replaced with āva when followed by a yo (plural ① and ②) inflection forms.

  • 🚹①⨂(go) = go + yo (§55) = g + o→āva + yo (§74) = gāvo
  • 🚹②⨂(go) = go + yo (§55) = g + o→āva + yo (§74) = gāvī

§75 (170): Avamhi ca (And for aṃ inflections) apavada

Section titled “§75 (170): Avamhi ca (And for aṃ inflections) apavada ”

Goiccetassa okārassa āvaavaiccete ādesā honti aṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Gāvaṃ, gavaṃ.

Caggahaṇena sādisesesu pubbuttavacanesu goiccetassa okārassa avādeso hoti.

Gavassa, gavo, gavena, gavā, gave, gavesu.

For [lemmas ending with]go the o is replaced with āva, ava when followed by a aṃ (singular ②) inflection form.

  • 🚹②⨀(go) = go + aṃ (§55) = g + o→āva + aṃ (§75) = g + āv + (a + a) + ṃ (§12) = gāvaṃ
  • 🚹②⨀(go) = go + aṃ (§55) = g + o→ava + aṃ (§75) = g + av + (a + a) + ṃ (§12) = gavaṃ

§76 (171): Āvassu vā (Optionally, from āva to u) apavada

Section titled “§76 (171): Āvassu vā (Optionally, from āva to u) apavada ”

Āvaiccetassa gāvādesassa anta sarassa ukārādeso hoti vā aṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Gāvuṃ, gāvaṃ.

Āvasseti kimatthaṃ?

Gāvo tiṭṭhanti.

Optionally, for āva replacement in go the end vowel may be changed to u when followed by a aṃ (singular ②) inflection form.

  • 🚹②⨀(go) = go + aṃ (§55) = g + o→āva + aṃ (§75) = g + āv + a→u + aṃ (§76) = g + āv + (u + a) + ṃ (§13) = gāvuṃ

§77 (175): Tato namaṃ patimhā lutte ca samāse (From that, naṃ becomes aṃ before pati when inflections are not elided in a compound) apavada

Section titled “§77 (175): Tato namaṃ patimhā lutte ca samāse (From that, naṃ becomes aṃ before pati when inflections are not elided in a compound) apavada ”

Tato gosaddato naṃvacanassa aṃādeso hoti, goiccetassa okārassa avādeso hoti patimhi pare alutte ca samāse.

Gavaṃpati6.

Alutteti kimatthaṃ?

Gopati.

Caggahaṇena asamāsepi naṃvacanassa aṃādeso hoti, goiccetassa okārassa avādeso hoti.

Gavaṃ.

From that word go the naṃ inflection form (plural ④ and ⑥) can change to aṃ, and for go the letter o changes into ava before pati if the inflection form is not elided from the compound.

  • 🚹④⨂(go + pati) = go + naṃ (§55) + pati = g + o→ava + naṃ→aṃ (§77) + pati = g + av + (a + a) + ṃ (§12) + pati = gavaṃ + pati = gavaṃpati

The aṃ survives in the compound: that is what alutte (“not elided”) means, and the niggahīta stays before p.

§78 (31): O sare ca (And o before vowel) apavada

Section titled “§78 (31): O sare ca (And o before vowel) apavada ”

Goiccetassa okārassa avādeso hoti samāse ca sare pare.

Gavassakaṃ, gaveḷakaṃ, gavājinaṃ.

Caggahaṇena uvaṇṇaiccevamantānaṃ liṅgānaṃ uvaavaurādesā honti smiṃyoiccetesu kvaci.

Bhuvi, pasavo, guravo, caturo.

Sareti kimatthaṃ?

Godhano, govindo.

For [lemmas ending with]go the o is replaced with av when followed by a vowel within a compound [vs inflection affix].

  • 🚹②⨀(go) = go + o→av (§78) + ... (within compound word)

§79 (46): Tabbiparītūpapade byañjane ca (And inverse of that in upapada [auxilliary word] before consonant) apavada

Section titled “§79 (46): Tabbiparītūpapade byañjane ca (And inverse of that in upapada [auxilliary word] before consonant) apavada ”

Tassa avasaddassa yadā upapade tiṭṭhamānassa tassa okārassa viparīto hoti byañjane pare.

Uggate sūriye, uggacchati, uggahetvā.

Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.

Avasāne, avakiraṇe, avakirati.

Of the word ava, when it stands as an upapada (auxiliary word, the first member of a compound), there is a reversal of the o [made of it by §50, giving u] before a consonant.7

§80 (173): Goṇa naṃmhi vā (Optionally, goṇa before naṃ inflections) apavada

Section titled “§80 (173): Goṇa naṃmhi vā (Optionally, goṇa before naṃ inflections) apavada ”

Sabbasseva gosaddassa goṇādeso hoti vā naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Goṇānaṃ sattannaṃ.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Gonañce taramānānaṃ, |
ujuṃ gacchati puṅgavo. |
Sabbā gāvī ujuṃ yanti, |
nette ujuṃ gate sati. ||

Yogavibhāgena aññatrāpi goṇādeso hoti.

Goṇabhūtānaṃ.

For the whole word go, optionally there is a replacement to goṇa before naṃ inflections.

§81 (172): Suhināsu ca (And in su, hi, nā [inflections]) apavada

Section titled “§81 (172): Suhināsu ca (And in su, hi, nā [inflections]) apavada ”

Suhināiccetesu sabbassa gosaddassa goṇādeso hoti vā.

Goṇesu, goṇehi, goṇebhi, goṇena.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Gosu, gohi, gobhi, gavena.

Caggahaṇena syādisesesu pubbuttaravacanesupi goṇa gu gavayādesā honti.

Goṇo, goṇā, goṇaṃ, goṇe, goṇassa, goṇamhā. Goṇamhi, gunnaṃ, gavayehi, gavayebhi.

In su, hi, nā inflections, for all go words there is optionally replacement with goṇa.

§82 (149): Aṃmo niggahitaṃ jhalapehi (aṃ, ma become ṃ for jha, la, pa) utsarga

Section titled “§82 (149): Aṃmo niggahitaṃ jhalapehi (aṃ, ma become ṃ for jha, la, pa) utsarga ”

Aṃvacanassa makārassa ca jhalapaiccetehi niggahitaṃ hoti.

Aggiṃ, isiṃ, gahapatiṃ, daṇḍiṃ, mahesiṃ, bhikkhuṃ, paṭuṃ, sayambhuṃ, abhibhuṃ, rattiṃ, itthiṃ, vadhuṃ, pulliṅgaṃ, pumbhāvo, puṅkokilo.

Aṃmoti kimatthaṃ?

Agginā, pāṇinā, bhikkhunā, rattiyā, itthiyā, vadhuyā.

Jhalapehīti kimatthaṃ?

Sukhaṃ, dukkhaṃ.

Punārambhaggahaṇaṃ8 vibhāsānivattanatthaṃ.

Aggiṃ, paṭuṃ, buddhiṃ, vadhuṃ.

aṃ inflections, ma unit with jha, la, and pa-words becomes ṃ.

§83 (67): Saralopo’ mādesa paccayādimhi saralope tu pakati (the vowel is elided before aṃ, a replacement or a suffix; but after the elision, the natural state) utsarga

Section titled “§83 (67): Saralopo’ mādesa paccayādimhi saralope tu pakati (the vowel is elided before aṃ, a replacement or a suffix; but after the elision, the natural state) utsarga ”

Saralopo hoti amādesapaccayādimhi sara lope tu pakati hoti.

Purisaṃ, purise, pāpaṃ, pāpe, pāpiyo, pāpiṭṭho.

Amādesapaccayādimhīti ki tthaṃ?9

Appamādo amataṃ padaṃ.

Saralopeti kimatthaṃ?

Purisassa, daṇḍinaṃ.

Tuggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.

Bhikkhunī, gahapatānī.

Pakatiggahaṇasāmatthena puna sandhibhāvo ca hoti.

Seyyo, seṭṭho, jeyyo, jeṭṭho.

There is elision of the [final] vowel before the aṃ inflection, a replacement [of an inflection] and a suffix; but when the vowel has been elided, [what remains] keeps its natural state (pakati) — no further sandhi change takes place.

§84 (144): Agho rassamekavacanayosvapi ca (And not gha [vowels become] short in singular yo [inflections] also) apavada

Section titled “§84 (144): Agho rassamekavacanayosvapi ca (And not gha [vowels become] short in singular yo [inflections] also) apavada ”

Agho saro rassamāpajjate ekavacanayoiccetesu.

Itthiṃ, itthiyo, itthiyā.

Vadhuṃ, vadhuyo, vadhuyā.

Daṇḍiṃ, daṇḍino, daṇḍinā.

Sayambhuṃ, sayambhuvo, sayambhunā.

Aghoti kimatthaṃ?

Kaññaṃ, kaññāyo, kaññāya.

Ekavacanayosvīti kimatthaṃ?

Itthīhi, sayambhūhi.

Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.

Nadiṃ, nadiyo, nadiyā.

Apiggahaṇena na rassamāpajjate.

Itthī, bhikkhunī.

A [final] vowel that is not gha (agho) becomes short before the singular inflections and yo.

§85 (150): Na sismimanapuṃsakāni (No [shortening] for non-neuter words before si) apavada

Section titled “§85 (150): Na sismimanapuṃsakāni (No [shortening] for non-neuter words before si) apavada ”

Sismiṃ anapuṃsakāni liṅgāni na rassamāpajjante.

Itthī, bhikkhunī, vadhū, daṇḍī, sayambhū.

Sismiṃnti kimatthaṃ?

Bhoti itthi,

bhoti vadhu,

bho daṇḍi,

bho sayambhu.

Anapuṃsakānīti kimatthaṃ?

Sukhakāri dānaṃ,

sukhakāri sīlaṃ,

sīghayāyi cittaṃ.

[The final vowel of] non-neuter words is not shortened before the si inflection.

§86 (227): Ubhādito naminnaṃ (ubha etc.: naṃ become innaṃ) apavada

Section titled “§86 (227): Ubhādito naminnaṃ (ubha etc.: naṃ become innaṃ) apavada ”

Ubhaiccevamādito saṅkhyāto naṃvacanassa innaṃ hoti.

Ubhinnaṃ, duvinnaṃ.

Ubhāditoti kimatthaṃ?

Ubhayesaṃ.

From numbers such as ubha (both) etc., naṃ inflections become innaṃ.

§87 (231): Iṇṇamiṇṇannaṃ tīhi saṅkhyāhi (From the number ti (3) there are iṇṇaṃ and iṇṇannaṃ [replacements]) apavada

Section titled “§87 (231): Iṇṇamiṇṇannaṃ tīhi saṅkhyāhi (From the number ti (3) there are iṇṇaṃ and iṇṇannaṃ [replacements]) apavada ”

Naṃvacanassa iṇṇaṃ iṇṇannaṃ iccete ādesā honti tīhi saṅkhyāhi.

Tiṇṇaṃ, tiṇṇannaṃ.

Tīhīti kimatthaṃ?

Dvinnaṃ.

From the number ti (3), naṃ inflections become iṇṇaṃ and iṇṇannaṃ.

§88 (147): Yosu katanikāralopesu dīghaṃ (In yo [inflections] replaced with ni or elided, [end vowel] is lengthened) utsarga

Section titled “§88 (147): Yosu katanikāralopesu dīghaṃ (In yo [inflections] replaced with ni or elided, [end vowel] is lengthened) utsarga ”

Sabbe sarā yosu katanikāralopesu dīghamāpajjante.

Aggī, bhikkhū, rattī, yāgū, aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni, āyū, āyūni,

sabbāni, yāni, tāni, kāni, katamāni, etāni, amūni10, imāni.

Yosvīti kimatthaṃ?

Aggi, bhikkhu, ratti, yāgu, sabbo, yo, so, ko, amuko.

Katanikāralopesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Itthiyo, vadhuyo, sayambhuvo.

Punārambhaggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ?

Niccadīpanatthaṃ.

Aggī, bhikkhū, rattī, yāni, tāni, katamāni.

With all end-vowels followed by yo inflection, if the yo becomes ni or is elided, the [end vowel] becomes lengthened.

§89 (87): Sunaṃhisu ca (And in su, naṃ, hi) apavada

Section titled “§89 (87): Sunaṃhisu ca (And in su, naṃ, hi) apavada ”

Sunaṃhiiccetesu sabbe sarā dīghamāpajjante.

Aggīsu, aggīnaṃ, aggīhi, rattīsu, rattīnaṃ, rattīhi.

Bhikkhūsu, bhikkhūnaṃ, bhikkhūhi.

Purisānaṃ.

Etesvītī kimatthaṃ?

Agginā, pāṇinā, daṇḍinā.

Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ.

Sukhettesu brahmacārisu,

dhammamakkhāsi bhagavā bhikkhunaṃ datvā sakehi pāṇibhi.

All end-vowels are lengthened before su, naṃ, hi inflections.

§90 (252): Pañcādīnamattaṃ (5 etc. becomes a) apavada

Section titled “§90 (252): Pañcādīnamattaṃ (5 etc. becomes a) apavada ”

Pañcādīnaṃ saṅkhyānaṃ anto attamāpajjate sunaṃhiiccetesu.

Pañcasu, pañcannaṃ, pañcahi,

chasu, channaṃ, chahi,

sattasu, sattannaṃ, sattahi,

aṭṭhasu, aṭṭhannaṃ, aṭṭhahi,

navasu, navannaṃ, navahi,

dasasu, dasannaṃ, dasahi.

Pañcādīnamīti kimatthaṃ?

Dvīsu, dvinnaṃ, dvīhi.

Attamitibhāvaniddeso ubhayassāgamanatthaṃ, anto ukāro attamāpajjate.

Catassannaṃ itthīnaṃ.

Tissannaṃ vedanānaṃ.

The final [vowel] of the numerals pañca (5) etc. becomes a before su, naṃ, hi inflections.

§91 (194): Patissinīmhi (For pati with inī) utsarga

Section titled “§91 (194): Patissinīmhi (For pati with inī) utsarga ”

Patissanto attamāpajjate inīmhi paccaye pare.

Gahapatānī.

Inīmhīti kimatthaṃ?

Gahapati.

The ending of pati becomes a before inī suffix.

§92 (100): Ntussanto yosuca (And ntu ending in yo) apavada

Section titled “§92 (100): Ntussanto yosuca (And ntu ending in yo) apavada ”

Ntupaccayassa anto attamāpajjate sunaṃhiyoiccetesu paresu.

Guṇavantesu, guṇavantānaṃ, guṇavantehi, guṇavantā, guṇavante.

Ntusseti kimatthaṃ?

Isīnaṃ.

Etesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Guṇavā.

Caggahaṇena aññesu vacanesu attañca hoti.

Guṇavantasmiṃ, guṇavantena.

Antaggahaṇena ntupaccayassa anto attamāpajjate, yonañca ikāro hoti.

Guṇavanti.

ntu suffix ending becomes a before su, naṃ, hi, yo inflections.

§93 (106): Sabbassa vā aṃsesu (Optionally for all in aṃ, sa) apavada

Section titled “§93 (106): Sabbassa vā aṃsesu (Optionally for all in aṃ, sa) apavada ”

Sabbasseva ntupaccayassa attaṃ hoti vā aṃsaiccetesu.

Satimaṃ bhikkhuṃ11, satimantaṃ bhikkhuṃ vā,

bandhumaṃ rājānaṃ, bandhumantaṃ rājānaṃ vā,

satimassa bhikkhuno, satimato bhikkhuno vā,

bandhumassa rañño suṅkaṃ, bandhumato rañño vā suṅkaṃ deti.

Etesvīti kimatthaṃ?

Satimā bhikkhu,

bandhumā rājā.

Optionally the entire ntu suffix becomes a before aṃ, sa inflections.

§94 (105): Simhi vā (Optionally in si) apavada

Section titled “§94 (105): Simhi vā (Optionally in si) apavada ”

Ntupaccayassa antassa attaṃ hoti vā simhi vibhattimhi.

Himavanto pabbato.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Himavā pabbato.

Optionally, the final of the ntu suffix becomes a before si inflections.12

§95 (145): Aggissini (aggi to ini) apavada

Section titled “§95 (145): Aggissini (aggi to ini) apavada ”

Aggissantassa ini hoti vā simhi vibhattimhi.

Purato aggini,

pacchato aggini,

dakkhiṇato aggini,

vāmato aggini.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Aggi.

Optionally, aggi ending becomes ini in si inflections.

§96 (148): Yosvakatarasso jho (For yo, jha non-short becomes a) apavada

Section titled “§96 (148): Yosvakatarasso jho (For yo, jha non-short becomes a) apavada ”

Yosu akatarasso jho attamāpajjate.

Aggayo munayo, isayo, gahapatayo.

Yosvīti kimatthaṃ?

Aggīsu.

Akatarassoti kimatthaṃ?

Daṇḍino.

Jhoti kimatthaṃ?

Rattiyo.

For yo inflections, jha-word non-shortened endings become a.

§97 (156): Vevosu lo ca (In ve, vo, la-words too) apavada

Section titled “§97 (156): Vevosu lo ca (In ve, vo, la-words too) apavada ”

Vevoiccetesu akatarasso lo attamāpajjate.

Bhikkhave, bhikkhavo,

hetave, hetavo.

Akatarassoti kimatthaṃ?

Sayambhuvo, vessabhuvo, parābhibhuvo.

Vevosvīti kimatthaṃ?

Hetunā, ketunā, setunā.

Caggahaṇamanukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

In ve, vo inflections, la-word endings that have not been shortened becomes a.

§98 (189): Mātulādīnamānattamīkāre (mātula etc. endings become āna before ī) apavada

Section titled “§98 (189): Mātulādīnamānattamīkāre (mātula etc. endings become āna before ī) apavada ”

Mātulaiccevamādīnaṃ anto ānattamāpajjate īkāre paccaye pare.

Mātulānī, ayyakānī, varuṇānī.

Īkāreti kimatthaṃ?

Bhikkhunī, rājinī, jālinī, gahapatānī.

Ānattaggahaṇena nadīiccetassa dīsaddassa jjojjā ādesā honti saha vibhattiyā yonāsaiccetesu.

Najjo sandanti,

najjā kataṃ taraṅgaṃ,

najjā nerañjarāya tīre.

mātula etc. endings become āna before ī suffix.

§99 (81): Smāhismiṃnaṃ mhābhimhi vā (Optionally, smā, hi, smiṃ become mhā, bhi, mhi) apavada

Section titled “§99 (81): Smāhismiṃnaṃ mhābhimhi vā (Optionally, smā, hi, smiṃ become mhā, bhi, mhi) apavada ”

Sabbato liṅgato smāhismiṃ iccetesaṃ mhābhimhiiccete ādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Purisamhā, purisasmā, purisebhi, purisehi, purisamhi, purisasmiṃ.

Smāhismiṃnamiti kimatthaṃ?

Vaṇṇavantaṃ agandhakaṃ viruḷhapupphaṃ,

mahantaṃ chattaṃ mahāchattaṃ,

mahantaṃ dhajaṃ mahādhajaṃ.

Optionally, from lemmas of all genders smā, hi, smiṃ inflections are replaced with mhā, bhi, mhi in that order.

§100 (214): Na timehi katākārehi (Not for ta, ima that have become a) apavada

Section titled “§100 (214): Na timehi katākārehi (Not for ta, ima that have become a) apavada ”

Ta imaiccetehi katākārehi smāsmiṃ naṃmhāmhiiccete ādesā neva honti.

Asmā ṭhānā bhayaṃ uppajjati,

asmiṃ ṭhāne bhayaṃ tiṭṭhati,

asmā, asmiṃ.

Katākārehīti kimatthaṃ?

Tamhā, tamhi,

imamhā, imamhi.

With ta, ima that have changed into a before smā, smiṃ inflections, there are no replacements to mhā, mhi.

§101 (80): Suhisvakāro e (In su, hi, a becomes e) apavada

Section titled “§101 (80): Suhisvakāro e (In su, hi, a becomes e) apavada ”

Suhiiccetesu akāro ettamāpajjate.

Sabbesu, yesu, tesu, kesu, purisesu, imesu, kusalesu, tumhesu, amhesu,

sabbehi, yehi, tehi, kehi, purisehi, imehi, kusalehi, tumhehi, amhehi.

For su, hi inflections, a becomes e.

§102 (202): Sabbanāmānaṃ naṃmhi ca (And pronouns in naṃ) apavada

Section titled “§102 (202): Sabbanāmānaṃ naṃmhi ca (And pronouns in naṃ) apavada ”

Sabbesaṃ sabbanāmānaṃ anto akāro ettamāpajjate naṃmhi vibhattimhi.

Sabbesaṃ, sabbesānaṃ,

yesaṃ, yesānaṃ,

tesaṃ, tesānaṃ,

imesaṃ, imesānaṃ,

kesaṃ, kesānaṃ,

itaresaṃ, itaresānaṃ,

katamesaṃ, katamesānaṃ.

Sabbanāmānamiti kimatthaṃ?

Buddhānaṃ bhagavantānaṃ āciṇṇasamāciṇṇo.

Akāroti kimatthaṃ?

Amūsaṃ, amūsānaṃ.

Naṃmhīti kimatthaṃ?

Sabbe, ime.

Caggahaṇa manukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

For all pronouns (sabbanāma), the final a becomes e before naṃ inflections.

§103 (79): Ato nena (From a, nā becomes ena) apavada

Section titled “§103 (79): Ato nena (From a, nā becomes ena) apavada ”

Tasmā akārato nāvacanassa enādeso hoti.

Sabbena, yena, tena, kena, anena, purisena, rūpena.

Atoti kimatthaṃ?

Muninā, amunā, bhikkhunā.

Nāti kimatthaṃ?

Tasmā.

From a, nā inflections are replaced with ena.

§104 (66): So (si to o) apavada

Section titled “§104 (66): So (si to o) apavada ”

Tasmā akārato sivacanassa okārādeso hoti.

Sabbo, yo, so, ko, amuko, puriso.

Sīti kimatthaṃ?

Purisānaṃ.

Atoti kimatthaṃ?

Sayambhū.

From a, si inflections are replaced with o.

§105 (0): So vā (Optionally, so) apavada

Section titled “§105 (0): So vā (Optionally, so) apavada ”

Tasmā akārato nāvacanassa soādeso hoti vā.

Atthaso dhammaṃ jānāti,

byañjanaso atthaṃ jānāti,

akkharaso, suttaso, padaso, yasaso.

Upāyaso, sabbaso, thāmaso, ṭhānaso.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Pādena vā pādārahena vā atirekapādena vā yo bhikkhu theyyacittena parassa bhaṇḍaṃ gaṇhāti, so bhikkhu pārājiko hoti asaṃvāso.

Optionally, from a, nā inflections are replaced with so.

§106 (313): Dīghorehi (With dīgha, ora) apavada

Section titled “§106 (313): Dīghorehi (With dīgha, ora) apavada ”

Dīghaoraiccetehi smāvacanassa soādeso hoti vā.

Dīghaso, oraso, dīghamhā, oramhā.

Dīghorehiti kimatthaṃ?

Saramhā, vacanamhā.

Optionally, with dīgha, ora: smā inflections are replaced with so.

§107 (69): Sabbayonīnamāe (For both yo: ā, e) utsarga

Section titled “§107 (69): Sabbayonīnamāe (For both yo: ā, e) utsarga ”

Tasmā akārato sabbesaṃ yonīnaṃāe ādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Purisā, purise, rūpā, rūpe.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Aggayo, munayo, isayo.

Yonīnanti kimatthaṃ?

Purisassa, rūpassa.

Akāratoti kimatthaṃ?

Daṇḍino,

aṭṭhīni,

aggī pajjalanti,

munī caranti.

Optionally, after [lemmas] ending in a, both yo inflections become ā (①) and e (②), in that order.14

§108 (90): Smāsmiṃnaṃ vā (Optionally, for smā, smiṃ) apavada

Section titled “§108 (90): Smāsmiṃnaṃ vā (Optionally, for smā, smiṃ) apavada ”

Tasmā akārato sabbesaṃ smāsmiṃiccetesaṃ ā e ādesā honti vā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Purisā, purisasmā,

purise, purisasmiṃ.

Akāratoti kimatthaṃ?

Daṇḍinā, daṇḍismiṃ,

bhikkhunā, bhikkhusmiṃ.

Optionally, from those ending with a, smā, smiṃ inflections become ā, e in that order.15

§109 (304): Āya catutthekavacanassatu (āya for ④⨀ inflections) apavada

Section titled “§109 (304): Āya catutthekavacanassatu (āya for ④⨀ inflections) apavada ”

Tasmā akārato catutthekavacanassa āyādeso hoti vā.

Atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ buddho loke uppajjati.

Atoti kimatthaṃ?

Isissa.

Catutthīti kimatthaṃ?

Purisassa mukhaṃ.

Ekavacanasseti kimatthaṃ?

Purisānaṃ dadāti.

Vāti kimatthaṃ?

Dātā hoti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā.

Tuggahaṇenatthañca hoti.

Atthatthaṃ, hitatthaṃ, sukhatthaṃ.

Optionally, from those ending with a, ④⨀ inflections are replaced with āya.

§110 (201): Tayo neva ca sabbanāmehi (And not the 3 [replacements] with pronouns ending in a) apavada

Section titled “§110 (201): Tayo neva ca sabbanāmehi (And not the 3 [replacements] with pronouns ending in a) apavada ”

Tehi sabbanāmehi akārantehi smāsmiṃ saiccetesaṃ tayo ā e āyādesā neva honti.

Sabbasmā, sabbasmiṃ, sabbassa.

Yasmā, yasmiṃ, yassa.

Tasmā, tasmiṃ, tassa.

Kasmā, kasmiṃ, kassa.

Imasmā, imasmiṃ, imassa.

Sabbanāmehīti kimatthaṃ?

Pāpā, pāpe, pāpāya.

Caggahaṇamanukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

With pronouns (sabbanāma) ending in a, in smā, smiṃ, sa inflections the 3 replacements ā, e, āya do not occur.

§111 (179): Ghato nādīnaṃ (From gha in nā etc.) apavada

Section titled “§111 (179): Ghato nādīnaṃ (From gha in nā etc.) apavada ”

Tasmā ghato nādīnamekavacanānaṃ vibhattigaṇānaṃ āyādeso hoti.

Kaññāya kataṃ kammaṃ,

kaññāya dīyate,

kaññāya nissaṭaṃ vatthaṃ.

Kaññāya pariggaho,

kaññāya patiṭṭhitaṃ sīlaṃ.

Ghatoti kimatthaṃ?

Rattiyā, itthiyā, dhenuyā, vadhuyā.

Nādīnamiti kimatthaṃ?

Kaññaṃ passati,

vijjaṃ, vīṇaṃ, gaṅgaṃ.

Ekavacanānamiti kimatthaṃ?

Sabbāsu, yāsu, tāsu, kāsu, imāsu, pabhāsu.

From gha-words in nā etc. inflections there is replacement to āya (“in”).

§112 (183): Pato yā (From pa to yā) apavada

Section titled “§112 (183): Pato yā (From pa to yā) apavada ”

Tasmā pato nādīnamekavacanānaṃ vibhattigaṇānaṃ yāādeso hoti.

Rattiyā, itthiyā, deviyā,

dhenuyā, yāguyā, vadhuyā.

Nādīnamiti kimatthaṃ?

Rattī, rattiṃ, itthī, itthiṃ.

Patoti kimatthaṃ?

Kaññāya, vīṇāya, gaṅgāya, pabhāya, sobhāya.

Ekavacanānamiti kimatthaṃ?

Rattīnaṃ, itthīnaṃ.

From pa-words in nā etc. inflections there is replacement to yā.

§113 (132): Sakhato gasse vā (Optionally, from sakha in ga) apavada

Section titled “§113 (132): Sakhato gasse vā (Optionally, from sakha in ga) apavada ”

Tasmā sakhato gassa akāra ākāra ikāra īkāra ekārādesā honti vā.

Bho sakha,

bho sakhā,

bho sakhi,

bho sakhī,

bho sakhe.

Optionally, from sakha in ga inflections there are replacements to a, ā, i, ī, e.

§114 (178): Ghate ca (And from gha) apavada

Section titled “§114 (178): Ghate ca (And from gha) apavada ”

Tasmā ghato gassa ekārādeso hoti.

Bhoti ayye,

bhoti kaññe,

bhoti kharādiye.

Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ, sanniṭṭhānaṃ.

From gha-words in ga inflections there is replacement to e.

§115 (181): Na ammādito (Not for amma etc.) apavada

Section titled “§115 (181): Na ammādito (Not for amma etc.) apavada ”

Tato ammādito gassa ekārattaṃ na hoti.

Bhoti ammā,

bhoti annā,

bhoti ambā,

bhoti tātā.

Ammāditoti kimatthaṃ?

Bhoti kaññe.

From amma etc. in ga singular inflections there is no replacement (to e).

§116 (157): Akatarassā lato yvālapanassa vevo (From la-words not made short yo vocative inflections become ve, vo) apavada

Section titled “§116 (157): Akatarassā lato yvālapanassa vevo (From la-words not made short yo vocative inflections become ve, vo) apavada ”

Tasmā akatarassā lato yvālapanassa vevoādesā honti.

Bhikkhave, bhikkhavo,

hetave, hetavo.

Akatarassāti kimatthaṃ?

Sayambhuvo.

Latoti kimatthaṃ?

Nāgiyo, dhenuyo, yāguyo.

Ālapanasseti kimatthaṃ?

Te hetavo, te bhikkhavo.

From la-words not made short yo vocative inflections are replaced with ve, vo.

§117 (124): Jhalato sassano vā (jha, la: sa to no) apavada

Section titled “§117 (124): Jhalato sassano vā (jha, la: sa to no) apavada ”

Tasmā jhalato sassa vibhattissa no ādeso hoti vā.

Aggino, aggissa,

sakhino, sakhissa,

daṇḍino, daṇḍissa,

bhikkhuno, bhikkhussa,

sayambhuno, sayambhussa.

Sasseti kimatthaṃ?

Isinā, bhikkhunā.

Jhalatoti kimatthaṃ?

Purisassa.

Optionally, after jha, la words the sa inflection is replaced by no.

§118 (146): Ghapato ca yonaṃ lopo (And gha, pa: elision of yo) apavada

Section titled “§118 (146): Ghapato ca yonaṃ lopo (And gha, pa: elision of yo) apavada ”

Tehi ghapajhalaiccetehi yonaṃ lopo hoti vā.

Kaññā, kaññāyo.

Rattī, rattiyo,

itthī, itthiyo,

yāgū, yāguyo,

vadhū, vadhuyo.

Aggī, aggayo.

Bhikkhū, bhikkhavo.

Sayambhū, sayambhuvo.

Aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni,

āyū, āyūni.

Caggahaṇamanukaḍḍhanatthaṃ.

Optionally, from gha, pa, jha, la words in yo inflections there is elision of yo.

§119 (155): Lato vokāro ca (And from la: becomes vo) apavada

Section titled “§119 (155): Lato vokāro ca (And from la: becomes vo) apavada ”

Tasmā lato yonaṃ vokāro hoti vā.

Bhikkhavo, bhikkhū,

sayambhuvo, sayambhū.

Kāraggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ?

Yonaṃ no ca hoti.

Jantuno.

Caggahaṇamavadhāraṇatthaṃ,

amū purisā tiṭṭhanti,

amū purise passatha.

Optionally, after la-words the yo inflections are replaced by vo.

Iti nāmakappe paṭhamo kaṇḍo.

Thus ends the first section of the nāma chapter.

Footnotes

Section titled “Footnotes”

  1. Malai (1997) renders liṅga as “gender” throughout §53–§56 (“the gender is fixed”). The examples are nominal bases in their canonical shape (satthu, brahma, rāja …), and §54 adds the inflections “after the liṅgas”, so liṅga here is the nominal lemma (Sanskrit prātipadika; the Rūpasiddhi on §9 glosses liṅga and pada together), of which gender is one property: “lemma (and its gender)” is kept, and Malai’s “gender” is too narrow. Nandisena (2005) is not compared on this point. ↩

  2. The ca of the sutta is traditionally taken to reach beyond nouns: the Nyāsa (Mukhamattadīpanī) has it include the roots (dhātu), and the Rūpasiddhi, on §56, the verbs (casaddena ākhyātañca nippajjate), so that the whole vocabulary of the Jinavacana is settled by usage in the same way. ↩

  3. CST4 prints Ādīṃ; the canonical spelling is ādiṃ, the i staying short once the a of aṃ is elided by §13. ↩

  4. CST4 misspells this as vuthuvāsane. ↩

  5. CST4 prints pakkhāyatanaṃ, a misprint for cakkhvāyatanaṃ (cakkhu + āyatanaṃ, the eye-base of the Dhammasaṅgaṇī) betrayed by the CST itself, which prints cakkhāyatanaṃ for the same word among the counter-examples of §70. Senart’s edition reads cakkhv āyatanaṃ, and the manuscripts Malai cites (his sigla T, B1, S1, S2) all have cakkhu + āyatanaṃ, B1 without the v (cakkh'āyatanaṃ). Malai (1997) keeps cakkhvāyatanaṃ as the form that shows this rule; Nandisena (2005) reads cakkhāyatanaṃ, the u become v by this rule and the v then lost. The two translators thus agree on the word against CST4 and differ only over the v; Malai’s form is adopted here. ↩

  6. CST4 prints Gavapati; the sutta’s alutte means precisely that the aṃ is kept in the compound, and §38 (53): Kvaci lopaṃ elides a niggahīta only before a vowel, not before p. The Tipiṭaka’s gavaṃpati and the thera’s name Gavampati confirm the form. Senart’s edition and B1 among the manuscripts Malai cites read gavampati, and Malai (1997) prints Gavampatissa therassa, so his text confirms the reading adopted here; Nandisena (2005) is not compared on this point. ↩

  7. upapade tiṭṭhamānassa is the present participle of tiṭṭhati with the locative: “when it stands as an upapada”, that is, as the first member of a compound (uggata, uggacchati); the o reversed is the o that §50 (45): O avassa made of ava. Malai (1997) renders it “when ava stands as an upapada”, and the translation follows him; Nandisena (2005) is not compared on this point. ↩

  8. CST4 misspells this as Punārambha haṇaṃ. ↩

  9. CST4 prints ki tthaṃ for kimatthaṃ. ↩

  10. CST4 misspells this as apūni. ↩

  11. CST4 prints Satimaṃ bhikkhu; the noun is the object, bhikkhuṃ, as the alternative satimantaṃ bhikkhuṃ beside it shows (the counter-example satimā bhikkhu is the first form). Senart’s edition and all the manuscripts Malai cites read satimaṃ bhikkhuṃ, with no variant recorded, and Malai (1997) prints it so: the emendation is confirmed against a CST misprint. Nandisena (2005) is not compared on this point. ↩

  12. The vutti’s antassa (“of the final”) limits the change to the u of ntu: himavantu + si → himavanta + si → himavanto by §104 (66): So. The sabbassa of §93 does not continue here — were the whole suffix replaced, the result would be *himavo. Malai (1997) renders “the final vowel of suffix ntu is optionally changed into vowel a”, with the vutti; Nandisena (2005) is not compared on this point. ↩

  13. The vutti’s yonāsaiccetesu pairs the three examples with yo, nā and sa in that order — Malai’s text reads jjo-jjā-jjā-ādesā, one substitute for each, and he renders “respectively” — and the sense agrees: najjā kataṃ, “made by the river”, is the ③⨀ (nā), and najjā nerañjarāya tīre, “on the bank of the river Nerañjarā”, the ⑥⨀ (sa). So Malai (1997); Nandisena (2005) is not compared on this point. ↩

  14. U Nandisena (2005) reads yonīnaṃ as “yo and nī”, nī being the neuter substitute for yo. The Rūpasiddhi (69) glosses the word as the yo endings of the first and second forms (paṭhamāyonīnaṃ, dutiyāyonīnañca yathākkamaṃ ākārekārādesā), which is what yathāsaṅkhyaṃ (“in that order”) requires; it separately lets the rule reach the neuter ni under §218 ("Sabbayonīnamāe"ti nissa vā ākāro), giving cittā beside cittāni. Malai (1997) reads yonīnaṃ the same way as Nandisena (the yo endings “or their substitutes ni”), so the two translators agree with each other against the reading kept here. Their ground is the form of the word: Kaccāyana’s genitive of yo is otherwise yonaṃ (§118 (146): Ghapato ca yonaṃ lopo, §217 (199): Yonaṃ ni napuṃsakehi), and yonīnaṃ looks like the dvanda yo + nī; the Rūpasiddhi’s extension to ni is also the more natural if nī is named in the sutta. The reading kept here works too — yathāsaṅkhyaṃ pairs the first and second yo with ā and e, as the Rūpasiddhi’s gloss says — and both readings are defensible. ↩

  15. The CST vutti gives no counter-example for the vā; Senart’s edition and Malai (1997) have Vāti kimatthaṃ? Purisamhā, purisamhi (S1 and S2 read purisasmiṃ for purisamhi; B1 and T omit the sentence), the option not taken leaving smā and smiṃ to §99 (81): Smāhismiṃnaṃ mhābhimhi vā. T and a second manuscript instead gloss the vā as also giving aṃ and o for smā and smiṃ (saṃsāraṃ tāreti bhagavā, assamo tiṭṭhati vessantaro rājā) — the second and first forms doing duty for the fifth and seventh — a marginal extension that stands in neither edition’s text. Nandisena (2005) is not compared on this point. ↩

  16. The vutti’s atthañca hoti (CST, Senart) names the substitute with its -ṃ, which a bare attha would leave unaccounted for in hitatthaṃ. The manuscripts Malai cites (T, B1, S1, S2) read tthañca, the substitute being tthaṃ after the lemma’s own a, and Malai (1997) would correct the text to it while rendering “changed into atthaṃ”; the result is the same either way. Nandisena (2005) is not compared on this point. ↩