VI. Nāmakaṇḍo
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Words are chiefly divided into two classes, — Name and Verb.
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Name comprises Noun, Pronoun (including the Numerals), Preposition and the Indeclinable.
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There are three Genders:— Masculine, Feminine and Neuter.
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There are two Numbers:— Singular and Plural.
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There are eight Cases (including the Vocative) :- Paṭhamā or the First Case (Nominative), Dutiyā, the Second Case (Accusative), Tatiyā, the Third Case (Instrumental), Catutthī, the Fourth (Dative), Pañcamī, the Fifth (Ablative), Chaṭṭhī, the Sixth (Genitive), Sattamī, the Seventh (Locative), and Ālapana or the Case of Address ( Vocative). In derivation the last one is not distinguished from the Paṭhamā, although it is apparently different in the Singular number.
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Case-endings are added to the Linga or crude form of a word (which is also called its Stem or Base), according to the particular relation in which we intend to use it.
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The case-endings are set in order as follows:—
Singular Plural 1st — Paṭhamā (Nominative) si yo Ālapana (Vocative) si or ga yo 2nd — Dutiyā (Accusative) aṁ yo 3rd — Tatiyā (Instrumental) nā hi 4th — Catutthī (Dative) sa naṁ 5th — Pañcamī (Ablative) smā hi 6th — Chaṭṭhī (Genitive) sa naṁ 7th — Sattamī (Locative) smiṁ su A stem is said to be declined, when the case-endings are stuck to it. The case-endings undergo change in some instances, as can be seen from the declension of the stem Buddha, given below:—
Singular Plural Paṭhamā Buddho Buddhā Ālapana Buddha, Buddhā Buddhā Dutiyā Buddhaṁ Buddhe Tatiyā Buddhena Buddhehi, Buddhebhi Catutthī Buddhassa Buddhānaṁ Pañcamī Buddhā, Buddhasmā, Buddhamhā Buddhehi, Buddhebhi Chaṭṭhī Buddhassa Buddhānaṁ Sattamī Buddhe, Buddhasmiṁ, Buddhamhi Buddhesu
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Stems are crude forms of words which are neither roots, nor verbal terminations, nor case-endings, but which yet convey a certain meaning; for instance, when we merely say Buddha, the term signifies neither the root budh from which it is derived, nor any verbal termination; nor, again, has any case-ending been added to it, giving it the bearing of the nominative or the accusative or the instrumental and so on. Nevertheless, it means some one named ’ Buddha,’ but not yet in any particular relation to any person, action or thing, and’as such it is merely a nominal stem or base. It is only when particular relations are intended that suitable case-endings are applied to the stem. Thus, when we understand ‘Buddha’ doing something, we use the nominative form Buddho; and, when we mean ‘Buddha’ as the object of an action, we employ the accusative Buddhaṁ; again, if we want to express something done by ‘Buddha,’ we make use of the instrumental Buddhena, In this way, all the case-forms can be used to convey different senses, as is shown below.
The Use of Cases
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Paṭhamā
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Lingatthe, — in the sense of the crude form (i.e., stem or nominal base), e.g., Buddho, puriso (vide Kaccāyana, 3. 1. 14).
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Ālapane ca, — in vocation too, e.g., bho purisa, bhavanto purisā; bho rāja, bhavanto rājāno; he sakha, he sakhino (vide Kaccāyana, 3. 1. 15).
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To denote the kattā or subject, e.g., so karoti; Satthā atītaṁ āhari.
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Dutiyā
- Kammatthe, — to denote an object, e.g., rathaṁ karoti; dhammaṁ suṇāti; vācaṁ bhāsati; gavaṁ hanati; vīhayo lunāti (vide Kaccāyana, 3.1.27).
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Tatiyā
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Kattari ca, — to denote the agent too (beside the Paṭhamā), e.g., raññā hato poso; Yakkhena dinno varo; ahinā daṭṭho naro (vide Kaccāyana, 3.1.18).
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Karaṇe, — to denote instrumentality, e.g., agginā kuṭiṁ jhāpeti; manasā ce paduṭṭhena; kāyena kammaṁ karoti (vide Kaccāyana, 3.1.16).
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Catutthī
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Sampadāne, — to denote the recipient, e.g., Buddhassa vā Dhammassa vā Saṅghassa vā dānaṁ deti (vide Kaccāyana, 3.1.23).
- [One to whom something is desired to be given, or one who entertains a liking for something, or one from whom something is taken as debt, is put in the Dative case — Yassa dātukāmo rocate vā dhārayate vā taṁ Sampadānaṁ (vide Kaccāyana, 3.1.6), e.g., samaṇassa cīvaraṁ dadāti; samaṇassa rocate saccaṁ; suvaṇṇaṁ me dhārayate.]
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Pañcamī
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Apādāne, — to denote the Ablative, e.g., pāpā cittaṁ nivāraye; abbhā mutto vā candimā; bhayā muccati so naro (vide Kaccāyana, 3.1.25).
- [The Ablative case signifies that from which some person or thing goes off or fear arises or something is received - Yasmādapeti bhayaṁ ādatte vā tad Apādānaṁ (vide Kaccāyana 3. 1. 1), e.g., gāmā apenti munayo; nagarā niggato rājā; corā bhayaṁ jāyate; ācariy’upajjhāyehi sikkhaṁ gaṇhāti sisso.]
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Chaṭṭhī
- Sāmismiṁ, — to denote ownership, e.g., tassa bhikkhuno paṭivisaṁ; tassa bhikkhuno pattaṁ; tassa bhikkhuno cīvaraṁ; attano mukhaṁ (vide Kaccāyana, 3.1.31).
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Sattamī
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Okāse, — to denote location, e.g., gambhīre odak’aṇṇave; pāpasmiṁ ramati mano; Bhagavati brahmacariyaṁ vasati kulaputto (vide Kaccāyana, 3.1.32).
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[The site of an action is called Okāsa (location), and the Locative case signifies ‘site’ — Yo’dhāro taṁ okāsaṁ (vide Kaccāyana, 3.1.8). Site is of four kinds:—
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Vyāpiko or co-extensive, — e.g., jalesu khīraṁ; tilesu telaṁ; ucchūsu raso.
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Opasilesiko or contiguous, — e.g., pariyaṅke rājā seti; āsane upaviṭṭho Saṅgho.
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Vesayiko or objective, i.e., relating to place or quarter, — e.g., bhūmisu manussā; antarikkhe vāyu; ākāse sakunā.
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Sāmīpiko or proximate, adjacent, e.g., vane hatthino; Gaṅgāyaṁ ghoso; vaje gāviṁ duhanti; Sāvatthiyaṁ viharati Jetavane.]
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Nouns are divided into four classes, according 4 as they have (1) one gender, (2) two genders, (3) three genders, and (4) no gender.
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Declension of Nouns having one Gender — masculine, feminine or neuter.
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MASCULINE.
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MASCULINE STEMS ENDING IN -a.
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Buddha1
Singular Plural 1st Buddho Buddhā Voc. Buddha, Buddhā Buddhā 2nd Buddhaṁ Buddhe 3rd Buddhena Buddhehi, Buddhebhi 4th Buddhassa Buddhānaṁ 5th Buddhā, Buddhasmā, Buddhamhā Buddhehi, Buddhebhi 6th Buddhassa Buddhānaṁ 7th Buddhe, Buddhasmiṁ, Buddhamhi Buddhesu -
Atta
Singular Plural 1st Attā Attāno Voc. Atta, Attā Attāno 2nd Attānaṁ Attāno 3rd Attena, Attanā Attanehi, Attanebhi 4th Attano Attānaṁ 5th Attanā, Attasmā, Attamhā Attanehi, Attanebhi 6th Attano Attānaṁ 7th Attani Attanesu, Attesu -
Rāja
Singular Plural 1st Rājā Rājāno Voc. Rāja, Rājā Rājāno 2nd Rājānaṁ, Rājaṁ Rājāno 3rd Rājena, Raññā Rājehi, Rājebhi, Rājūhi, Rājūbhi 4th Rājino, Rañño Rājānaṁ, Raññaṁ, Rājūnaṁ 5th Raññā, Rājasmā, Rājamhā Rājehi, Rājebhi, Rājūhi, Rājūbhi 6th Rañño, Rājino Rājānaṁ, Raññaṁ, Rājūnaṁ 7th Rājini, Raññe Rājusu, Rājūsu, Rājesu -
Guṇavanta2
Singular Plural 1st Guṇavā Guṇavanto, Guṇavantā Voc. Guṇva*, Guṇavā, Guṇavaṁ Guṇavanto, Guṇavantā 2nd Guṇavantaṁ Guṇavante 3rd Guṇavantena, Guṇavatā Guṇavantehi, Guṇavantebhi 4th Guṇavanto, Guṇavantassa Guṇavantānaṁ, Guṇavantaṁ 5th Guṇavantā, Guṇavantasmā, Guṇavantamhā Guṇavantehi, Guṇavantebhi 6th Guṇavanto, Guṇavantassa Guṇavantānaṁ, Guṇavantaṁ 7th Guṇavati, Guṇavante, Guṇavantamhi, Guṇavantasmiṁ Guṇavantesu -
Gacchanta3
Singular Plural 1st Gacchaṁ, Gacchanto Gacchanto, Gacchantā Voc. Gacchaṁ, Gaccha, Gacchā Gacchanto, Gacchantā 2nd Gacchantaṁ Gacchante 3rd Gacchantena, Gacchatā Gacchantehi, Gacchantebhi 4th Gacchato, Gacchantassa Gacchantānaṁ, Gacchataṁ 5th Gacchantā, Gacchantasmā, Gacchantamhā Gacchantehi, Gacchantebhi 6th Gacchato, Gacchantassa Gacchantānaṁ, Gacchataṁ 7th Gacchati, Gacchante, Gacchantamhi, Gacchantasmiṁ Gacchantesu
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MASCULINE STEMS ENDING IN -i.
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Aggi4
Singular Plural 1st Aggi Aggī, Aggayo Voc. Aggi Aggī, Aggayo 2nd Aggiṁ Aggī, Aggayo 3rd Agginā Aggīhi, Aggībhi 4th Aggino, Aggissa Aggīnaṁ 5th Agginā, Aggismā, Aggimhā Aggīhi, Aggībhi 6th Aggino, Aggissa Aggīnaṁ 7th Aggismiṁ, Aggimhi Aggīsu -
Ādi
Ādi is declined like Aggi, with a slight difference in Locative Singular:—
Loc. Sing. — ādiṁ, ādo, ādimhi, ādismiṁ.
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MASCULINE STEMS ENDING IN -ī.
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Daṇḍī5
Singular Plural 1st Daṇḍi Daṇḍī, Daṇḍino Voc. Daṇḍi Daṇḍī, Daṇḍino 2nd Daṇḍiṁ, Daṇḍinaṁ Daṇḍī, Daṇḍino, Daṇḍine 3rd Daṇḍinā Daṇḍīhi, Daṇḍībhi 4th Daṇḍino, Daṇḍissa Daṇḍīnaṁ 5th Daṇḍinā, Daṇḍismā, Daṇḍimhā Daṇḍīhi, Daṇḍībhi 6th Daṇḍino, Daṇḍissa Daṇḍīnaṁ 7th Daṇḍismiṁ, Daṇḍimhi, Daṇḍini Daṇḍīsu, Daṇḍisu -
Gāmanī, senānī and sudhī are declined like Daṇḍī except in the 7th case-ending, where the forms respectively are:—
Singular Plural gāmanī gāmanismiṁ, gāmanimhi gāmanīsu senānī senānismiṁ, senānimhi senānīsu sudhī sudhismiṁ, sudhimhi sudhīsu
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MASCULINE STEMS ENDING IN -u.
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Bhikkhu
Singular Plural 1st Bhikkhu Bhikkhū, Bhikkhavo Voc. Bhikkhu Bhikkhū, Bhikkhavo 2nd Bhikkhuṁ Bhikkhū, Bhikkhavo 3rd Bhikkhunā Bhikkhūhi, Bhikkhūbhi 4th Bhikkhuno, Bhikkhussa Bhikkhūnaṁ 5th Bhikkhunā, Bhikkhusmā, Bhikkhumhā Bhikkhūhi, Bhikkhūbhi 6th Bhikkhuno, Bhikkhussa Bhikkhūnaṁ 7th Bhikkhusmiṁ, Bhikkhumhi Bhikkhūsu, Bhikkhusu -
Hetu
Singular Plural 1st Hetu Hetū, Hetavo, Hetuyo Voc. Hetu Hetū, Hetavo, Hetuyo 2nd Hetuṁ Hetū, Hetavo, Hetuyo [The rest are like Bhikkhu.]
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Jantu
Singular Plural 1st Jantu Jantū, Jantavo*, Jantuyo, Jantuno Voc. Jantu Jantū, Jantavo*, Jantuyo, Jantuno 2nd Jantuṁ Jantū, Jantavo*, Jantuyo, Jantuno [The rest are like Bhikkhu.]
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Satthu6
Singular Plural 1st Satthā Satthāro Voc. Satthā, Sattha Satthāro 2nd Satthāraṁ Satthāre, Satthāro 3rd Satthārā Satthārehi, Satthārebhi 4th Satthuno, Satthussa, Satthu Satthārānaṁ, Satthānaṁ 5th Satthārā Satthārehi, Satthārebhi 6th Satthuno, Satthussa, Satthu Satthārānaṁ, Satthānaṁ 7th Satthari Satthāresu -
Pitu7
Singular Plural 1st Pitā Pitaro Voc. Pitā, Pita Pitaro 2nd Pitaraṁ Pitare, Pitaro 3rd Pitarā Pitarehi, Pitarebhi, Pitūhi, Pitūbhi 4th Pituno, Pitussa, Pitu Pitarānaṁ, Pitānaṁ, Pitūnaṁ 5th Pitarā Pitarehi, Pitarebhi, Pitūhi, Pitūbhi 6th Pituno, Pitussa, Pitu Pitarānaṁ, Pitānaṁ, Pitūnaṁ 7th Pitari Pitaresu, Pitūsu
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MASCULINE STEMS ENDING IN -ū.
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Abhibhū
Singular Plural 1st Abhibhū Abhibhū, Abhibhuvo [The rest are like Bhikkhu. Thus is also declined Sabbaññū with the only difference that in the Ist case-ending plural the forms are sabbaññuno, sabbaññū.]
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MASCULINE STEMS ENDING IN -o.
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Go
Singular Plural 1st Go Gavo, Gavo Voc. Go Gavo, Gavo 2nd Gāvuṁ, Gāvaṁ, Gavaṁ Gavo, Gavo 3rd Gāvenā, Gavenā Gohi, Gobhi 4th Gāvassa, Gavassa Gavaṁ, Gunnaṁ, Gonaṁ 5th Gāvā, Gāvusmā, Gāvamhā, Gavā, Gavusmā, Gavamhā Gohi, Gobhi 6th Gāvassa, Gavassa Gavaṁ, Gunnaṁ, Gonaṁ 7th Gāvasmiṁ, Gāvamhi, Gāve, Gavasmiṁ, Gavamhi, Gave Gāvesu, Gavesu, Gosu
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FEMININE.
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FEMININE STEMS ENDING IN -ā.
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Kaññā8
Singular Plural 1st Kaññā Kaññā, Kaññāyo Voc. Kaññe Kaññā, Kaññāyo 2nd Kaññaṁ Kaññā, Kaññāyo 3rd Kaññāya Kaññāhi, Kaññābhi 4th Kaññāya Kaññānaṁ 5th Kaññāya Kaññāhi, Kaññābhi 6th Kaññāya Kaññānaṁ 7th Kaññāya, Kaññāyaṁ Kaññāsu
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FEMININE STEMS ENDING IN -i.
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Ratti9
Singular Plural 1st Ratti Rattī, Rattiyo, Ratyo Voc. Ratti Rattī, Rattiyo, Ratyo 2nd Rattiṁ Rattī, Rattiyo, Ratyo 3rd Rattiyā, Ratyā Rattīhi, Rattībhi 4th Rattiyā, Ratyā Rattīnaṁ 5th Rattiyā, Ratyā Rattīhi, Rattībhi 6th Rattiyā, Ratyā Rattīnaṁ 7th Rattīya, Rattiyaṁ, Ratyaṁ, Rattiṁ, Ratto Rattisu, Rattīsu
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FEMININE STEMS ENDING IN -ī.
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Nadī10
Singular Plural 1st Nadī Nadī, Nadiyo Voc. Nadi Nadī, Nadiyo 2nd Nadiṁ Nadī, Nadiyo 3rd Nadiyā Nadīhi, Nadībhi 4th Nadiyā Nadīnaṁ 5th Nadiyā Nadīhi, Nadībhi 6th Nadiyā Nadīnaṁ 7th Nadiyā, Nadiyaṁ Nadīsu
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FEMININE STEMS ENDING IN -u.
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Yāgu
Singular Plural 1st Yāgu Yāgū, Yāguyo Voc. Yāgu Yāgū, Yāguyo 2nd Yāguṁ Yāgū, Yāguyo 3rd Yāguyā Yāgūhi, Yāgūbhi 4th Yāguyā Yāgūnaṁ 5th Yāguyā Yāgūhi, Yāgūbhi 6th Yāguyā Yāgūnaṁ 7th Yāguyā Yāgūsu, Yāgusu [Mātu, dhītu and duhitu follow the declension rules of Pitu]
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FEMININE STEMS ENDING IN -ū.
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Jambū
[The procedure of declension is like that of Nadī.]
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NEUTER.
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NEUTER STEMS ENDING IN -a.
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Citta
Singular Plural 1st Cittaṁ Cittā, Cittāni Voc. Citta, Cittā Cittā, Cittāni 2nd Cittaṁ Cittā, Cittāni [The rest are like Buddha.]
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Mana11
Singular Plural 1st Manaṁ Manā, Manāni Voc. Mana, Manā Manā, Manāni 2nd Manaṁ Mane, Manāni 3rd Manena, Manasā Manehi, Manebhi 4th Manassa, Manasso Manānaṁ 5th Manasā, Manasmā, Manamhā Manehi, Manebhi 6th Manassa, Manasso Manānaṁ 7th Mane, Manasmiṁ, Manamhi, Manasi Manesu -
Guṇavanta
[According to strict grammar, the stem is Guṇavantu.]
Singular Plural 1st Guṇavaṁ Guṇavantā, Guṇavantāni Voc. Guṇava, Guṇavā, Guṇavaṁ Guṇavantā, Guṇavantāni 2nd Guṇavantaṁ Guṇavante, Guṇavantāni [The rest are like the masculine. Gacchanta is similarly declined as for the masculine declension.]
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NEUTER STEMS ENDING IN -i.
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Aṭṭhi
Singular Plural 1st Aṭṭhi Aṭṭhī, Aṭṭhīni Voc. Aṭṭhi Aṭṭhī, Aṭṭhīni 2nd Aṭṭhiṁ Aṭṭhī, Aṭṭhīni [The rest are like Aggi.]
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NEUTER STEMS ENDING IN -ī.
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Daṇḍī
Singular Plural 1st Daṇḍi Daṇḍī, Daṇḍīni Voc. Daṇḍi Daṇḍī, Daṇḍīni 2nd Daṇḍiṁ Daṇḍī, Daṇḍīni [The rest are declined like the masculine.]
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NEUTER STEMS ENDING IN -u.
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Āyu
[The procedure of declension is like that of Aṭṭhi above.]
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Nouns having two Genders.
[These nouns are declined in their different genders in the manner illustrated above. The form given in the subjoined list is that of the nominative singular.]
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MASCULINE AND FEMININE.
Mas. Fem. Ghaṭo Ghaṭī Yaṭṭhi Yaṭṭhī Sindhu Sindhū Khattiyo Khattiyā Gajo Gajā Kaṭo Kaṭī Muṭṭhi Muṭṭhī Reṇu Reṇū Samaṇo Samaṇī Byaggho Byagghī -
MASCULINE AND NEUTER.
Mas. Neuter Dhammo Dhammaṁ Kammo Kammaṁ Brahmā Brahmaṁ Kusumo Kusumaṁ Saṅgamo Saṅgamaṁ Padumo Padumaṁ Assamo Assamaṁ Vihāro Vihāraṁ Sarīro Sarīraṁ Suvaṇṇo Suvaṇṇaṁ Vaṇṇo Vaṇṇaṁ Kahāpaṇo Kahāpaṇaṁ Bhavano Bhavanaṁ Bhuvano Bhuvanaṁ Yobbano Yobbanaṁ Bhūsano Bhūsanaṁ Āsano Āsanaṁ Sayano Sayanaṁ Odano Odanaṁ Ākāso Ākāsaṁ Upavāso Upavāsaṁ Māso Māsaṁ Divaso Divasaṁ Raso Rasaṁ Thalo Thalaṁ Phalo Phalaṁ Raṭṭho Raṭṭhaṁ Ambu Ambuṁ Madhu Madhuṁ -
FEMININE AND NEUTER.
Fem. Neuter Nagarī Nagaraṁ Acci Acci
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Nouns having three Genders. (including Pronouns)
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NOUNS
(declined as above)
Mas. Fem. Neut. Taṭo Taṭī Taṭaṁ Puṭo Puṭī Puṭaṁ Puro Purī Puraṁ Patto Pattā Pattaṁ Maṇḍalo Maṇḍalī Maṇḍalaṁ Kalaso Kalasī Kalasaṁ Devadatto Devadattā Devadattaṁ -
PRONOUNS
(declined as follows)
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Sabba12
Masculine
Singular Plural 1st Sabbo Sabbe Voc. Sabba Sabbe 2nd Sabbaṁ Sabbe 3rd Sabbena Sabbehi, Sabbebhi 4th Sabbassa Sabbesaṁ, Sabbesānaṁ 5th Sabbasmā, Sabbamhā Sabbehi, Sabbebhi 6th Sabbassa Sabbesaṁ, Sabbesānaṁ 7th Sabbasmiṁ, Sabbamhi Sabbesu Feminine
Singular Plural 1st Sabbā Sabbā,Sabbāyo Voc. Sabbe Sabbā,Sabbāyo 2nd Sabbaṁ Sabbā,Sabbāyo 3rd Sabbāya Sabbāhi, Sabbābhi 4th Sabbāssa, Sabbāya Sabbāsaṁ, Sabbāsānaṁ 5th Sabbāya Sabbāhi, Sabbābhi 6th Sabbāssa, Sabbāya Sabbāsaṁ, Sabbāsānaṁ 7th Sabbāssaṁ, Sabbāyaṁ Sabbāsu Neuter
Singular Plural 1st Sabbaṁ Sabbāni Voc. Sabba, Sabbā Sabbāni 2nd Sabbaṁ Sabbe, Sabbāni [The rest are like the masculine.]
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Pubba13
Masculine
Singular Plural 1st Pubbo Pubbe, Pubbā Voc. Pubba, Pubbā Pubbe, Pubbā 2nd Pubbaṁ Pubbe 3rd Pubbena Pubbehi, Pubbebhi 4th Pubbassa Pubbesaṁ, Pubbesānaṁ 5th Pubbasmā, Pubbamhā, Pubbā Pubbehi, Pubbebhi 6th Pubbassa Pubbesaṁ, Pubbesānaṁ 7th Pubbasmiṁ, Pubbamhi, Pubbe Pubbesu Feminine
Singular Plural 1st Pubbā Pubbā,Pubbāyo Voc. Pubbe Pubbā,Pubbāyo 2nd Pubbaṁ Pubbā,Pubbāyo 3rd Pubbāya Pubbāhi, Pubbābhi 4th Pubbāssa, Pubbāya Pubbāsaṁ, Pubbāsānaṁ 5th Pubbāya Pubbāhi, Pubbābhi 6th Pubbāssa, Pubbāya Pubbāsaṁ, Pubbāsānaṁ 7th Pubbāssaṁ, Pubbāya Pubbāsu Neuter
Singular Plural 1st Pubbaṁ Pubbāni, Pubbā Voc. Pubba Pubbāni, Pubbā 2nd Pubbaṁ Pubbāni [The rest are like the masculine.]
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Ya
Masculine
Singular Plural 1st Yo Ye 2nd Yaṁ Ye 3rd Yena Yehi, Yebhi 4th Yassa Yesaṁ, Yesānaṁ 5th Yasmā, Yamhā Yehi, Yebhi 6th Yassa Yesaṁ, Yesānaṁ 7th Yasmiṁ, Yamhi Yesu Feminine
Singular Plural 1st Yā Yā,Yāyo 2nd Yaṁ Yā,Yāyo 3rd Yāya Yāhi, Yābhi 4th Yāssa, Yāya Yāsaṁ, Yāsānaṁ 5th Yāya Yāhi, Yābhi 6th Yāssa, Yāya Yāsaṁ, Yāsānaṁ 7th Yāssaṁ, Yāyaṁ Yāsu Neuter
Singular Plural 1st Yaṁ Yāni, Ye 2nd Yaṁ Yāni, Ye [The rest are like the masculine.]
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Ta
Masculine
Singular Plural 1st So Te, Ne 2nd Taṁ, Naṁ Te, Ne 3rd Tena, Nena Tehi, Tebhi, Nehi, Nebhi 4th Tassa, Nassa Tesaṁ, Nesaṁ 5th Tasmā, Tamhā, Nasmā, Namhā Tehi, Tebhi, Nehi, Nebhi 6th Tassa, Nassa Tesaṁ, Nesaṁ 7th Tasmiṁ, Tamhi, Nasmiṁ, Namhi Tesu, Nesu Feminine
Singular Plural 1st Sā Tā,Tāyo, Nā,Nāyo 2nd Taṁ, Naṁ Tā,Tāyo, Nā,Nāyo 3rd Tāya, Nāya Tāhi, Tābhi, Nāhi, Tābhi 4th Tāssa, Tāya, Tissā, Tissāya Tāsaṁ, Tāsānaṁ 5th Tāya, Nāya Tāhi, Tābhi, Nāhi, Tābhi 6th Tāssa, Tāya, Tissā, Tissāya Tāsaṁ, Tāsānaṁ 7th Tāssaṁ, Tāyaṁ, Tissaṁ Tāsu, Nāsu Neuter
Singular Plural 1st Taṁ, Naṁ Tāni, Te, Nāni, Ne 2nd Taṁ, Naṁ Tāni, Te, Nāni, Ne [The rest are like the masculine.]
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Eta
Masculine
Singular Plural 1st Eso Ete 2nd Etaṁ Ete 3rd Etena Etehi, Etebhi 4th Etassa Etesaṁ, Etesānaṁ 5th Etasmā, Etamhā Etehi, Etebhi 6th Etassa Etesaṁ, Etesānaṁ 7th Etasmiṁ, Etamhi Etesu Feminine
Singular Plural 1st Esā Etā,Etāyo 2nd Etaṁ Etā,Etāyo 3rd Etāya Etāhi, Etābhi 4th Etissa, Etāya, Etissāya Etāsaṁ, Etāsānaṁ 5th Etāya Etāhi, Etābhi 6th Etissa, Etāya, Etissāya Etāsaṁ, Etāsānaṁ 7th Etassaṁ, Etāyaṁ, Etissaṁ Etāsu Neuter
Singular Plural 1st Etaṁ Etāni, Ete 2nd Etaṁ Etāni, Ete [The rest are like the masculine.]
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Ima (= Idaṁ)
Masculine
Singular Plural 1st Ayaṁ Ime 2nd Imaṁ Ime 3rd Imīna, Anena Imehi, Imebhi, Ehi, Ebhi 4th Imassa, Assa Imesaṁ, Imesānaṁ, Esaṁ, Esānaṁ 5th Imasmā, Imamhā, Āsma Imehi, Imebhi**Ehi, Ebhi 6th Imassa, Assa Imesaṁ, Imesānaṁ, Esaṁ, Esānaṁ 7th Imasmiṁ, Imamhi, Asmiṁ Imesu, Esu Feminine
Singular Plural 1st Ayaṁ Imā,Imāyo 2nd Imaṁ Imā,Imāyo 3rd Imāya Imāhi, Imābhi 4th Imissa, Imāya, Imissāya, Āssa, Āssaya Imāsaṁ, Imāsānaṁ 5th Imāya Imāhi, Imābhi 6th Imissa, Imāya, Imissāya, Āssa, Āssaya Imāsaṁ, Imāsānaṁ 7th Imissaṁ, Imāyaṁ, Imissaṁ, Āssaṁ Imāsu Neuter
Singular Plural 1st Imaṁ, Idaṁ Imāni, Ime 2nd Imaṁ, Idaṁ Imāni, Ime 3rd Imīna, Anena Imehi, Imebhi, Ehi, Ebhi [The rest are like the masculine.]
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Amu
Masculine
Singular Plural 1st Amu, Amuko, Asu, Asuko Amu, Amuko, Amukā, Asukā 2nd Amuṁ, Amukaṁ, Asukaṁ Amū, Amuyo, Amuke, Asuke 3rd Amunā Amūhi, Amūbhi 4th Amussa, Amuno, Adussa Amūsaṁ, Amūsānaṁ 5th Amusmā, Amumhā, Amunā Amūhi, Amūbhi 6th Amussa, Amuno, Adussa Amūsaṁ, Amūsānaṁ 7th Amusmiṁ, Amumhi Amūsu Feminine
Singular Plural 1st Amu, Amukā, Asu, Asukā Amū,Amuyo 2nd Amuṁ Amū,Amuyo 3rd Amuya Amūhi, Amūbhi 4th Amussā, Amuyā Amūsaṁ, Amūsānaṁ 5th Amuya Amūhi, Amūbhi 6th Amussā, Amuyā Amūsaṁ, Amūsānaṁ 7th Amussaṁ, Amuyaṁ Amūsu Neuter
Singular Plural 1st Aduṁ Amūni, Amū 2nd Aduṁ Amūni, Amū [The rest are like the masculine.]
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Kiṁ
Masculine
Singular Plural 1st Ko Ke 2nd Kaṁ Ke 3rd Kena Kehi, Kebhi 4th Kassa, Kissa Kesaṁ, Kesānaṁ 5th Kasmā, Kamhā, Kismā Kehi, Kebhi 6th Kassa, Kissa Kesaṁ, Kesānaṁ 7th Kasmiṁ, Kamhi, Kismiṁ, Kimhi Kesu Feminine
Singular Plural 1st Kā Kā,Kāyo 2nd Kaṁ Kā,Kāyo 3rd Kāya Kāhi, Kābhi [The rest are like Sabbā.]
Neuter
Singular Plural 1st Kaṁ, Kiṁ Kāni, Ke 2nd Kaṁ, Kiṁ Kāni, Ke [The rest are like the masculine.]
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Eka
Masculine
Singular Plural 1st Eko Eke 2nd Ekaṁ Eke 3rd Ekena Ekehi, Ekebhi 4th Ekassa Ekesaṁ, Ekesānaṁ 5th Ekasmā, Ekamhā Ekehi, Ekebhi 6th Ekassa Ekesaṁ, Ekesānaṁ 7th Ekasmiṁ, Ekamhi Ekesu Feminine
Singular Plural 1st Ekā Ekā,Ekāyo 2nd Ekaṁ Ekā,Ekāyo 3rd Ekāya Ekāhi, Ekābhi 4th Ekissā, Ekāya, Ekassā Ekāsaṁ, Ekāsānaṁ 5th Ekāya Ekāhi, Ekābhi 6th Ekissa, Ekāya, Ekissāya Ekāsaṁ, Ekāsānaṁ 7th Ekassaṁ, Ekāyaṁ, Ekissaṁ Ekāsu Neuter
Singular Plural 1st Ekaṁ Ekāni, Eke 2nd Ekaṁ Ekāni, Eke 3rd Ekena Ekehi, Ekebhi [The rest are like the masculine. Eka means saṅkhyā (number), tulya (equal), sahāya (friend) and añña (other), When it means number it is singular; otherwise it is declined in both the numbers.]
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Tumha
Singular Plural 1st Tvaṁ, Tuvaṁ Tumhe 2nd Taṁ , Tavaṁ, Tvaṁ , Tuvaṁ Tumhe, Tumhākaṁ 3rd Tvayā, Tayā Tumhehi, Tumhebhi 4th Tumhaṁ, Tava, Tuyhaṁ Tumhe, Tumhākaṁ, Tumhe 5th Tvayā, Tayā Tumhehi, Tumhebhi 6th Tumhaṁ, Tava, Tuyhaṁ Tumhe, Tumhākaṁ, Tumhe 7th Tayi, Tvayi Tumhesu [Same in all the genders.]
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Amha
Singular Plural 1st Ahaṁ Amhe, Mayaṁ 2nd Maṁ , Mamaṁ Amhe, Amhākaṁ 3rd Mayā Amhehi, Amhebhi 4th Amhaṁ, Mama, Mayhaṁ, Mamaṁ Amhe, Amhākaṁ, Asmākaṁ 5th Mayā Amhehi, Amhebhi 6th Amhaṁ, Mama, Mayhaṁ, Mamaṁ Amhe, Amhākaṁ, Asmākaṁ 7th Mayi Amhesu [Same in all the genders.]
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Ubha
Plural 1st Ubho, Ubhe 2nd Ubho, Ubhe 3rd Ubh**ohi*, Ubhobhi, Ubhehi, Ubhebhi 4th Ubh**innaṁ* 5th Ubh**ohi*, Ubhobhi, Ubhehi, Ubhebhi 6th Ubh**innaṁ* 7th Ubh**osu*, Ubhesu
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The Numerals
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Eka
[For its declension, see note on Eka.]
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Dvi
Plural 1st Duve, Dve 2nd Duve, Dve 3rd Dvīhi, Dvībhi 4th Dvinnaṁ, Duvinnaṁ 5th Dvīhi, Dvībhi 6th Dvinnaṁ, Duvinnaṁ 7th Dvīsu [Same in all the genders.]
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Ti
Mas. Fem. Neut. 1st Tayo Tisso Tīni 2nd Tayo Tisso Tīni 3rd Tīhi, Tībhi Tīhi, Tībhi Tīhi, Tībhi 4th Tiṇṇaṁ, Tiṇṇannaṁ Tissannaṁ Tiṇṇaṁ, Tiṇṇannaṁ 5th Tīhi, Tībhi Tīhi, Tībhi Tīhi, Tībhi 6th Tiṇṇaṁ, Tiṇṇannaṁ Tissannaṁ Tiṇṇaṁ, Tiṇṇannaṁ 7th Tisu Tīsu Tisu Tīsu Tisu Tīsu -
Catu
Mas. Fem. Neut. 1st Cattāro, Caturo Catasso Cattāri 2nd Cattāro, Caturo Catasso Cattāri 3rd Catūhi, Catūbhi Catūhi, Catūbhi Catūhi, Catūbhi 4th Catunnaṁ Catassannaṁ Catunnaṁ 5th Catūhi, Catūbhi Catūhi, Catūbhi Catūhi, Catūbhi 6th Catunnaṁ Catassannaṁ Catunnaṁ 7th Catusu, Catūsu Catusu, Catūsu Catusu, Catūsu -
Pañca
Plural 1st Pañca 2nd Pañca 3rd Pañcahi, Pañcabhi 4th Pañcannam 5th Pañcahi, Pañcabhi 6th Pañcannam 7th Pañcasu
[Cha, satta, aṭṭha, nava, dasa, ekādasa, ekārasa, bārasa, dvādasa, terasa, telasa, cuddasa, coddasa, catuddasa, pañcadasa, paṇṇarasa, solasa, sorasa, sattadasa, sattarasa, aṭṭhadasa and aṭṭhārasa are declined like Pañca and are the same in all genders.
Vīsati, tiṁsati, saṭṭhi, sattati, asīti, navuti, koṭi are, when used alone, feminine stems in the singular number, and they are declined like Ratti. All the case-endings used after the stems cattāḷīsa and paññāsa are elided. The stems sata, sahassa etc. are neuter and singular, when used alone.
The stem vīsati can be used in the plural number in all instances, when they are differentiated by some other number, e.g.—
- Dve vīsatiyo Buddhadantā, ’twice twenty (i.e., 40) teeth of Buddha.’
- Tisso vīsatiyo dinaghaṭikā, ‘thrice twenty (i.e., 60) hours of a day.’
Such is also the case with the numerals tiṁsati, saṭṭhi, sattati etc., and sata, sahassa etc.]
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Nouns having no Gender (Āliṅga).
They are:
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Some ‘suffix-formed’ words. — There are some suffixes which can be used in place of certain case-endings, e.g., -to; -tra, -tha; -va; -hiṁ, -haṁ, -hiñcanaṁ; -ha, -dha; -dhi; -dā, -dācanaṁ; -dāni, -dā; -jja, -jju; -rahi, -dhunā, -dāni. Stems, masculine, feminine or neuter, when these suffixes are joined, become words (noun or pronoun), because the suffixes themselves are regarded as case-endings. Hence, no more case-endings are required. The words thus formed have no Gender of their own, nor do they admit of declension:—
Suffixes Words (noun or pronoun) (i) -to as ablative cora + to = corato pitu + to = pitito mātu + to = mātito ādi + to = ādito (both Ablative and Locative) ima + to = ito eta + to = ato, etto kiṁ + to = kuto (ii) -tra and -tha as locative of place sabba + tra = sabbatra sabba + tha = sabbattha eta + tra = atra eta + tha = attha, ettha kiṁ + tra = kutra kiṁ + tha = kuttha, kattha (iii) -va as locative of place kiṁ + va = kva (iv) -hiṁ, -haṁ and -hiñcanaṁ as locative of place kiṁ + hiṁ = kuhiṁ kiṁ + haṁ = kuhaṁ kiṁ + hiñcanaṁ = kuhiñcanaṁ ta + hiṁ = tahiṁ ta + haṁ = tahaṁ ya + hiṁ = yahiṁ (v) -ha and -dha as locative of place ima + ha = iha ima + dha = idha (vi) -dhi as locative of place and manner sabba + dhi = sabbadhi (vii) -dā and -dācanaṁ as locative of time kiṁ + dā = kadā sabba + dā = sabbadā, sadā añña + dā = aññadā eka + dā = ekadā ya + dā = yadā kiṁ + dācanaṁ = kudācanaṁ (viii) -dāni, -dāna, as locative of time ta + dāni = tadāni ta + dā = tadā (ix) -jja and -jju as locative of time ima + jja= ajja samāna + jju= sajju apara + jju = aparajju (x) -rahi, -dhunā, -dāni as locative of time ima + rahi = etarahi ima + dhunā = adhunā ima + dāni = idāni -
The Prefixes or Prepositions (Upasaggas) — They are so called because they are pre-fixed to words, e.g., pa-hāro, pa-harati. They cannot be declined, as all case-endings are elided after them, and they have no Gender or Number. The Prefixes or Upasaggas are twenty: pa, parā, ni, nī, u, du, saṁ, vi, ava, anu, pari, adhi, abhi, pati, su, ā, ati, api, apa, upa.
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The Indeclinables (Nipātas). — These are particles and words which do not admit of declension, as all case-endings are dropped after them, and they, too, have no Gender or Number. The Indeclinables or Nipātas are: ca, na, va, vā, mā, hi, dhi, ci, ku, tu, nu, ce, re, he, sve, ve, vo, kho, no, to, yaṁ, naṁ, taṁ, kiṁ;
Handa, kira, eva, kīva, yāva, tāva, vata, vatha, atha, aṅga, iṅgha, taggha, āma, nāma, nūna, puna, pana, āha, saha, musā, sakkā, labbhā, heṭṭhā, ārā, dūra, divā, navā, vinā, nānā, addhā, muddhā, micchā, pacchā, āvi, sakkhi, sacci, sacchi, bahi, yadi, iti, kinti, atthi, sotthi, khalu, nanu, kimu, assu, yagghe, sace, have, suve, suvo, are, pure, namo, tiro, adho, atho, aho, raho, hiyyo, bhiyyo, anto, pāto, sudaṁ, kallaṁ, evaṁ, dhuvaṁ, alaṁ, halaṁ, sayaṁ, sāyaṁ, samaṁ, sāmaṁ, kāmaṁ, paraṁ, oraṁ, ciraṁ, huraṁ, ahaṁ, sahaṁ, uccaṁ, nīcaṁ, sakiṁ, saddhiṁ;
Athavā, antarā, ārakā, bāhirā, bahiddhā, yāvatā, tāvatā, samantā, sāmantā, āmantā, sammukhā, carahi, tarahi, sampati, āyati, upari, yāvade, tāvade, tiriyaṁ, sanikaṁ, sasakkaṁ;
Etarahi, ettāvatā, parammukhā, kittāvatā, aññadatthu, seyyathīdaṁ, appevanāma, bhiyyosomattāya.
[N.B. — All case-endings are elided also after the word ’āvuso’, e.g., tvaṁ āvuso, tumhe āvuso.]
The Indeclinables (Nipātas) have been defined by Grammarians as follows:—
Sadisā ye ti-liṅgesu sabbāsu ca vibhattisu
vacanesu ca sabbesu te Nipātā ti kittitā.- i.e., “those which are the same in the three genders, in all the case-endings and all the numbers, are called Nipātas (Indeclinables).”
Thus, the nipāta uccaṁ, for instance, remains unchanged in respect of Gender, whatever the Gender of the noun with which it is used: - uccaṁ rukkho (m.); uccaṁ latā (f.); uccaṁ gharāni (n.). So also in respect of Case-endings: - uccaṁ rukkho (nom.); uccaṁ rukkhaṁ (acc.); uccaṁ rukkhena (instr.), and so on. And so, too, in respect of Number: -uccaṁ rukkho (sing.); uccaṁ rukkhā (pl.).
Prefixes and Indeclinables, such as express ‘self,’ ‘action,’ ‘place,’ ‘time,’ ‘direction,’ ‘qualities,’ etc., can be reckoned in the sense of the corresponding case-endings. Thus -
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Adhi may be used in the sense of the 7th case, e.g., adhitthi, which expresses the sense of the Locative itthiyaṁ.
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Anto can express the sense of the 7th case, e.g., antonagaraṁ for nagare (Locative).
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Sayaṁ may be interpreted in the sense of the 3rd and of the 6th case, e.g., sayaṁkataṁ for attanā (3rd) kataṁ; sayaṁpabhā for attano (6th) pabhā; sometimes, in the sense of the 1st case, e.g., sayaṁbhū for sayaṁ (1st) bhavati.
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Namo may be regarded in the sense of the 1st and of the 2nd case, e.g., Namo tyatthu, where namo is in the Nominative; namo karohi, where namo is in the Accusative.
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Divā can fit itself to the sense of the 1st or the 2nd or the 7th case, e.g., divā hoti, where divā is in the Nominative; divākaro, where divā expresses the sense of the Accusative; divā tapati ādicco, where divā conveys the sense of the Locative.
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Heṭṭhā can convey the sense of the Locative and can, therefore, be said to answer to the 7th case, e.g., heṭṭhā gopphakapariyantaṁ, where heṭṭhā means ‘downwards’ and thus points to direction, which must be expressed by the 7th case-ending.
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Uccaṁ is good for all the cases. See above (p. 64).
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He, in the sense of the Vocative, relates to the first case.
The remaining Prefixes (pa-saddas) and Indeclinables (ca-saddas) are to be reckoned in the sense of the 1st case-ending.
Prefixes are always attached to other words, but some of the Indeclinables are used separately. e.g., -
- Prefix: pahāro, paharati;
- Indeclinables: so ca; sā ca; bhāsati vā karoti vā.
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yakkha, gandhabba, kinnara, manussa, pisāca, peta, sīha, mātaṅga, jaṅgama, turaṅga, varāha, byaggha, accha, kacchapa, taraccha, miga, asss, soṇa, purisa, āloka, loka, nilaya, anila, cāga, yoga, vāyāma, gāma, nigama, āgama, dhamma, kāma, saṅgha, ogha, ghosa, paṭigha, āsava, kodha, lobha, sārambha, thambha, mada, māna, pamāda, makkha, punnāga, puga, panasa, āsana, campaka, amba, hintāla, tāla, vakula, ajjuna, kiṁsuka, mandāra, kunda, pucimanda, karañja, rukkha, mayūra, sakuṇa, aṇḍaja, koñca, haṁsa, etc.
kulavā, phalavā, yasavā, dhanavā, sutavā, bhagavā, himavā, balavā, sīlavā, paññavā, etc.
caraṁ, tiṭṭhaṁ, dadaṁ, bhuñjaṁ, suñaṁ, pacaṁ, jayaṁ, jiraṁ, cavaṁ, miyaṁ, sāraṁ, kubbaṁ, japaṁ, vajaṁ, etc.
sāli, vīhi, vyādhi, bodhi, sandhi, rāsi, dīpi, isi, muni, maṇi, dhani, giri, ravi, kavi, kapi, asi, masi, nidhi, vidhi, ahi, kimi, pati, hari, ari, timi, kali, bali, añjali, atithi, samādhi, upadhi, etc.
ñāṇī, hatthī, pakkhī, chattī, mālī, yogī, bhogī, kāmī, sāmī, dhajī, gaṇī, sasī, kuṭṭhī, jaṭī, yānī, sukhī, sikhī, dantī, mantī, karī, kusalī, musalī, pāpakārī, dhammavādī, dīghajīvī, etc.
ñātu, jetu, chettu, bhettu, dātu, dhātu, boddhu, viññāpetu, etc.
cintā, taṇhā, icchā, māyā, mettā, sikkhā, bhikkhā;, gīvā, jivhā, vācā, chāyā, āsā, gaṅgā, nāvā, gāthā, senā, lekhā, sālā, mālā, velā, pūjā, pipāsā, vedanā, cetanā, pajā, devatā, godhā, parisā, sabhā, sephālikā, laṅkā, salākā, vālikā, sikhā, bālakā, mandā, jarā, ajā, elakā, kokilā, assā, musikā, jaṭā, ghaṭā, jeṭṭhā, karuṇā, vanitā, latā, kathā, niddā, sudhā, rādhā, vāsanā, pabhā, sīmā, khamā, jayā, khattiyā, surā, dolā, tulā, sālā, līlā, mekhalā, kalā, musā, disā, nāsā, juṇhā, gehā, and vasudhā.
tanti, siddhi, suddhi, iddhi, buddhi, bodhi, bhūmi, jāti, pīti, koṭi, diṭṭhi, tuṭṭhi, yaṭṭhi, pāli, āli and keli,
taruṇī, kukkuṭī, itthī, mātulānī, sakhī, hatthī, bhotī, mānavī,
nāvikī, venateyyī, gotamī, guṇavatī, guṇavantī, dhitimatī, dhitimantī,
mahatī, mahantī, gahapatānī, bhikkhunī, rājinī, medhāvinī, tapassinī,
dhammacārinī, bhayadassāvinī, and bhuttāvinī.
Hatthī as a feminine form being nonsense. Sinhalese grammarians
have now corrected it to hattī.
are:— Sira, ura, teja, raja, oja, vaya, paya, yasa, tapa, vaca, ceta, etc.
are declined like Sabba.
Footnotes
Section titled “Footnotes”-
Stems declined like Buddha are:— sūra, nara, uraga, asura, nāga, ↩
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Stems of the following are declined like Guṇavanta:— maghavā, ↩
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Stems of the following are declined like Gacchanta :- mahaṁ, ↩
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Stems declined like Aggi are:— Joti, pāṇi, gaṇṭhi, muṭṭhi, kucchi, ↩
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The following stems are declined like Daṇḍī:— dhammī, saṁghī, ↩
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Stems declined like Satthu are: Nattu, bhattu, vattu, netu, sotu, ↩
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Bhātu and the like are declined like Pitu. ↩
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Stems declined like Kaññā are:— Saddhā, medhā, paññā, vijjā, ↩
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Stems declined like Ratti are:— Kitti, mutti, tithi, khanti, yanti, ↩
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Stems declined like Nadī are :- Nagarī, kumārī, brāhmaṇī, ↩
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Stems belonging to the Mano-group and declined like Mana ↩
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Katara, katama, ubhaya, itara, añña, aññatara and aññatama ↩
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Para, apara, dakkhiṇa, uttara and adhara are declined like Pubba. ↩